某油田工人工作满意感及其影响因素分析

目的 调查某油田工人工作满意感的状况及其影响因素.方法 采用职业紧张测量工具对某油田作业工人进行问卷调查.结果 ＜30岁组油田工人的工作满意感、工作组织满意感、工作本身满意感评分(分别为45.69±10.98、22.63±6.16、23.07±5.39)低于≥30岁组(分别为49.34±10.12、24.60±5.40、24.74±5.36),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).不同工龄组间工作满意感的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),工龄为5～10年的工人工作满意感得分最低,分别与工龄＜5年和＞10年两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).油田工人的性别、受教育程度及婚姻状况对工作满意感无明显影响.工作满意感与心理卫生、工作心理控制源、应对策略、情绪平衡、社会支持的相关有统计学意义(P＜0.01).以工作满意感为应变量,以个体统计学特征资料、职业应激因素、个性特征和应付策略变量为自变量进行逐步回归分析.结果 显示,工作心理控制源、情绪平衡、社会支持、心理卫生、应对策略5个变量进入了回归方程.结论 油田工人的工作满意感水平受年龄、工龄、社会支持等多种因素影响.     

某热电厂工人自尊感与职业紧张相关因素的关系

[目的]探讨热电厂工人自尊感与职业紧张相关因素的关系。[方法]采用整群抽样方法对某热电厂875名工人进行调查,用职业紧张测量工具、工作内容问卷和付出-回报失衡问卷等测试电厂员工的自尊感、职业紧张因素、紧张反应、个体特征、应付策略和社会支持。[结果]不同性别、文化程度、婚姻状况、吸烟、饮酒、年龄和工龄组间自尊感评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。相关分析结果表明,自尊感与提升机会、决定水平、工作稳定、回报、心理卫生、正性情绪、工作满意感、上级支持及同事支持呈正相关（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）,与角色模糊、角色冲突、工作前景、躯体需求、负性情绪、抑郁症状、每日紧张感和工作心理控制源呈负相关（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。方差分析结果显示,自尊感评分低、中、高水平组间提升机会、决定水平、工作稳定性、回报、心理卫生、正性情绪、工作满意感、上级支持、同事支持、控制策略和支持策略、角色冲突、角色模糊、工作前景未知性、躯体需求、工作心理控制源、抑郁症状、负性情绪评分差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.001或P〈0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果表明,高自尊感可减少心理健康不佳、抑郁症状和每日紧张感的发生（OR值=0.162~0.340）。[结论]自尊感与职业紧张因素、缓解因素和紧张反应的感知有关,增加自尊感可减少职业紧张。     

某燃煤电厂工人职业紧张状况及影响因素分析

[目的]调查某燃煤电厂工人职业紧张状况及其影响因素。[方法]使用整群抽样方法对某燃煤电厂737名工人进行横断面调查,问卷内容主要包括职业紧张因素、技术利用程度、工作控制水平、心理健康状况和睡眠障碍等。[结果]有70．42％的工人选择“工作不允许出错”为紧张因素。男性的工作紧张因素、技术利用程度和睡眠障碍评分均高于女性,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。不同文化程度组间工作紧张因素评分差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;文化程度越高,工作紧张因素越多。不同年龄组间工作紧张因素、工作控制水平、心理健康状况和睡眠障碍评分差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）;高年龄组工作控制水平评分高于低年龄组。不同工龄组间职业紧张因素、技术利用程度评分差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。不同工种组间职业紧张因素、技术利用程度、工作控制水平、心理健康状况和睡眠障碍评分差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．0001）;锅炉运行组工作紧张因素最多,检维修组工作需要技术最多,化学组工作控制水平评分最高。多元线性回归分析结果表明工作紧张因素对睡眠障碍影响最大（R^2=0．195）;工作控制水平和锻炼身体对睡眠障碍的贡献也大于1％。工作控制水平和工作紧张因素进入心理健康回归方程的R^2分别为0．134和0．081。[结论]调查结果表明燃煤电厂工人感知有较多的职业紧张因素,且职业紧张因素与心理健康和睡眠障碍有关,性别、年龄、文化程度和工种对职业紧张测试存在着影响。     

