儿童后颅窝肿瘤合并脑积水的治疗及预后影响因素分析

目的 探讨儿童后颅窝肿瘤合并脑积水患者行肿瘤切除术前对于脑积水的治疗是否影响术后脑积水的发生率,并分析术后脑积水发生的相关危险因素.方法 中山大学附属第一医院神经外科自2003年1月至2009年12月行肿瘤切除术治疗后颅窝肿瘤合并脑积水儿童患者63例,其中对术前脑积水行保守治疗43例,手术治疗20例.回顾性分析患者的临床资料并比较术前脑积水保守治疗组和手术治疗组患者术后脑积水的发生率,Logistic回归分析患者的性别、发病年龄、术前Evans指数、肿瘤病理类型、肿瘤切除程度、肿瘤生长部位等因素是否与术后脑积水的发生有关.结果 术后出现脑积水患者22例,其中术前脑积水保守治疗组14例(14/43,32.6%),术前脑积水手术治疗组8例(8/20,40.0%),2组比较脑积水发生率差异无统计学意义(P=0.564);Logistic 回归分析发现患者术前Evans指数、肿瘤生长部位、肿瘤切除程度与肿瘤切除术后脑积水的发生有关(P=0.029,p=0.036,P=0.038).结论 肿瘤切除术前脑积水的治疗并不能改变术后脑积水的发生率:术前Evans指数、肿瘤生长部位、肿瘤切除程度是肿瘤切除术后脑积水发生的危险因素.     

儿童后颅窝肿瘤合并脑积水的治疗及预后影响因素分析

目的 探讨儿童后颅窝肿瘤合并脑积水患者行肿瘤切除术前对于脑积水的治疗是否影响术后脑积水的发生率,并分析术后脑积水发生的相关危险因素.方法 中山大学附属第一医院神经外科自2003年1月至2009年12月行肿瘤切除术治疗后颅窝肿瘤合并脑积水儿童患者63例,其中对术前脑积水行保守治疗43例,手术治疗20例.回顾性分析患者的临床资料并比较术前脑积水保守治疗组和手术治疗组患者术后脑积水的发生率,Logistic回归分析患者的性别、发病年龄、术前Evans指数、肿瘤病理类型、肿瘤切除程度、肿瘤生长部位等因素是否与术后脑积水的发生有关.结果 术后出现脑积水患者22例,其中术前脑积水保守治疗组14例(14/43,32.6%),术前脑积水手术治疗组8例(8/20,40.0%),2组比较脑积水发生率差异无统计学意义(P=0.564);Logistic 回归分析发现患者术前Evans指数、肿瘤生长部位、肿瘤切除程度与肿瘤切除术后脑积水的发生有关(P=0.029,p=0.036,P=0.038).结论 肿瘤切除术前脑积水的治疗并不能改变术后脑积水的发生率:术前Evans指数、肿瘤生长部位、肿瘤切除程度是肿瘤切除术后脑积水发生的危险因素.

Abstract：

Objective To explore whether preoperative treatment of hydrocephalus could change the occurrence of postoperative hydrocephalus after tumor resection in children with posterior fossa tumor, and analyze the risk factors of postoperative hydrocephalus. Methods Sixty-three children with posterior fossa tumors accompanied with hydrocephalus, admitted to our hospital from January 2003 to December 2009, were chosen; conservative treatment of preoperative hydrocephalus was performed in 43 patients and surgery was performed in the other 20 patients. The clinical data of these patients were retrospectively analyzed and the occurrence of postoperative hydrocephalus in patients performed conservative treatment and tumor resection was compared. Gender, age, Evans index, location of the tumor, extent of the tumor resection, pathology of the tumor were analyzed as risk factors using logistic regression. Results Occurrence of hydrocephalus after tumor resection showed no statistical differences between patients accepted conservative treatment (14/43, 32.6%) and patients received surgical treatment ([8/20, 40.0%], P=0.564). Evans index, location of the tumor and extent of resection were related to hydrocephalus relapse after tumor resection(P=0.029, P=0.036, P=0.038). Conclusion Preoperative treatment of hydrocephalus could not change the occurrence of hydrocephalus after tumor resection. Evans index, location of the tumor and extent of tumor resection are all risk factors of postoperative hydrocephalus.     

