烟草暴露与肺结核发病的病例对照研究

目的探讨烟草暴露与肺结核发病的关系,揭示肺结核危险因素。方法采用病例对照设计。应用自行设计的问卷调查济宁市136例肺结核病例和149例对照的烟草暴露及其它肺结核潜在危险因素情况,并进行单因素和多因素条件Logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析显示：吸烟（OR=6．011,OR95％CI：3．648—9．905,P=0．000）和已戒烟（OR=5．125,OR95％CI：2．100—12．507,P=0．000）有统计学意义;被动吸烟（OR=1．042,OR95％CI：0．642—1．693,P=0．868）无统计学意义。多因素条件Logistic回归分析显示：吸烟（OR=6．282,OR95％CI：3．188～12．382,P=0．000）和已戒烟（OR=9．938,OR95％CI：2．851—34．634,P=-0．000）均是肺结核危险因素。结论有吸烟史是肺结核发病的危险因素。     

北京市急性心肌梗死患者危险因素的分布及知晓情况调查

目的：调查北京市急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）患者的心血管危险因素分布、控制和知晓情况，以及影响危险因素认知的因素。方法：入选北京市19家二级和三级医院在2006年1—7月期间在发病后24小时内到达医院的430例STEMI患者。收集人口统计学资料、危险因素和控制情况、病史和临床情况。在入院后72小时内内通过问卷调查了解患者对血管疾病危险因素的知晓情况，用Logistic回归分析影响心血管危险因素知晓的因素。结果：430例患者的年龄中位数为62岁（53—72岁），早发心肌梗死（男性〈55岁，女性〈65岁）的比例为34％，存在的危险因素个数平均为（3．0±1．4）个，≥3种危险因素的患者占64．4％。在可纠正的危险因素中，高血压的患病率最高（47．9％，95％CI43．2％-52．6％），其次为吸烟（46．5％，95％CI41．8％-51．2％）和缺乏运动（40％，95％CI35．4％-44．6％），患糖尿病和高脂血症的比例分别为20．7％和17．7％。75．2％的高血压患者正在服药治疗，糖尿病和高脂血症的治疗率仅为10％和40．8％。在问卷调查的9种危险因素中，患者乎均知晓（3.0±3．0）种。男性（OR=2．2，95％CI：1．6—3．1，P〈0．001）、高血压（OR=1．5，95％cI，1．1—1．9，P=0．05）和存在多种危险因素（OR=1．3，95％CI，0．9—2．1，P=0．004）的患者对危险因素的认识较好。结论：北京市2／3的STEMI患者有≥3种的危险因素；对危险因素的知晓率较低；性别、是否存在高血压和存在危险因素的个数对患者的危险因素知晓情况有一定影响。     

健康相关行为与肺结核发病的病例对照研究

目的探讨健康相关性行为与肺结核发病的关系,揭示肺结核危险因素。方法采用病例对照设计,应用自行设计的问卷调查济宁市136例肺结核病例和149例对照的健康相关行为及其它肺结核潜在危险因素情况,并进行单因素和多因素条件Logistic回归分析。结果多因素条件Logistic回归分析显示,接种卡介苗（OR=O．168,OR95％CI：0．086—0．327,P=0．000）是肺结核发病的保护性因素,结核病人接触史（OR=2．405,OR95％CI：1．113～5．200,P=0．026）、心理健康程度低（DR=1．983,0R95％CI：1．277～3．080,P=0．002）、吸烟（OR=6．282,0R95％CI：3．188～12．382,P=0．000）和已戒烟（OR=9．938,OR95％CI：2．851～34。634,P=0．000）是肺结核危险因素。结论接种卡介苗能够有效预防肺结核,而接触结核病人、吸烟以及心理健康程度低都是肺结核发病的危险因素。     

