装修后办公大楼空气中有机物污染状况及健康效应研究

目的了解装修竣工后不同时期办公大楼空气中主要挥发性有机物的污染状况及对人群健康的影响,为制定相应的防制对策提供依据。方法选择25幢装修竣工后不同时期的办公大楼,分别于装修竣工后30 d、1年、2年,测定室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、TVOC的浓度,同时对办公人员健康状况进行调查。结果甲醛在装修后1年的浓度最高,均值为(0.220±0.050)mg/m3,装修后2年的甲醛平均浓度仍显著地高于对照组(P<0.01)。而苯系物和TVOC的浓度在装修后30 d最高,以后逐渐降低。甲苯、二甲苯平均浓度严重超标,分别超出我国《室内空气质量标准》最高容许浓度的16.2、13.1倍,苯和TVOC浓度超标相对较少。装修竣工时间越短,皮肤和上呼吸道刺激的发生率就越高,但眼部刺激症状的最高发生率却出现在装修后1年的时段里,而且在1年以上的发生率仍显著地高于对照组。结论办公大楼装修能造成室内严重挥发性有机物污染,对办公人员健康危害较大。     

2006年-2009年杭州市室内环境空气污染状况及防治的探讨

目的:研究杭州市室内空气污染特征。方法:对杭州市装修完成的131套居民住宅和15个办公场所进行室内空气中甲醛、总挥发性有机物(TVOC),苯及其同系物的检测。结果:办公室空气中甲醛、TVOC超标率分别为9.6%和26.5%,最高浓度超标分别为19倍和10倍,三苯未见超标。在131套住宅中,客厅、卧室、书房、厨房空气中甲醛、TVOC均严重超标,甲醛超标率在13.9%~27.1%之间,甲醛最高浓度超标4.4倍;TVOC超标率在51.3%~69.5%之间,最高浓度超标高达162.4倍;卧室中苯、甲苯和二甲苯超标率分别为11.5%、34.6%和46.2%,卧室和书房污染相对较重。结论:杭州市因装修导致的室内空气污染较为严重。     

室内装修后空气中挥发性有机物污染状况调查分析

目的了解居室装修后室内空气中主要挥发性有机物污染状况。方法对居室装潢后不同时间的居室室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、空气耗氧量进行测定,并与室外空气标准进行对比。结果装修后居室空气中甲醛、苯、二甲苯及空气耗氧量均严重超标,12个月后浓度虽明显下降,但甲醛和空气耗氧量超过室外空气标准。结论装修后相当长一段时间内居室空气中挥发性有机物污染严重,装修后1年内入住可能至少导致为期1~2年的免疫伤害。     

室内装修后空气中挥发性有机物污染状况调查分析

目的 了解居室装修后室内空气中主要挥发性有机物污染状况.方法 对居室装潢后不同时间的居室室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、空气耗氧量进行测定,并与室外空气标准进行对比.结果 装修后居室空气中甲醛、苯、二甲苯及空气耗氧量均严重超标,12个月后浓度虽明显下降,但甲醛和空气耗氧量超过室外空气标准.结论 装修后相当长一段时间内居室空气中挥发性有机物污染严重,装修后1年内入住可能至少导致为期1～2年的免疫伤害.     

安阳市室内装修主要挥发性有机物污染状况分析

[目的]了解安阳市室内装修装修后室内空气中主要挥发性有机物的污染状况及其浓度变化情况. [方法]选择装修后不同时间的居室,分别测定室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯的浓度,并对入住者的不良反应进行调查.[结果]苯系物的浓度在装修后1个月以内最高,以后逐渐降低.甲苯、二甲苯平均浓度超标,苯浓度相对较少,苯系物的浓度呈逐年下降趋势.而甲醛在装修后1年以内的浓度最高,装修后1 年以上的甲醛平均浓度仍显著地偏高,近10年甲醛浓度无显著性改变.装修后时间越短,皮肤和上呼吸道刺激的发生越高,但眼睛刺激症状最高发生率却出现在装饰后1年以内,1年以上的发生率仍显著偏高. [结论]室内空气中挥发性有机污染物的释放严重影响了室内空气质量.     