颅内压监测下立体定向脑室外引流术在后颅窝肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的探讨颅内压监测下立体定向脑室外引流术对后颅窝肿瘤切除术后的临床应用效果。方法回顾性分析新疆医科大学附属中医医院神经外科2015年1月到2017年8月收治的11例确诊为后颅窝肿瘤患者的临床资料,所有患者术前颅脑CT或MRI均提示伴发不同程度梗阻性脑积水,均在开颅术前行颅内压监测下行立体定向脑室外引流术。结果 11例患者未发生肿瘤切除术前脑积水所致脑疝危象,其中有10在肿瘤切除术后2周复查CT见后颅窝水肿消退、脑室大小正常,康复出院; 1例因肿瘤侵犯脑干无法全切,术后需在适当延长脑室外引流管的前提下,充分置换脑脊液后症状缓解后出院。11例患者均未发生术后伤口脑脊液漏或颅内感染。结论采用颅内压监测下立体定向脑室外引流术对后颅窝肿瘤并脑积水,可以降低术前发生脑疝的危险,为患者顺利完成肿瘤切除术创造手术机会,可有效降低死亡率。     

内镜第三脑室底造瘘术在儿童后颅窝肿瘤所致梗阻性脑积水中的应用分析

目的探讨内镜第三脑室底造瘘术(ETV)在儿童后颅窝肿瘤所致梗阻性脑积水中的应用效果及并发症情况。方法回顾性分析2013年9月至2021年9月上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心神经外科收治的93例后颅窝肿瘤患儿的临床资料。所有患儿均存在急性梗阻性脑积水所致的颅高压症状, 并于二期肿瘤切除术前行一期ETV。分析ETV的术后疗效、并发症发生率, 以及肿瘤切除术后的脑积水复发率。结果 98.9%(92/93)的患儿ETV成功实施, 且术后颅高压症状缓解, 1例患儿因术中出血导致行ETV失败。术后并发症(1例发生颅内感染)的发生率为1.1%(1/92), 经抗感染治疗后好转。肿瘤切除术后的脑积水复发率为6.5%(6/92), 经再次手术置入脑室-腹腔分流管, 脑积水均获得缓解。结论小儿后颅窝肿瘤合并梗阻性脑积水需急诊缓解颅高压时应首选ETV, 其并发症少, 且肿瘤切除术后的脑积水复发率低。     

引流术后儿童后颅窝肿瘤瘤内出血的临床治疗(附2例临床分析)

目的探讨后颅窝肿瘤合并梗阻性脑积水行分流术后所致瘤内出血的诊断和治疗经验。方法回顾性分析上海儿童医学中心2013年1月至2014年6月收治后颅窝肿瘤合并脑积水患儿临床资料,均为行分流术而后发生瘤内出血病例。结果该院收治的后颅窝肿瘤合并脑积水患儿11例,其中2例患者出现术后瘤内出血。出血后短期内1例接受手术,1例予以保守治疗,后期病理分别为未成熟畸胎瘤(II级)和胶质神经元肿瘤(Ⅰ级)。结论后颅窝肿瘤常合并梗阻性脑积水,先行分流术后,发生瘤内出血较为罕见。分流术后病情突然恶化,需考虑瘤内出血可能,应急诊行头颅CT检查,并根据具体情况选择最佳治疗措施。     

神经内镜第三脑室底造瘘术在后颅窝肿瘤梗阻性脑积水中的应用价值

目的 探讨神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术(ETV)在后颅窝肿瘤梗阻性脑积水和同期行后颅窝肿瘤显微切除术中的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析重庆大学附属肿瘤医院神经肿瘤科2015年7月—2018年12月,应用ETV治疗53例后颅窝肿瘤并梗阻性脑积水并同期行肿瘤切除术患者的临床资料。分析患者的疗效及预后。结果 本组患者术后6 h内复查头部CT,均无脑室内积血、积气。术后出现短暂性发热患者5例;无出现继发性出血、手术死亡及严重后遗症的患者。术后随访患者6～31个月,其中有效患者50例(94. 3%);无效患者3例,后行腰大池引流1周,最终行脑室-腹腔分流。结论 后颅窝肿瘤并梗阻性脑积水患者行开颅显微手术前,行脑室外引流及分流是传统的处理方式,但也是并发症较多的治疗方法;同期ETV对于此类梗阻性脑积水的治疗符合生理机制,并发症少,疗效更好,值得在临床推广应用。     

