远端融合节段选择对退变性脊柱侧后凸患者矫形术后骨盆入射角变化的影响

【摘要】 目的：探讨远端不同融合节段对退变性脊柱侧后凸患者矫形术后骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）变化的影响。方法：回顾性分析2010年5月~2018年4月因退变性脊柱侧后凸于我院行后路矫形长节段融合内固定手术患者的病历资料,男5例,女37例;年龄50~69岁（60.6±6.9岁）。按远端融合节段不同分为两组：融合至L5纳入A组（14例）,融合至骨盆纳入B组（28例）。测量并记录两组患者术前的侧凸Cobb角、局部后凸角（regional kyphosis,RK）和术前、术后的腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis,LL）、脊柱矢状面平衡（sagittal vertical axis, SVA）、骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）及骶骨倾斜角（sacral slop,SS）,比较两组患者术后PI改变的差异,分析其与术前矢状面参数的关系。结果：两组患者的术前冠状面Cobb角度、RK、内固定节段数、性别分布、年龄均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。A组患者术前和术后PI分别为46.4°±16.7°和44.1°±13.6°,无显著性差异（P=0.104）。B组患者术前PI为50.9°±13.6°,术后减少至44.0°±13.7°,差异有显著性（P<0.05）,其中15例（53.6%）患者术后与术前相比PI减少大于5°。术前A组的PI-LL显著小于B组（P=0.015）,而LL显著大于B组（P=0.032）;两组术后PI改变（ΔPI）有统计学差异（P=0.04）。相关性分析结果显示B组ΔPI与术前PI（P=0.009）、术前LL（P=0.020）、术前PI-LL（P=0.0003）和术前PT（P=0.006）有显著相关性,线性回归分析ΔPI=-3.117+0.201×术前PI-0.116×术前LL。结论：后路矫形长节段融合固定治疗退变性脊柱侧后凸患者中,远端融合至骨盆的患者相较于融合至L5的患者术后更有可能出现PI的显著性降低;融合至骨盆的患者术后PI的显著改变可能与术前较大的PI和术前更大程度的矢状位失平衡相关。     

T1骨盆角与退变性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面平衡以及生活质量的相关性分析

【摘要】 目的：探讨T1骨盆角（T1 pelvic angle,TPA）能否反映退变性脊柱侧凸（degenerative scoliosis,DS）患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面的整体及局部平衡,及其与DS患者生活质量的关系。方法：回顾性分析2007年2月~2011年12月在我院接受手术治疗的DS患者资料。纳入标准：（1）随访时间超过2年;（2）有完整临床及影像学资料。排除标准：（1）既往接受过脊柱手术;（2）同时伴有髋、膝关节病变影响正常的站立姿势。共76例DS患者纳入研究,男9例,女67例,年龄45~72岁,平均58.2±6.1岁。Cobb角32°~74°,平均42.6°±6.1°。顶椎位于L2椎体3例,L2/3椎间盘4例,L3椎体26例,L3/4椎间盘23例,L4椎体16例,L4/5椎间盘4例。随访2.1~6.4年,平均3.7年。术前及末次随访时均摄自然站立位全脊柱正、侧位X线片,同时填写ODI、VAS及SRS-22量表。测量胸椎后凸角（thoracic kyphosis,TK）、胸腰段后凸角（thoracolumbar kyphosis,TLK）、腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis,LL）、骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）、骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）、矢状面平衡（sagittal vertical axis,SVA）和TPA。采用Spearman检验分别对术前、末次随访时的SVA和TPA与其他术前、末次随访时的脊柱-骨盆参数作相关性分析,同时分析SVA和TPA术前、末次随访时的变化值与其他脊柱-骨盆参数术前、末次随访时的变化值的相关性。分析SVA和TPA术前、末次随访时的变化值与ODI、VAS及SRS-22总分术前、末次随访时的变化值的相关性。结果：术前TPA与术前LL、SS、PT、PI及SVA显著相关（P<0.05）,与术前TK、TLK无相关性（P＞0.05）;末次随访时TPA均与末次随访时的LL、SS、PT、PI及SVA显著相关（P<0.05）,与末次随访时TK、TLK无相关性（P＞0.05）;TPA术前、末次随访时的变化值与LL、SS、PT、PI及SVA术前、末次随访时的变化值显著相关（P<0.05）,与TK、TLK的变化值无相关性（P＞0.05）;TPA术前、末次随访时的变化值与ODI评分、VAS评分术前、末次随访时的变化值正相关（P<0.05）,与SRS-22总分变化值负相关（P<0.05）。术前SVA与术前LL、TPA显著相关（P<0.05）,与术前TK、TLK、SS、PT、PI无相关性（P>0.05）;末次随访时SVA与末次随访时TPA显著相关（P<0.05）,与末次随访时TK、TLK、SS、PT、PI、LL无相关性（P>0.05）;SVA术前、末次随访时的变化值与LL、TPA术前、末次随访时的变化值显著相关（P<0.05）,与TK、TLK、SS、PT术前、末次随访时的变化值无相关性（P>0.05）;SVA术前、末次随访时的变化值与ODI评分、VAS评分术前、末次随访时的变化值正相关（P<0.05）,与SRS-22总分变化值负相关（P<0.05）。结论：TPA整合了整体和局部脊柱-骨盆矢状面平衡的信息,能够反映DS患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面的整体及局部平衡,且与DS患者的生活质量密切相关,对于DS重建手术有着重要的指导意义。     