室内空气中主要挥发性有机物污染状况调查

了解室内空气中主要挥发性有机物污染状况。对装潢后不同时间的居室及不同公共场所室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、空气耗氧量进行测定。结果显示 :装潢时居室空气中甲醛、苯、二甲苯及空气耗氧量均严重超标 ,一个月后浓度虽明显下降 ,但甲醛和空气耗氧量仍超标 ;公共场所苯及其同系物的浓度均未超标 ,油漆店、办公室室内空气中甲醛超标 ,油漆店、大型商场鞋部及化妆品部的空气耗氧量超标。提示 :装潢时居室空气中挥发性有机物污染严重 ;公共场所室内空气中也存在一定程度的挥发性有机物的污染。     

广州市某商场装修前后有机物污染状况调查

目的了解商场装修前后室内空气中有机物的污染状况及其变化趋势,探讨室内空气质量的影响因素,为制定相应的防治措施提供依据。方法分别检测某商场装修前(土建验收时)、室内装修刚完成时(货架已摆好,开业前1个月)和装修后6个月(商场开业正常运转5个月时)室内空气的甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的浓度,比较不同时期商场室内空气有机物浓度水平。结果装修前甲醛指标符合国家卫生标准。甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和TVOC浓度的峰值均出现在装修刚完成时,其中甲醛、甲苯、TVOC的超标率分别为22.2%、55.6%、55.6%。装修前甲醛平均浓度最低,为0.039 mg/m3,装修刚完成时平均浓度最高,为0.083 mg/m3,装修后6个月平均浓度逐渐降低,为0.054 mg/m3,差异有统计学意义,P<0.001。装修刚完成时甲苯和TVOC的浓度明显高于装修后6个月(P<0.05),苯、二甲苯在这两阶段浓度尚未发现有统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论室内装修是造成室内空气有机物污染的主要原因,随着时间的推移,有机污染物浓度逐渐下降。     

南京市部分居室装修后室内空气中主要挥发性有机物污染状况

目的了解室内空气中主要挥发性有机物污染状况。方法对装修后不同时间的室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、空气耗氧量浓度进行测定。结果空气中甲醛浓度和空气耗氧量在装修后不同时间居室与毛坯房之间差异有显著性；苯、甲苯以及二甲苯浓度则在装修刚完工时、装修后1个月及装修后1a与毛坯房之间差异有显著性；装修后2a的室内空气中苯、甲苯以及二甲苯浓度与毛坯房之间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论装修能造成室内空气中挥性有机物严重污染。     

岳阳市装修居室内空气中常见有机物污染状况分析

目的了解新装修居室内空气有机物不同环境温度中污染状况。方法采样按照室内空气监测技术标准(GB/T18883-2002附录A)要求进行,结果浓度为1h平均浓度。甲醛采用GB/T18204.26-2000酚试剂分光光度法测定,苯、甲苯、二甲苯采用活性碳管吸附/溶剂解吸/毛细管气相色谱法测定,TVOC采用GB/T18883-2002附录C进行测定。结果不同环境温度段甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯平均浓度和超标率其差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论装修后居室中存在一定程度的有机物污染,且常见有机物浓度超标浓度和超标率与环境温度相关。     

珠海市新装修建筑物室内空气质量的研究

目的了解珠海市新装修建筑物室内空气质量,保护人们身体健康。方法依据GB18883-2002《室内空气质量标准》,确定检测项目和检测方法,检测对象为新装修建筑物,装修后超过30d,不满2年的室内环境。结果装修不满3个月的实验组,室内空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯浓度的超过国家标准的比率明显高于其它组,甲醛各组的超标率差别不明显。居室空气中甲苯、二甲苯、总挥发性有机物、二氧化碳浓度超过国家标准的比率明显高于办公室,办公室空气中苯浓度的超标率明显高于居室。结论装修后随着时间的延长,室内空气污染水平有不断下降的趋势,超过三个月后除甲醛和二甲苯外,苯、甲苯的超标率均较低。甲醛的浓度随着时间延长,超标率减少不明显,说明甲醛是一种慢性挥发性的室内污染物,随着时间延长,浓度下降的速度很慢。居室与办公室因装修工艺和装饰材料的差异,室内空气主要污染物和污染水平存在一定的差别,总体来说居室的室内空气污染水平要高于办公室。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.