儿童后颅窝肿瘤术前梗阻性脑积水的治疗

目的观察内镜第三脑室造瘘术(ETV)和脑室腹腔分流术(VPS)治疗后颅窝肿瘤梗阻性脑积水患儿的临床效果。方法选择我院2006—2012年80例脑积水中线后颅窝肿瘤(42髓母细胞瘤和室管膜瘤38)患儿,分为2组,A组(42例)行ETV,平均随访27.4个月,B组(38例)行VPS,平均随访25个月。结果 A组术中大出血发生2例(6.2%)和脑脊液漏1例(3.1%)。B组分流感染发生3例(9.4%),2例患者术后4.5个月脑室死亡。硬膜下积液发生3例(9.4%),硬膜外血肿1例(4.7%),1例(4.7%)上升脑疝。相比脑室腹腔分流术,由于手术时间短(15min vs.35min),并发症发病率较低(9.3%vs.38%),无死亡病例(0vs.4.7%),手术失败发生率较低(6.2%vs.38%)。结论 ETV可作为后颅窝肿瘤儿童患者伴明显梗阻性脑积水的治疗首选。     

儿童后颅窝肿瘤术后颅内感染原因分析及诊治

目的探讨儿童后颅窝肿瘤术后颅内感染的原因及诊治方法。方法天津市环湖医院八病区2010年4月16日至2014年4月30日收治的30例后颅窝肿瘤患儿,行开颅肿瘤切除等手术,按术后是否发生颅内感染分为感染组(5例)和无感染组(25例),分析感染可能的原因并结合临床诊治经验,探讨诊断及治疗的方法。结果本研究儿童后颅窝肿瘤术后颅内感染率为16.7%,对两组进行感染因素对比分析,发现多次手术、行第三脑室底造瘘(ETV)术或脑室-腹腔分流(V-P)术有统计学差异(χ~2=4.51,P=0.034),提示多次手术可能是术后感染的重要危险因素,特别是开颅术后发生脑积水而需继续行ETV或V-P术时;而手术时间6h((χ~2=1.33,P=0.249)、颅内植入物(χ~2=1.47,P=0.225)、术后预防性使用抗生素(χ~2=0.596,P=0.440)、术后脑脊液漏(χ~2=3.69,P=0.55)、切口积液(χ~2=0.00,P=1.00)等因素两组无统计差异。感染后经积极引流+抗生素治疗,治愈时间8 d至3 w,治愈率为100%。结论反复多次颅内手术易导致儿童后颅窝肿瘤术后颅内感染,感染后早期发现、早期诊断,积极引流及抗生素治疗,预后仍较好。     

术前栓塞联合显微手术治疗后颅窝实性血管母细胞瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨术前栓塞肿瘤供血动脉联合显微手术治疗后颅窝实性血管母细胞瘤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年5月至2018年7月郑州大学附属肿瘤医院神经外科收治的13例后颅窝实性血管母细胞瘤患者的临床资料。所有患者开颅手术前72 h内均予肿瘤供血动脉栓塞,术后予伽玛刀治疗。总结术前栓塞和显微手术的技巧,并分析手术疗效。患者入院、出院时采用Karnoisky功能状态评分(KPS)评估患者的生命质量。结果开颅术前肿瘤的栓塞程度>80%者4例,60%~80%者8例,<60%者1例。1例患者栓塞术后行MRI检查可见脑干局部梗死,临床表现为中枢性面瘫、吞咽困难加重。13例患者中,肿瘤全切除11例,次全切除2例。术中出血量为(620±35)ml,手术时间为(6.5±1.1)h。13例患者术前的颅高压症状均于术后明显缓解。术后新发吞咽功能障碍2例,听力减退1例,新发中枢性面瘫1例。13例患者出院时的KPS为(85.8±4.9)分,较入院时[(76.6±11.3)分]有明显改善(t=3.969,P=0.002)。所有患者均获随访,随访时间为6个月至3年(中位随访时间为22.6个月),末次随访的KPS为(88.1±3.6)分,与出院时比较差异无统计学意义(t=2.065,P=0.062)。仅1例次全切除患者于术后9个月肿瘤增大,再次给予伽玛刀治疗后未进展;其余12例肿瘤均无复发。2例患者发生梗阻性脑积水,予以脑室-腹腔分流术治疗后症状缓解。结论对于后颅窝实性血管母细胞瘤,术前行肿瘤供血动脉的栓塞能有效减少术中出血,甚至可达到分块切除肿瘤,从而降低了手术风险,有助于提高手术效果。     

超选择性栓塞联合显微手术治疗后颅窝实质性血管母细胞瘤

目的 探讨超选择性栓塞联合显微手术治疗后颅窝实质性血管母细胞瘤的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析5例后颅窝实质性血管母细胞瘤患者的临床资料。所有患者均通过栓塞供血动脉后立刻行病灶显微切除术。结果 5例病人肿瘤均全切除,切除术中出血量为（200±80）ml。术后无明显神经功能障碍。术后3个月随访全部病人改良Rankin量表评分均0分,未见肿瘤复发。结论 超选择性栓塞肿瘤供血动脉后立即行病灶显微切除术治疗后颅窝实质性血管母细胞瘤可减少术中出血,缩短手术时间,降低手术并发症及死亡率。     

Hydrocephalus in posterior fossa tumors in children. Are there factors that determine a need for permanent cerebrospinal fluid diversion?