骨盆入射角与腰椎前凸角匹配度对强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形矫形术后矢状面平衡的影响

【摘要】 目的：探讨骨盆入射角与腰椎前凸角匹配度（pelvic incidence and lumbar lordosis mismatch,PI-LL）对强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis,AS）后凸畸形矫形术后脊柱骨盆矢状面平衡的影响。方法：回顾性研究2010年1月~2019年10月本团队行改良经椎弓根椎体截骨术治疗的85例AS后凸畸形患者,男75例,女10例;年龄37.1±8.8岁（20~67岁）,其中63例行单节段截骨矫形,22例行双节段截骨矫形。脊柱全长侧位片上测量术前、术后（3~4周）及末次随访时脊柱骨盆矢状面参数：骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）、骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）、腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis,LL）、PI-LL、截骨角（osteotomized vertebral angle,OVA）和矢状面躯干偏移（sagittal vertical axis,SVA）。术前及末次随访时采用脊柱侧凸研究学会-22（Scoliosis Research Society-22,SRS-22）问卷和Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）评估患者的肢体功能和生活质量。末次随访时SVA>5cm为脊柱矢状面失衡,PT>25°为骨盆矢状面失衡。通过Pearson相关系数分析术后PI-LL与末次随访SVA和PT的相关性,并运用受试者操作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线和最大约登指数计算术后PI-LL的阈值,获得PI-LL的最佳匹配度。根据术后PI-LL是否满足最佳匹配度分组,分析不同术后PI-LL对末次随访脊柱骨盆矢状面序列的影响。运用线性回归分析腰椎OVA与PI-LL矫正值的线性关系,计算线性回归方程。结果：85例AS患者术后平均随访30.8±6.3个月（24~84个月）,末次随访时LL（-31.6°）、PT（31.8°）、SS（15.5°）、PI-LL（16.7°）和SVA（8.6cm）均较术前明显改善（P<0.05）,ODI（23.45%）和 SRS-22（3.91分）评分显著性优于术前（P<0.05）。术后PI-LL与末次随访时的SVA和PT呈显著性正相关（r=0.525和0.659,P<0.01）。以末次随访时SVA为状态变量, 通过ROC曲线分析获得术后PI-LL的阈值为12.8°;以末次随访时的PT为状态变量,计算得到术后PI-LL的阈值为10.5°。当术后PI-LL≤10.5°时,可同时满足预防脊柱和骨盆矢状面失衡的要求。与术后PI-LL＞10.5°组比较,术后PI-LL≤10.5°组患者末次随访时PT（25.4° vs 36.6°）、LL（-40.8° vs -24.1°）、PI-LL（4.0° vs 26.2°）和SVA（5.6cm vs 10.9cm）更小（P<0.05）,脊柱（36.1% vs 75.5%）和骨盆（38.9% vs 85.7%）矢状面失衡率更低（P<0.05）。腰椎OVA与PI-LL矫正值呈较高强度线性正相关（r=0.707,P<0.01）,腰椎OVA=17.12+0.62×（PI-LL矫正值）,R2=50.1%。结论：AS后凸畸形患者截骨矫形术后的PI-LL与末次随访SVA和PT紧密相关,术后重建PI-LL≤10.5°可维持良好的脊柱骨盆矢状面平衡,降低中远期随访脊柱和骨盆矢状面失衡的风险。     

