肾上腺皮质癌的诊断与治疗

目的：提高肾上腺皮质癌的诊治水平。方法：结合临床资料及有关文献回顾性分析３例肾上腺皮质癌的临床表现,病理分期,诊断治疗和预后。结果：１例女性患者为Ⅰ期功能型肿瘤,经手术治疗生存３年;２例男性患者为Ⅳ期无功能肿瘤,１例手术生存２年７个月,最后死于无关疾病,１例行穿刺活检生存４个月死亡。结论：外科手术是肾上腺皮质癌唯一有效的治疗方法,早期诊断,彻底手术是治疗本病的关键。     

围手术期干预对预防腹股沟疝术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的探讨和评价围手术期干预对预防腹股沟疝术后下肢深静脉血栓(LEDVT)形成的影响,减少手术并发症。方法回顾1999年1月至2012年1月腹股沟疝患者3320例的手术临床资料,分析其中LEDVT患者7例的临床资料、手术时间、并发症及转归。结果针对性的围手术期干预可降低LEDVT发病率,本组LEDVT发病率为0.21%,对已发生的7例LEDVT患者经早期干预及治疗均减轻病情,随访3～24个月,无1例复发及死亡。结论腹股沟疝围手术期,要高度重视LED-VT的发生,早期干预、迅速诊断和及时治疗是降低LEDVT发病率,减少并发症的关键。     

原发性肾上腺皮质腺癌的CT表现

目的 总结原发性肾上腺皮质腺癌的CT表现,以提高其诊断准确性.方法 回顾性分析经手术或穿刺活检后病理证实的原发性肾上腺皮质腺癌17例的影像资料,所有的患者术前均做CT平扫及动脉期和门静脉期双期增强扫描.结果 全部病例单发,右侧9例,左侧8例,直径3～17 cm;6例肿瘤内可见点状、条索状或结节状钙化,10例见较大范围的液化、坏死和囊变区,4例肿瘤以实质为主伴小囊状低密度区.平扫肿瘤CT值为32～47 HU,平均37.3 HU.动脉期增强扫描,肿瘤实性成分强化较明显,肿瘤实质成分CT值在37～72 HU,平均50.9 HU,8例见显著强化的不规则的肿瘤血管.门静脉期肿瘤实质成分强化更明显,强化范围扩大,实质部分CT值为37～98 HU,平均83.4 HU.结论 原发性肾上腺皮质腺癌的CT表现具有一定的特征性,CT双期增强扫描在原发性肾上腺皮质癌的诊断中有重要的诊断价值.     

后腹腔镜治疗皮质醇症围手术期激素替代方案的探讨

目的：探讨皮质醇增多症肾上腺皮质腺瘤行后腹腔镜手术的围手术期激素替代治疗新方案及效果.方法：回顾性分析2007年5月～2010年5月经后腹腔镜手术切除和病理检查确诊为皮质醇增多症肾上腺皮质腺瘤82例患者围手术期激素替代治疗方案及效果：采用简化的激素替代方案,于后腹腔镜肾上腺瘤切除前后分别给予氧化可的松100 mg,术后当天再静滴氢化可的松200 mg.术后第1天静滴氢化可的松100 mg Q8 h,第2天减量至100 mg Q12 h,第3天减量至50 mg Q12 h,后改强的松口服25 mg Qd,每3天减量5 mg至10～15 mg时维持剂量.结果：所有患者均顺利完成后腹腔镜手术切除肾上腺瘤,未出现手术相关并发症.检测术后第1天和第5天血浆皮质醇水平正常,围手术期间未出现明显激素撤退症状,临床症状明显改善.结论：该治疗方案能有效控制激素撤退综合征的发生,简化了用药方案,是皮质醇增多症肾上腺皮质腺瘤腹腔镜手术围手术期激素替代治疗简单和有效的方法.     

如何认识和理解肺腺癌外科治愈窗口期

近期，Cell Research发表了关于“肺腺癌外科治愈窗口期”的社论，患者在此窗口期内接受手术切除后5年或10年无复发生存率达100.0%。病理学上的原位腺癌和微浸润腺癌及影像学上的纯磨玻璃结节可视为肺腺癌外科治愈窗口期。不是所有肺癌患者均可捕捉到治愈窗口期，正确理解和把握治愈窗口期，不仅可提高治愈率，也能避免过度诊断和过度治疗。本文就如何正确认识和把握肺腺癌外科治愈窗口期，提出早期肺腺癌的临床处理流程，阐明肺腺癌外科治愈窗口期的具体使用方法，为肺腺癌手术时机的选择提供重要理论依据。     

肾上腺皮质肿瘤的诊断与治疗(附230例报告)

目的:提高肾上腺皮质肿瘤的诊断与治疗水平。方法:对230例肾上腺皮质肿瘤的临床表现、术后病理及随访结果进行分析。结果:原发性醛固酮增多症皮质瘤161例(2例为恶性醛固酮瘤),其中140例获得3个月～6年随访,均无复发;皮质醇症皮质腺瘤21例,其中19例获1～6年随访,治愈未见复发;无功能性肾上腺皮质腺瘤48例(4例为皮质腺癌),其中38例获6个月～6年随访,已治愈。结论:良性肾上腺皮质肿瘤手术疗效满意,恶性肾上腺皮质肿瘤应早期诊断,及时手术探查。     

胰腺损伤12例临床诊治分析

胰腺损伤系腹部外伤少见但严重而复杂的损伤，由于胰腺解剖位置的特殊性，往往带有复合伤，诊断治疗均较困难，本文总结了2002年至2007年收治的12例胰腺损伤患者的诊疗体会，文章强调了早期诊断，提高认识，避免漏诊误治，对早期手术，采用合理术式，并对手术的要点及需注意的问题，总结了经验教训，同时也系统的阐述了围术期治疗的各关键环节不可偏废。介绍如下。     

肾上腺皮质癌19例报告

目的探讨肾上腺皮质癌临床特点和治疗方法,提高肾上腺皮质癌的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析经病理确诊的19例肾上腺皮质癌的临床资料。肿瘤直径1～20cm,平均9.3cm,1～5cm4例,5～10cm6例,>10cm9例。Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期6例,Ⅲ期5例,Ⅳ期6例。结果手术完整切除13例,姑息性切除4例,仅作活检2例。术后平均生存28个月。其中5例行腹腔镜手术,4例至今生存,1例2年后死于肺转移。结论早期诊断、早期手术是治疗关键,腹腔镜手术也是治疗肾上腺皮质癌有效的方法。     

无功能肾上腺皮质腺癌（附五例报告）

无功能肾上腺皮质腺癌（附五例报告）况应敏，董泽泉，马超龙，马鸿钧１９８５～１９９５年我科收治５例无功能肾上腺皮质腺癌，均经手术及病理检查证实．报告如下．临床资料５例均为男性，平均年龄４４岁．病变均位于左侧．均经ＩＶＵ、Ｂ超、ＣＴ定位诊断，肿瘤直径平均...     

肾上腺肿瘤30例临床分析

目的：分析肾上腺肿瘤的诊治情况。方法：回顾性分析３０例本病患者的临床资料。结果：均经手术治疗，治愈２９例。病理证实，嗜铬细胞瘤９例，肾上腺皮质腺瘤１１例，髓样脂肪瘤３例，畸胎瘤３例，节细胞神经瘤、毛细血管瘤、肾上腺囊肿、转移性腺癌各１例。结论：围手术期的充分准备是减少并发症和手术病死率的关键。应重视偶发性肾上腺肿瘤的处理。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.