Objective  We searched for factors that could predispose towards persistent hydrocephalus in children with posterior fossa (PF) tumors in order to determine the need for permanent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. Methods  The clinical records of 64 children who underwent surgery for PF tumors in the Pediatric Neurosurgery division of the Hospital of Clinics, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil, from 1990 to 2006, were retrospectively reviewed. The patients’ ages ranged from 3 months to 18 years. The factors evaluated included age at surgery, severity of hydrocephalus (ventricular index), tumor location, size of the tumor, extent of tumor resection, and histology. Results  Ventricular index, measured from the initial neuroradiological image, age at surgery, and location of the tumor were significantly associated with definitive postoperative CSF diversion (shunt or endoscopic third ventriculostomy), which was necessary for 34% of the patients. Conclusions  Young children with severe preoperative hydrocephalus and a midline tumor should be considered at risk when preoperative treatment decisions are made.     

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of hydrocephalus in posterior fossa tumors in children

OBJECT: The purpose of the present study is to assess the effectiveness of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in children with hydrocephalus related to posterior fossa tumors. METHODS: Between September 1999 and December 2002, 63 children with posterior fossa tumors were treated at Santobono Hospital in Naples, Italy. Twenty-six patients had severe hydrocephalus. In order to relieve intracranial hypertension before tumor removal, 20 were treated with ETV, and 6 with ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunts. Twenty patients with mild hydrocephalus were treated with diuretics, corticosteroid agents, and early posterior fossa surgery, and 17 patients who did not have hydrocephalus were treated by elective posterior fossa surgery. Another 4 ETV were performed in the management of postoperative hydrocephalus. RESULTS: Preoperative ETV procedures were technically successful. One was complicated by intraventricular bleeding. The successful 19 preoperative ETV resolved intracranial hypertension before posterior fossa surgery in all cases. Three of these 19 patients developed postoperative hydrocephalus and were treated by VP shunt insertion after posterior fossa surgery. Out of the 4 ETV performed after posterior fossa surgery, only 2 were successful, both when the shunt malfunctioned. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy should be considered as an alternative procedure to ventriculo-peritoneal shunting and external ventricular draining for the emergency control of severe hydrocephalus caused by posterior fossa tumors, since it can quickly eliminate symptoms, and hence, can delay surgery scheduling if required. Even though ETV does not prevent postoperative hydrocephalus in all cases, it does protect against acute postoperative hydrocephalus due to cerebellar swelling. In addition, it eliminates the risks of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infection related to external drainage and minimizes the risk of overdrainage because it provides more physiological CSF drainage than the other procedures. Since postoperative hydrocephalus is very often physically obstructive, ETV should always be considered a possible treatment procedure.     

神经内镜治疗后颅窝囊肿合并脑积水31例分析

目的 探讨神经内镜治疗后颅窝囊肿合并脑积水的诊治方法。 方法 回顾性分析南方医院神经外科自2004年4月至2010年8月收治的31例后颅窝扩大囊室合并脑积水患者资料,所有患者均经头颅CT和MRI证实。其中后颅窝真性蛛网膜囊肿19例,Dandy walker畸形5例,布莱克囊肿2例,肿瘤术后囊肿5例。依据不同手术方式分成内镜手术组(14例)、开颅显微镜手术组（9例）和分流手术组（8例）,根据术后患者临床症状改善情况、影像学表现和相关并发症发生情况判定疗效。 结果 3组患者术后早期临床症状均有所改善。术后随访6个月～6年,复查头颅MRI显示28例患者后颅窝囊肿及脑室系统较术前有不同程度的缩小,其中内镜组有效率和并发症发生率分别为92.9％和14.3％,显微镜组分别为88.9％和33.3％,分流手术组分别为75.0％和50.0％。 结论 神经内镜是治疗后颅窝囊肿合并脑积水的一种安全、有效术式,相对显微镜下开颅手术和分流手术而言,操作灵活,并发症少,预后好,值得临床进一步推广。     

