心肺复苏患者血浆核因子κB的变化及乌司他丁的保护作用

目的观察心肺复苏后(CPR)全身炎症反应综合征(systemicinflammatoryresponsesyndrome,SIRS)的发生,探讨乌司他丁对炎症介质的干预作用。方法将CPR后存活>48h的40名患者随机分为乌司他丁治疗组和对照组。于48h抽取外周血测定核因子κB(NFκB)的活性,白细胞介素6(IL6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)的水平;并进行罹患SIRS的评估,检测患者重要脏器的功能,将两组结果进行比较。结果CPR后两组患者外周血NFκB的活性,IL6、TNFα的水平均高于正常人(P<0.05)。治疗组患者NFκB的活性,IL6、TNFα的水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗组患者SIRS的发生率仅20%,对照组SIRS的发生率为65%。治疗组患者肌酸激酶(CK),谷草转氨酶(AST),谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和肌肝(Cr)值明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论乌司他丁能够有效地抑制CPR后机体炎症反应并保护患者重要脏器功能。     

乌司他丁对重度急性有机磷农药中毒患者细胞因子影响的研究

目的探讨乌司他丁干预对重度急性有机磷农药中毒（AOPP）引发多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）患者血清TNFα、IL-6及IL-10水平动态变化的影响。方法重度AOPP引发MODS患者46例，临床随机分为常规治疗组（n=24）、乌司他丁干预组（n=22），同步检测两组患者血清中上述细胞因子的动态变化，并与健康对照组（n=20）进行对比分析。结果常规治疗组与乌司他丁干预组患者血清中TNF-α、IL-6及IL-10水平均高于健康对照组（P〈0．01）；两组治疗前后比较，血清TNF—α、IL-6及IL-10水平均有明显降低（P〈0．01），但乌司他丁干预组血清TNF-α、IL-6的降低水平较常规治疗组更明显（P〈0．01），而治疗后血清IL-10水平两组比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。乌司他丁干预组的病死率明显低于常规治疗组（P〈0．05），痊愈患者的住院时间也明显缩短（P〈0．01）。结论TNF-α、IL-6及IL-10等细胞因子参与重度AOPP引发MODS患者的病理过程；乌司他丁干预能明显降低重度AOPP患者血清TNF-α、IL-6水平，从而降低并发MODS的重度AOPP患者的病死率。     

多发伤患者外周血单个核细胞NF-κB活性变化及乌司他丁的保护作用

目的 探讨多发伤患者早期外周血单个核细胞NF-κB活性变化及乌司他丁的保护作用.方法 收集2008-01~2010-05急诊收治20～55岁的多发伤患者,将入选的多发伤患者随机分为多发伤对照组、乌司他丁治疗组.乌司他丁治疗组在创伤后12 h内开始给予乌司他丁治疗,20万U溶于100 mL生理盐水中静脉注射,以后每8 h 1次,连续7 d.采集患者在入院时(0)、第1天、第2天、第3天、第4天及第7天外周静脉血.测定外周血单个核细胞NF-κB活性及血清TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6浓度.分析比较不同组患者实验室指标和临床指标的差异.结果 多发伤患者创伤后第1天(24 h)外周血单个核细胞NF-κB活性、血清IL-6、TNF-α浓度均最高,随后逐渐降低,至第3天(72 h)后降至正常.乌司他丁治疗组单个核细胞NF-κB活性、血清IL-6、TNF-α浓度均较对照组降低,但差异无统计学意义.多发伤患者SIRS平均持续(10±3.5)d,乌司他丁治疗组平均持续(7±3.1)d,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.31,P=0.029).多发伤患者MODS平均持续(8.8±2.6)d,乌司他丁治疗组平均持续(5.6±2.7)d,两组差异有统计学意义(t=2.27,P=0.025).结论 多发伤患者早期单个核细胞NF-κB活性及血清前炎症细胞因子呈一过性升高.乌司他丁能缩短多发伤患者SIRS、MODS持续时间,但未发现能显著降低外周血单个核细胞NF-κB活性.     

乌司他丁在肺挫伤治疗中的作用

目的：研究鸟司他丁（UTI）对肺挫伤的治疗作用。方法：选择68例肺挫伤患者，随机分为UTI治疗组（n=34）和常规治疗组（对照组，n=34），对照组接受常规治疗，UTI治疗组在常规治疗基础上静脉滴注乌司他丁20万U，8h 1次，连用6d。观察两组的临床疗效并检测治疗前厦治疗第4天、第7天的血清TNF-α、IL-6水平变化。结果：UTI治疗组与对照组在治疗前TNF-α、IL-6水平无差异。治疗后UTI治疗组的TNF-α、IL-6水平下降较对照组明显（P〈0．05）。UTI治疗组中ARDS的发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：乌司他丁可显著抑制机体炎症介质的产生，阻断肺挫伤向ARDS进展。     

乌司他丁治疗重症中暑的临床疗效观察

[目的]探讨乌司他丁治疗重症中暑的疗效及对最终转归的影响.[方法]将收治的56例重症中暑的成年患者分为乌司他丁辅助治疗组（28例）和对照组（28例）.对照组予以ICU常规中暑治疗,治疗组除ICU常规中暑治疗外,入院后给予乌司他丁,200 kU,静脉注射,6 h 1次,连用6 d.观察治疗前后两组患者全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）评分、血小板计数,凝血酶原时间、谷丙转氨酶、肌酐等指标变化及住ICU的时间、最终转归.[结果]治疗后两组患者SIRS评分、血小板计数,凝血酶原时间、谷丙转氨酶、肌酐等指标较治疗前均有改善,但治疗组改善更明显,且两组相比较有显著差异（P〈0.05）;两组患者住ICU的时间相比较有显著差异（P〈0.05）;治疗组死亡率较对照组降低,但无显著差异（P〉0.05）.[结论]乌司他丁可有效控制重症中暑患者SIRS的进展,改善各受损脏器的功能,减少多脏器功能障碍综合征（MODS）的发生,降低病死率.     