PLIF术式与脊柱骨盆平衡相关性研究

目的 探讨经后路椎体间隙植骨融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion, PLIF)用于治疗腰椎退变性疾病时对脊柱骨盆矢状面平衡的影响。 方法 回顾性分析总结2011年2月～2012年6月通过PLIF术式治疗腰椎间盘突出症、腰椎滑脱、腰椎管狭窄症的病人共40例,以常用的脊柱骨盆平衡参数中的骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)及腰椎前凸角（LL）为观察指标,分别测量患者术前、术后、术后一年、术后两年的脊柱骨盆平衡参数（PI、PT、SS、LL ）,采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件对手术前后参数比较采用配对t 检验（α=0.05）。予以比较这些参数的变化,从而评估手术对脊柱骨盆平衡的影响。并通过JOA骨科学会腰腿痛手术评分标准对患者腰腿痛进行评分,评估患者症状及体征改善情况。 结果 术前、术后腰椎前凸角LL、骶骨倾斜角SS、骨盆倾斜角PT具有明显差异（P＜0.01）, LL从术前的(38.6±5.2)°增加到术后(46.8±7.3)°(t=2.904, P =0.01);SS由术前（28.2±6.7 ）°增加到（33.4±5.3）°（t=3.608, P =0.038）;PT由术前（21.6±7.8）°减小到（18.2±9.4）°(t=3.062, P =0.041);而术后不同时间段的比较无统计学差异。术后35例患者末次随访时JOA评分较术前增加,3例患者JOA评分与术前分值相等,2例患者JOA评分较术前减低。结论 PLIF术式能缓解病人的临床症状,改善患者的生活质量;PLIF术式可以有效地改善腰椎前凸的病理状态,恢复腰椎正常的生理前凸,从而对维持脊柱骨盆矢状面平衡具有重要意义.     

青少年腰椎间盘突出症患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态的影像学研究

【摘要】　目的：评估青少年腰椎间盘突出症（adolescent lumbar disc herniation,ALDH） 患者的矢状面脊柱-骨盆形态,并探讨其与正常青少年间是否存在差异。方法：2006年3月~2012年5月收治ALDH患者30例,其中男18例,女12例,年龄12~18岁,平均16.0±3.1岁。年龄及性别匹配的正常青少年40例作为对照组,其中男24例,女16例,年龄13~18岁,平均16.6±2.1岁。在站立位全脊柱侧位X线片上测量胸椎后凸角（thoracic　kyphosis,TK）、腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis,LL）、矢状面平衡（sagittal vertical axis,SVA）、骨盆投射角 （pelvic incidence,PI）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）和骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）,并对两组间的上述影像学指标进行比较分析。结果：两组年龄及性别比无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。ALDH组矢状面TK（9.1°±7.0°）、LL（22.5°±12.2°）和SS（20.2°±6.2°）均显著小于正常对照组（分别为24.8°±8.2°、47.8°±9.5°、32.5°±6.7°）（P＜0.05）;ALDH组矢状面PT（21.5°±6.3°）、SVA（-5.0±31.2mm）大于正常对照组（8.9°±7.3°、-18.7±18.6mm）（P＜0.05）;ALDH组PI为41.2°±8.5°,对照组PI为42.2°±7.1°,两组间比较无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论：ALDH患者PI值与正常青少年相近。与正常青少年相比,ALDH患者表现出明显的骶骨垂直化、胸椎及腰椎生理曲度减小,这种矢状面异常可能是患者为了缓解疼痛而采取的一种保护性体位所致。     