以癫癎为首发症状的低级别星形细胞瘤病人术后癫癎预后分析

目的探讨影响以癫癎为首发症状的低级别星形细胞瘤癫癎预后的因素。方法回顾性分析以癫癎为首发症状的低级别星形细胞瘤病例,经手术切除肿瘤1年后的癫癎症状改善情况,本组研究数据应用SPSS17．0统计软件进行卡方检验和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果术后癫癎预后为改良Engel I级102例（67．5％）,Ⅱ级以上49例（32．5％）。卡方检验显示：术前病人有语言障碍（P=0．038）、术前肿瘤累及岛叶（P=0．010）、肿瘤未全切除（P=0．001）对术后癫癎预后差异有统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析：术前病人有语言障碍（P=0．022）、术前肿瘤累及岛叶（P=0．007）及肿瘤未全切除（P=0．002）均为影响术后癫癎发作的独立危险因素。结论术前病人有语言障碍、术前肿瘤累及岛叶及肿瘤未全切除是影响以癫癎为首发症状的低级别星形细胞瘤病人术后癫癎预后的独立危险因素。     

后颅窝非囊结节型血管母细胞瘤术前栓塞的效果分析

目的探讨后颅窝非囊结节型血管母细胞瘤（HB）术前栓塞的安全性和有效性。 方法回顾性分析新疆医科大学第一附属医院神经外科中心肿瘤病区自2014年1月至2018年6月收治的12例后颅窝非囊结节型HB患者的临床资料,患者均行术前栓塞,栓塞后行显微神经外科手术切除肿瘤,观察栓塞后及术后并发症发生情况并采用KPS评分评价治疗效果。 结果后颅窝非囊结节型HB多支血管共同参与供血,本组患者完全栓塞5例,大部分栓塞5例,部分栓塞2例。栓塞后显微神经外科手术全切11例,肿瘤次全切1例。平均手术时间5.3 h,术中出血200~1500 mL,平均出血680 mL。1例患者术后后组颅神经麻痹,发生吸入性肺炎;1例出现颅内感染。术后KPS评分均≥90分,可进行正常活动。 结论术前栓塞是后颅窝非囊结节型HB安全有效的辅助治疗方法,可有效减少术中出血,缩短手术时间,减少手术并发症,提高患者术后生活质量。     

Analysis of CSF shunting procedure requirement in children with posterior fossa tumors

OBJECT: The authors analyze the factors that predispose to persistent hydrocephalus in children with posterior fossa tumors and compare their results and treatment policy with those described in the literature, particularly with regard to the higher postoperative shunt insertion rates, which have led some authors to the routine use of preoperative third ventriculostomy. METHODS: The clinical records of 180 children treated for posterior fossa tumors in the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery of the National Institute of Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary, between 1990 and 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: The low postoperative shunt insertion rate in our series (15.5%) led us to believe that the routine use of preoperative third ventriculostomy is not entirely justified. Factors such as patient's age and tumor type, which showed a statistically significant association with the postoperative shunt requirement in our study, should be considered when the decision regarding treatment is made.     

Treatment Outcome of Hydrocephalus Associated with Vestibular Schwannoma

Background and PurposeManaging hydrocephalus in patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS) is controversial. We evaluated the clinical factors associated with hydrocephalus.MethodsBetween 2000 and 2019, 562 patients with VS were treated at our institute. We applied endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), external ventricular drainage (EVD), and ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts to patients with hydrocephalus. The relationships of patient, tumor, and surgical variables with the hydrocephalus outcome were assessed.ResultsPreoperative hydrocephalus (Evans ratio ≥0.3) was present in 128 patients. Six patients who received a preresectional VP shunt were excluded after analyzing the hydrocephalus outcome. Seven of the remaining 122 patients had severe hydrocephalus (Evans ratio ≥0.4). Primary tumor resection, VP shunting, ETV, and EVD were performed in 60, 6, 57, and 5 patients, respectively. The hydrocephalus treatment failure rate was highest in the EVD group. Persistent hydrocephalus was present in five (8%) and seven (12%) patients in the primary resection and ETV groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that severe hydrocephalus, the cystic tumor, and the extent of resection (subtotal resection or partial resection) were associated with hydrocephalus treatment failure.ConclusionsLarger ventricles and a higher cystic portion are predictive of persistent hydrocephalus. We recommend attempting near-total tumor resection in patients with VS.