血脂水平及膳食、生殖等因素与乳腺癌发生的病例对照研究

目的探讨血脂、饮食、生殖等因素与乳腺癌发生的关系，寻找乳腺癌发生的危险因素。方法采用病例对照的研究方法，选择女性乳腺癌原发病例94例作为病例组，选择一般人群128例作为对照组。对研究对象分别进行问卷调查、人体测量以及血液标本的采集，采用全自动生化分析仪测定血清血糖、血脂水平。结果将单因素分析有意义的因素和文献认为可能的危险因素引入多因素非条件Logistic回归分析，结果水果食用频率（OR=0．58，95％ CI=0．40—0．66）、蔬菜食用频率（OR：0．75，95％CI=0．30—0．81）、虾类食用量（OR=0．31，95％CI：0．11—0．87）、乳腺良性病史（OR=3．15，95％CI=1．12—8．91）、乳腺外伤史（OR=9．85，95％CI：5．32—20．92）、月经不规律（OR=3．03，95％CI=1．01—9．13）、服用避孕药史（OR：6．44，95％CI=1．82—22．85）、血清FCH（OR=15．19，95％CI：4．11—56．19）、TG（OR=5．54，95％CI=2．33—9．89）、apoA1（OR=12．73，95％CI=2．44—66．31）、apoB（OR=0．05，95％CI=0．003—0．63）水平和腰臀比（OR=3．68，95％CI=1．34—10．11）进入回归模型。结论血清FCH、TG、apoA1水平高，月经不规律，使用雌激素，乳腺良性病史，乳腺外伤史可能为乳腺癌发生的危险因素。血清apoB水平高，食用虾类、水果、蔬菜为乳腺癌发生的保护因素。     

结肠癌发病风险的病例对照研究

目的研究影响结肠癌发病的危险因素,为预防和控制结肠癌的发生提供理论基础。方法本次研究采用病例对照研究的方法,回顾性收集在我院住院的85例结肠癌患者作为病例组,并选取同期住院的非肿瘤患者作为对照组,收集相关资料,研究影响结肠癌发生的危险因素。结果单因素分析发现,文化程度低（OR=3．43,95％CI：1．81～6．50）、体育锻炼少（OR=2．14,95％CI：1．17～3．94）、食用新鲜蔬菜少（OR=3．67,95％CI：1．95—6．90）、恶性肿瘤家族史（OR=2．58,95％CI：1．03～6．50）、阑尾炎史（OR=4．61,95％CI：1．74～12．16）是结肠癌发病的危险因素;多元Logistic回归模型进行分析发现,文化程度低（OR=1．548,95％CI：1．397～6．492）、食用新鲜蔬菜少（OR=I．731,95％CI：1．306—5．439）、阑尾炎史（OR=I．489,95％CI：1．197～3．972）是结肠癌发病的独立危险因素。结论低文化程度、食用新鲜蔬菜少、有阑尾炎史的人群是结肠癌高发的人群,针对这类重点人群需要加强预防和干预。     

难治性抑郁症危险因素的对比研究

目的：探讨难治性抑郁症的相关危险因素，为临床防治及护理提供依据。方法：将190例难治性抑郁症标准的抑郁症与同期的非难治性抑郁症进行1：1配比病例对照研究，应用条件Logistic回归分析方法处理数据。结果：多因素条件Logistic回归分析表明难治性抑郁症的危险因素是：双相情感障碍（OR：3．689，95％CI：1．816～7．332），神经质（OR：4．461，95％CI：1．791～10．890），伴有精神病性症状（OR：4．362，95％CI：2．184～8．411），情感疾病家族史（OR=0．368，95％CI：0．020～0．917），1年内未及时治疗（OR：0．409，95％CI：0．208～0．830）。结论：具有双相情感障碍、神经质、伴有精神病性症状、情感疾病家族史、1年内未及时治疗与加强护理是难治性抑郁症的重要危险因素。     

人工关节置换术后围手术期重要器官栓塞的危险因素分析

目的探讨人工关节置换术后围手术期重要器官栓塞的危险因素,为降低其发生率提供依据。方法对1285例接受人工关节置换术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据是否发生栓塞将患者分为栓塞组和未栓塞组。选取性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、感染、心脏病、高血压、糖尿病、深静脉血栓形成、使用骨水泥、使用止血带作为围手术期重要器官栓塞的可能影响因素,采用单因素分析进行筛选,采用Logistic回归分析确定危险因素。结果发生器官栓塞15例（1．17％）,其中脑栓塞3例,肺栓塞12例。糖尿病（P=0．020、OR=4．778、95％CI=1．275～17．904）、深静脉血栓形成（P=0．029、OR=4．098、95％CI=1．156～14．541）、年龄（P=0．029、OR=2．944、95％CI=1．119～7．752）、心脏病（P=0．031、OR=3．930、95％CI=1．134～13．626）、使用骨水泥（P=0．036、OR=3．870、95％CI=1．095～13．667）与使用止血带（P=0．041、OR=4．052、95％CI—1．062～15．456）是围手术期发生器官栓塞的危险因素。结论糖尿病、深静脉血栓形成、年龄、心脏病、使用骨水泥、使用止血带可能是人丁关节置换术后围手术期重要器官栓塞的独立危险因素,控制危险因素有助于降低器官栓塞发生率。     