后路减压并内固定术治疗退行性脊柱侧凸对脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数和疗效的影响

目的评估后路减压并内固定术对退行性脊柱侧凸(DS)患者术后生活质量和矢状面参数的影响,以及对矢状面重建策略的初步探索。方法 2015年1月-2020年5月,重庆市中医骨科医院采用后路减压并椎弓根螺钉内固定融合术治疗DS患者64例,记录手术时间、术中出血量、术中透视次数、住院时间及并发症发生情况。采用疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分评估腰痛和下肢痛程度,采用Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评价腰椎功能。术前及末次随访时在标准站立位全脊柱X线片上测量腰椎前凸角(LL)、胸椎后凸角(TK)、胸腰段后凸角(TLK)、骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)、冠状位Cobb角及矢状位垂直轴(SVA)等影像学参数,并评价SVA及PI-LL改善程度对疗效的影响。结果所有手术顺利完成,所有患者随访12~46(22.3±6.2)个月。末次随访时,所有患者腰痛和下肢痛VAS评分和ODI均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。末次随访时,长节段内固定患者TLK、PT、冠状位Cobb角、SVA、PI-LL较术前明显减小,LL和SS较术前明显增大;短节段内固定患者PT、冠状位Cobb角较术前减小,SS较术前增大;差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。末次随访SVA ≥ 95 mm的患者腰痛VAS评分和ODI均高于SVA ≤ 50 mm的患者,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);PI-LL > 9°患者腰痛VAS评分与PI-LL ≤ 9°患者相比,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);PI-LL > 9°患者下肢痛VAS评分及ODI与PI-LL ≤ 9°患者相比,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。结论后路减压并内固定术对DS患者的生活质量和矢状面参数均有较好的改善作用,国人中老年DS患者术后残留轻度的矢状面失衡对生活质量影响不明显,LL=PI±9°可能不适合作为国人的矫形目标。     

未成年人骶骨参数与脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数的相关性研究

【摘要】 目的：探讨未成年人骶骨参数与脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数的相关性。方法：对120例2～17岁正常未成年人自然站立位脊柱全长X线侧位片进行影像学参数测量。其中男性55例,女性65例,平均年龄9.9±3.2岁。测量其腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis,LL）、骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）、骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）;测量骶骨形态学参数：骶1-2（S1-2）的倾斜线与S1终板垂线的夹角（S1-2倾斜角,S1-2T）、S1-2倾斜线与S5尾1（S5Co1）倾斜线的夹角（骶骨后凸角,sacral kyphosis,SK）、S1-S3中点倾斜线与S4中点-Co1倾斜线的夹角（新骶骨后凸角,SK′）、S2椎体前缘与S4Co1倾斜线夹角（α）、S1上终板与S2椎体前缘夹角（β）、S4Co1倾斜线与S1上终板夹角（θ）;测量骶骨体位学参数：S2椎体前缘水平角（S2HA）、S5Co1倾斜线水平角（S5Co1HA）。对PI与LL、PI与SK′、LL与SK、S2HA与SS、S5Co1HA与固定值90°行配对t检验并两两求差值,对骶骨形态学参数与PI、LL以及PI与LL进行Pearson相关性分析,制作β、θ与PI散点图并求得β、θ与PI线性回归方程;分析儿童（2～9岁）、青少年（10～17岁）PI、SK、SK′、α、θ与LL相关性。结果：LL=50.3°±12.1°,PI=43.9°±11.0°,PT=5.7°±9.0°,SS=36.4°±7.6°,S1-2T=-15.5°±5.6°,SK=51.4°±10.7°,SK′=44.3°±10.5°,α=47.5°±9.7°,β=68.5°±8.2°,θ=64.0°±13.0°,S2HA=32.1°±9.0°,S5Co1HA=90.3°±11.8°。PI与LL、S2HA与SS均有统计学差异（P<0.01）,PI与SK′、LL与SK、S5Co1HA与固定值90°均无统计学差异（P>0.01）,差值关系为PI=SK′±12°,LL=（SK-1.4°）±15°,S5Co1HA=90°±12°;S1-2T、SK、SK′、α、β、θ与PI均有相关性（P<0.01）,相关性系数（r）分别为0.578、0.440、0.429、0.374、0.641、-0.683;SK、SK′、α、θ与LL有显著相关性（P<0.01）,r值分别为0.265、0.282、0.273、-0.314;S1-2T、β与LL无明显相关性（P>0.01）,r值分别为0.136、0.173;PI与LL无相关性（r=0.164,P>0.01）;线性回归方程：PI=0.451β-0.39θ+37.973（r=0.728）。儿童PI、SK、SK′、α、θ与LL的r值分别为0.054、0.076、0.074、0.066、0.059,均无明显相关性（P>0.01）;青少年PI与LL无明显相关性（r=0.246,P>0.01）,SK、SK′、α、θ与LL有显著相关性（P<0.01）,r值分别为0.391、0.417、0.411、0.481。结论：未成年人PI可由SK′、β、θ预测,PI与LL无显著相关性;青少年骶骨形态参数与LL具有良好相关性,利用骶骨形态参数预测青少年LL可能比PI更稳定可靠。     