某市流水线作业工人职业紧张与健康关系分析

目的 了解某市流水线作业工人职业紧张现状及其与身心健康之间的关系.方法 应用职业紧张指标测量工具,对547名流水线作业工人进行问卷调查.结果 流水线作业工人工作满意感的得分低于对照组.不同行业类型流水线作业工人工作满意感、心理卫生、职业紧张因素、应付策略评分在统计学上差异有显著性(P<0.05).逐步回归分析结果显示,躯体不适状况、工作满意感、行为类型是心理卫生水平的主要预测因素,行为类型、心理卫生水平、职业紧张因素、应付策略、是否吸烟、工龄是躯体不适状况的主要预测因素,行为类型、职业紧张因素、工龄、年龄、心理卫生水平是工作满意感的主要预测因素;男女心理卫生水平、躯体不适状况、工作满意感的主要预测因素有所不同.结论 某市流水线作业工人工作满意感低于对照组,存在着职业紧张因素,这些因素和行为类型、应付策略、工龄、吸烟对身心健康影响显著,对因素的反应存在着性别差异.     

企业农民工职业应激现状及影响因素分析

目的 调查企业农民工职业应激现状及其影响因素.方法 采用修订的工作需求-控制量表和职业紧张测量工具对410名企业农民工进行测试,应用协方差分析对数据进行统计.结果 男性农民工的技术需求水平(3.57±0.18)及心理健康的评分高于女性(2.96±0.16),女性的每日紧张感评分(7.88±0.18)高于男性(7.28±0.21),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);高学历组农民工决定自由度高于低学历组,心理健康差于低学历组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);离异的农民工工作紧张因素、每日紧张感、工作前景性的评分高于其他各组,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);和家人同住的心理健康及自尊感评分最高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);接触噪声程度越高的农民工其工作紧张因素、每日紧张感的评分越高,而决定自由度及技术需求水平的评分则越低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);经常接触职业病危害因素的农民工工作紧张因素及工作需求评分高于其他各组,心理健康评分低于其他各组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 性别、文化程度、婚姻状态、居住方式、工作环境对职业应激测试的结果有影响.工作紧张因素等可影响心理健康及抑郁症状.     

职业紧张对视屏作业人员心理健康的影响

目的　探讨不同性别视屏作业者主要的职业紧张因素及其心理健康状况。方法　采用职业紧张调查表(OSI)对宁夏某银行视屏作业者进行问卷调查。结果　男性视屏作业者认知负荷、心理卫生、心理满足、心情平静与竞争性的得分显著高于女性 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,而工作负荷与躯体不适因素的得分明显低于女性 (P <0 0 5或P<0 0 1)。逐步回归分析结果显示 ,男性工作满意感、心理卫生及躯体不适最主要的影响因素分别为对工作的影响力、其它紧张来源与家庭 /工作平衡、工作负荷 ,女性分别为人际关系与对工作的影响力、人际关系与工龄、其它紧张来源与管理角色。结论　不同性别视屏作业者主要的职业紧张因素及其心理健康状况不同 ,影响心理健康的主要因素也不完全相同。     

郑州铁路局郑州机务段机车乘务员职业紧张及睡眠障碍现状调查

目的了解郑州铁路局郑州机务段机车乘务员职业紧张和睡眠质量状况。方法 2013年6月至2014年1月采用机车乘务员职业健康调查表对郑州铁路局郑州机务段机车乘务员进行职业紧张现状及对睡眠质量影响的调查。结果调查1 500人全部为男性,获得1 448份有效问卷,年龄为20~29岁的职工ERI和工作满意感评分最高,分别为(0.93±0.33)和(42.33±8.39)分;50~59岁的职工回报和自尊感评分最高,分别为(28.19±4.50)和(32.39±5.1)分。已婚乘务员付出和工作满意感评分较高,分别为(18.15±3.92)和(42.37±8.16)分;未婚乘务员ERI、回报、支持策略、应付策略、控制策略评分较高,分别为(0.94±0.34)、(28.51±4.78)、(9.83±2.58)、(24.44±5.81)和(14.61±3.68)分。文化程度是初中及以下的乘务员ERI评分最高,为(1.03±0.33)分;大学及以上的乘务员付出、控制策略和应付策略评分最高,分别为(18.23±3.74)、(14.57±3.57)和(24.30±5.65)分。收入3 000元的乘务员ERI、负性情绪、控制策略和应付策略评分最高,分别为(0.93±0.34)、(3.00±1.78)、(14.54±3.87)和(24.31±6.19)分;收入6 000元~的乘务员工作满意感评分最高,为(42.76±8.31)分。配偶在职的乘务员ERI、正性情绪、抑郁症状评分最高,分别为(0.93±0.35)、(2.57±1.67)和(24.35±10.54)分;配偶失业的乘务员付出、负性情绪、每日紧张感评分最高,分别为(18.98±3.37)、(3.22±1.71)和(10.75±3.21)分。配偶失业组睡眠障碍评分最高,为(21.39±8.52)分;低收入组睡眠障碍评分最高,为(20.21±9.54)分。结论郑州机务段机车乘务员普遍存在职业紧张和紧张反应;配偶失业及收入水平影响睡眠质量。     