急性心肌梗死合并泵衰竭的影响因素分析

目的探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者合并泵衰竭的影响因素。方法以98例AMI患者为研究对象，对比分析泵衰竭组（41例）与对照组（57例无泵衰竭）的病史、危险因素、临床表现、并发症、病死率等特点。结果泵衰竭组有陈旧心肌梗死（OMI）病史、前壁或多部位AMI、收缩压（SBP）低、脉压（PBP）低、左室射血分数（LVEF）〈50％、酸肌酶（CK）峰值高，心率（HR）〉80次／min、WBC〉10×10^9／L、房颤、肺部感染等与对照组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05～0．001）。Logistic多因素回归分析表明，肺部感染（OR=7．661，95％CI：2．228—26．336）、LVEF〈50％（OR=4．902，95％CI：1．484—16．194）、前壁或多部位AMI（OR=4．417，95％CI：0．803～24．309）、HR〉80次／min（OR=4．098，95％CI：1．259-13．335）、WBC〉10×10^9／L（OR3．651，95％CI1．169-11．403）是AMI并发泵衰竭的独立危险因素。结论AMI患者发生泵衰竭与多种因素有关，AMI患者合并肺部感染、LVEF〈50％、前壁或多部位AMI、HR〉80次／min，WBC〉10×10^9／L是并发泵衰竭的独立危险因素。     

山东省枣庄市农村地区40岁以上人群慢性阻塞性肺疾病患病率调查

目的调查枣庄市农村地区40岁以上人群中慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的患病率和危险因素。方法采取分层随机整群抽样调查方法,于2003年8月至2003年11月,对本市6个调查点（6个辖区）40岁以上人群进行COPD流行病学调查,实检人口4047人。通过问诊、体检、肺功能测试和胸透等方法诊断,诊断标准参照2002年全国COPD诊治指南。结果枣庄市农村地区COPD总体患病率为8．57％。多因素分析显示,COPD的危险因素主要有年龄大（OR=5．95,95％（21：4．52～7．84,尸〈0．01）,文化程度低（OR=4．04,95％CI：2．84—5．74,P〈0．01）,空气污染（OR=4．46,95％CI：2．71～7．32,P〈0．01）,吸烟（0R=3．04,95％CI：2．42～3．80,P〈0．01）,幼时经常咳嗽（OR：2．39,95％CI：1．63～3．50,P〈0．01）,有呼吸系统疾病家族史（OR：1．96,95％CI：1．54～2．48,P〈0．01）,男性（OR=2．71,95％CI：2．15～3．42,P〈0．01）,使用生物燃料（OR：1．81,95％CI：1．32～2．48,P〈0．01）,厨房通风差（OR=1．90,95％CI：1．42～2．55,P〈0．01）。结论COPD是严重危害枣庄市农村地区公众健康的疾病,其危险因素呈多样化,应注意加强防治。     

小儿反复呼吸道感染发病的相关因素病例对照研究

目的：探讨小儿反复呼吸道感染（RRTI）的危险因素,为降低儿童RRTI发病率提供理论依据。方法：设计方案为病例对照研究,调查148例RRTI惠儿和296例健康对照组儿童的父母情况,出生时情况,生活环境,喂养情况,并采用非条件Logistic回归分析,排除混杂因素,找出导致RRTI发病的相关危险因素。结果：研究显示人均居住面积〈13m^2（OR=3．620;95CI：0．348—12．256）;同住人吸烟（OR=3．159;95CI：0．368-9．450）;禾进行母乳喂养（OR=3．237;95CI：0．394-11．432）是RRTI发病的相关危险因素。结论：为了减少RRTI的发病率,应提倡母乳喂养,减少被动吸烟,保持居住环境空气流通。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

Luo Lingjie's Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Dr.Zhang Ren's Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.