腰椎滑脱复位和脊柱骨盆形态的相关性分析

目的探讨矢状面形态对腰椎滑脱复位的影响及复位与矢状面变化的关系。方法分析本院34例滑脱患者,根据滑脱复位程度分为部分复位组（〈50％）和完全复位组（〉50％）。矢状面参数包括骨盆倾斜角（PT）、胸椎后凸角（TK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、骶骨倾斜角（SS）、矢状面偏移（SVA）、骨盆入射角（PI）。2组间差异采用配对样本和独立样本t检验。结果完全复位组11例,部分复位组23例。术后LL明显低于术前（P=0．000）;PT术前明显高于术后（P=0．017）;而PI、SS、TK和SVA手术前、后无明显变化（P〉0．05）。手术前后TK、LL、PI、SS、PT、SVA变化2组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。2组间术前TK、LL、PI、SS、PT、SVA差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论成人滑脱患者手术中,复位有利于减轻患者临床症状、提高患者生活质量,但复位并不能改善脊柱矢状面形态。     

重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸脊柱-骨盆矢状面特点分析

【摘要】 目的：探讨重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面平衡特点。方法：本研究纳入79名正常志愿者（正常组）、83例轻中度成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者（Cobb角<60°）以及69例重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者（Cobb角>80°）,再根据主弯部位分为胸弯组及胸腰弯/腰弯组,测量各组冠状面参数包括主弯Cobb角、冠状面偏移（CB）以及顶椎偏移（AVT）,矢状面参数包括矢状面偏移（SVA）、胸椎后凸角（TK）、胸腰后凸角（TLK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、骨盆入射角（PI）、骨盆倾斜角（PT）和骶骨倾斜角（SS）、骨盆厚度（PTH）、骶骨股骨距离（SFD）、骶骨骨盆角（PRS1）、PI与LL差值（PI-LL）、PT与PI比值（PT/PI）以及C7铅垂线与骶骨中心距离（HA-C7PL）。比较各组间冠状面及矢状面参数的特点及各参数间的相关性。相关性分析使用Pearson相关分析。不同疾病组同一参数间的对比研究使用单因素方差分析及两两比较q检验。结果：与正常组相比,重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者的LL、TLK、TK及PRS1显著增大,PI、PT、PTH、SFD及PI-LL显著减小,重度胸腰弯/腰弯组的SVA显著增大而SS显著减小,但SVA在平衡范围内。正常组与轻中度胸弯组,冠状面及矢状面参数间无相关性。在轻中度胸腰弯/腰弯组、重度胸弯组及重度胸腰弯/腰弯组,Cobb角与TK、TLK具有相关性。在所有组中,LL与TK、LL与TLK、PI与PT及PI与SS均具有相关性。在正常组、重度胸弯组及重度胸腰弯/腰弯组中,TK与TLK具有相关性。轻中度胸腰弯/腰弯组CB与PT具有相关性;重度胸弯组中,CB与TLK、SS具有相关性;重度胸腰弯/腰弯组,冠状面Cobb角与LL及CB与PT、SS具有相关性。在重度胸腰弯/腰弯组中,LL与SVA具有相关性。在重度脊柱侧凸组中,TK与SVA具有相关性。结论：重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸矢状面排列具有自身特点,表现为TK、TLK、LL的显著增大与PI、PT的显著减小;冠状面参数中冠状面主弯Cobb角与TK、TLK及CB与SS均具有相关性,矢状面参数中TK、TLK与LL三者之间及TK与SVA之间均具有相关性;骨盆发生明显的形态学改变,表现为狭长水平的形态。     