某热电厂工人组织忠诚度与职业紧张、个性特征等因素关系研究

目的 探讨热电厂工人组织忠诚度与职业紧张、个性特征等因素关系.方法 采用整群抽样方法对某热电厂员工875名工人进行调查,用职业紧张测量工具、工作内容问卷和付出-回报失衡问卷等测试员工的组织忠诚度、职业紧张因素、紧张反应、个体特征、应付策略和社会支持等内容.结果 ①不同文化程度、年龄和工龄组间组织忠诚度评分差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);②文化程度较低、年龄较大、工龄较长者组织忠诚度较高;③组织忠诚度与职业紧张因素、紧张反应、个性特征和缓解因素有相关(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);④不同组织忠诚度评分组间职业紧张因素、紧张反应、个性特征和缓解因素评分差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.001或P＜0.05);⑤多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明较低组织忠诚度工人发生心理健康不良、抑郁症状和工作不满意感相对危险度是较高组织忠诚度工人的2倍多.结论 组织忠诚度对职业紧张因素、缓解因素和紧张反应等有较大的影响.增进组织忠诚度可缓解职业紧张.     

银川市某商场商业职工职业紧张调查

目的　探讨不同性别商业职工在职业紧张方面的差异。方法　采用职业紧张调查表(OSI)对 6 79名商业职工进行问卷调查 ,并对研究对象进行年龄、工龄、文化程度、婚姻状况及工种配对。结果　女性商业职工紧张因素总分为 14 3 4 8,人际关系、家庭 (工作 )平衡和组织气氛得分分别为30 86、2 0 82和 15 16 ,明显高于男性职工 (上述 4项得分分别为 134 89、2 8 6 1、18 75和 13 93) ,而心理卫生及心理满足因子得分为 39 86和 14 82 ,显著低于男性 (43 84和 17 6 6 ) ,提示女性职工的紧张程度高于男性 ,紧张的心理反应较男性严重。逐步回归分析结果显示 ,女性工作满意感最主要的影响因素为人际关系 ,男性的影响因素为组织气氛、管理角色与工作负荷 ;女性心理卫生最主要的影响因素为控制策略与组织气氛 ,男性为组织气氛与认知负荷 ;女性躯体不适最主要的影响因素为工作负荷 ,男性为支持策略与体育锻炼 ;女性紧张水平最主要的影响因素为支持策略 ,男性为应付策略。结论　女性商业职工在工作中较男性职工经历了更多的紧张 ,其紧张反应也较男性严重 ,影响男性与女性商业职工紧张反应与紧张程度的因素不完全相同     

石油化工工人职业应激因素对工作满意感和心理健康的影响

目的 探讨石油化工企业工人职业应激的来源及影响其工作满意感和心理健康的主要职业应激因素.方法 采用职业紧张量表(OSI),对某市石油化工企业532名职工进行职业应激因素的调查,其中化工组345人,后勤部门职工187人作为对照组.结果 化工组工作场所中物理环境差,工作缺乏控制,工作危险性大,工作单调,角色冲突、角色模糊较对照组严重;化工组的工作满意感和心理健康得分(分别为36.867±0.656,43.734±0.542)低于对照组(40.321±0.901,46.714±0.745),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 化工工人工作中存在职业应激因素,这些因素不同程度地影响着化工工人的工作满意感和心理健康.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.