核因子kB活性在心肺脑复苏后的变化

目的观察心搏骤停患者经心肺脑复苏（CPCR）后核因子kB（NF-kB）活性和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平的变化及意义。方法以电泳迁移率变动分析法（EMSA）检测外周血单个核细胞的NF-kB活性，放射免疫法测定血清TNF-α水平。结果NF-kB活性、TNF-α水平和APACHEⅡ评分在复苏后多脏器功能障碍综合征（PR-MODS）组和死亡组分别明显高于非PR-MODS组和存活组（P〈0．05）；NF-kB活性、TNF-α水平和APACHEII评分均呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论心搏骤停和CPCR过程可以使NF-kB激活、TNF-α表达增加，这对PR-MODS的发生、病情轻重具有重要决定作用。     

乌司他丁对急性重症胰腺炎患者血清IL-6、TNF-α水平及肝肾功能的影响

目的探讨乌司他丁对急性重症胰腺炎患者血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平及肝肾功能的影响。方法选取开封市第一人民医院2009年1月至2013年6月320例重症急性胰腺炎患者,根据自愿原则分为研究组和对照组,对照组予以常规性治疗,研究组应用乌司他丁治疗,分析对比两组患者治疗效果。结果研究组治疗总有效率为95．00％,与对照组（70．00％）比较,差异有统计学意义;经治疗,两组血清IL-6、TNF-α、肝肾功能指标比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论乌司他丁对急性胰腺炎具有明显的治疗效果,可以调控机体炎症反应,避免炎症发展,缓解胰腺炎临床症状,确保患者快速痊愈。     

乌司他丁对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者TNF-α、IL-6及SOD的影响

目的探讨乌司他丁对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的影响。方法 AECOPD患者随机分为两组,每组30例,两组常规治疗相同。治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用乌司他丁治疗,治疗前后观察血清TNF-α、IL-6及SOD的变化。结果随着治疗时间的延长,两组患者治疗后TNF-α、IL-6及SOD的水平均呈下降趋势,治疗组的TNF-α和IL-6下降较对照组明显,而SOD的活性较对照组高。结论乌司他丁可抑制AECOPD患者炎症因子和氧自由基,减轻AECOPD过度炎症反应及脂质过氧化引起的损伤。     

乌司他丁联合胸腺肽α1对多器官功能障碍综合征患者免疫调理作用的临床评价

目的评价乌司他丁联合胸腺肽α1对多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）患者免疫调理作用的临床疗效。方法将符合MODS诊断标准的患者随机分成对照组（15例）给予常规治疗,而治疗组（16例）在此基础上给予乌司他丁联合胸腺肽α1免疫调理治疗,疗程为7d。分别观察治疗前后两组患者的急性病生理学和长期健康评价（APACHE）Ⅱ评分、Marshall标准的MODS评分（Marshall评分）;采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）与白细胞介素6（IL-6）水平及外周血淋巴细胞计数;采用流式细胞术检测外周血CD14^＋单核细胞人白细胞抗原DR（HLA—DR）表达率;统计患者ICU住院天数以及28d病死率。结果治疗前,两组APACHEⅡ评分与Marshall评分比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）,治疗7d后,治疗组APACHEⅡ评分较对照组显著降低,Marshall评分显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;治疗前,两组血清TNF-α、IL-6水平、淋巴细胞计数比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）,治疗7d后,治疗组血清TNF-α与IL-6水平较对照组显著下降,淋巴细胞计数显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;治疗7d后,治疗组CD14^＋单核细胞HIA—DR表达较对照组有明显上升（P〈0．05）;两组ICU住院时间比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;28d病死率对照组为40％,治疗组为37．5％,两组病死率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论乌司他丁联合胸腺肽α1免疫调理治疗能够一定程度改善MODS患者的免疫机能,缩短ICU的住院时间,但研究结果显示未能显著降低病死率。     

乌司他丁治疗严重脓毒症患者42例

目的:观察乌司他丁治疗严重脓毒症的疗效,探讨其可能的作用机制.方法:83例严重脓毒症患者随机分为乌司他丁治疗组(U组,42例)和对照组(C组,41例).用药前(O h)、用药后24、48、120 h分别对其进行APACHEⅡ评分及血清细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10的浓度及NF-kB活性检测.结果:治疗前C组及U组APACHEⅡ评分差异无显著性;TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的血清浓度及NF-KB活性均显著升高,IL-10的血清浓度显著降低.治疗后,U组APACHEⅡ评分较C组显著降低;两组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的血清浓度及NF-KB活性均逐渐下降,IL-10的血清浓度逐渐升高:而在U组,治疗后的变化更为明显,尤其在48 h与120 h 两个时间点,U组与C组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:乌司他丁能降低严重脓毒症患者APACHEⅡ评分,改善其病情,其作用机制可能与抑制NF-kB活性及促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8,促进抗炎因子IL-10的释放有关.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."