退变性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位特点及各参数间的相关性分析

【摘要】 目的：分析退变性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位平衡情况及各矢状位参数之间的相关性。方法：选取86例退变性脊柱侧凸患者,以侧凸角度的均数作为分组依据,分为轻度侧凸组（Cobb角＜34°）和重度侧凸组（Cobb角≥34°）,选取40例同年龄段健康体检者作为对照组,三组年龄及性别组成相匹配。测量并比较三组的脊柱矢状位参数：胸椎后凸角（TK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、C7铅垂线与骶骨后上角的水平距离（SVA）,骨盆矢状位参数：骨盆指数（PI）、骶骨倾斜角（SS）、骨盆倾斜角（PT）。采用Pearson相关性检验判断脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数间的相关性。结果：对照组与轻度侧凸组、重度侧凸组之间PI无统计学差异（F=0.915,Ｐ=0.403）。三组之间TK、LL、SVA、PT及SS存在着统计学差异,多重比较检验结果显示：（1）重度侧凸组LL小于轻度侧凸组和对照组,轻度侧凸组小于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）;（2）重度侧凸组和轻度侧凸组TK小于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）,重度侧凸组和轻度侧凸组之间无差异（Ｐ>0.05）;（3）重度侧凸组和轻度侧凸组SVA大于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）,重度侧凸组和轻度侧凸组之间无差异（Ｐ>0.05）;（4）重度侧凸组PT大于轻度侧凸组和对照组,轻度侧凸组大于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）;（5）重度侧凸组SS小于轻度侧凸组和对照组,轻度侧凸组小于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）。相关性分析显示：对照组PI与PT、SS、TK及LL相关,SS与LL相关,TK与LL相关（Ｐ<0.05）;轻度侧凸组PI与PT、SS及LL相关,SS与LL相关,LL与SVA、Cobb角负相关（Ｐ<0.05）;重度侧凸组PI与PT、SS及LL相关,SS与LL相关,SS与Cobb角负相关,LL与SVA、Cobb角负相关（Ｐ<0.05）。结论：退变性脊柱侧凸引起的脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数变化主要为胸椎后凸、腰椎前凸、骶骨倾斜角的减小和SVA、骨盆倾斜角的增大,骨盆指数并无显著性变化。     

Control of severe hemorrhage using C-clamp and arterial embolization in hemodynamically unstable patients with pelvic ring disruption

Introduction

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of death in patients with a pelvic fracture. The majority of blood loss derives from injured retroperitoneal veins and broad cancellous bone surfaces. The emergency management of multiply injured patients with pelvic ring disruption and severe hemorrhage remains controversial. Although it is well accepted that the displaced pelvic ring injury must be rapidly reduced and stabilized, the methods by which control of hemorrhagic shock is achieved remain under discussion. It has been proposed to exclusively use external pelvic ring stabilization for control of hemorrhage by producing a ‘tamponade effect’ of the pelvis. However, the frequency of clinically important arterial bleeding after external fixation of the pelvic ring remains unclear. We therefore undertook this retrospective review to attempt to answer this one important question: How frequently is arterial embolization necessary to control hemorrhage and restore hemodynamic stability after external pelvic ring fixation?

Materials and methods

We performed a retrospective review of 55 consecutive patients who presented with unstable types B and C pelvic ring fractures. Those patients designated as being in hemorrhagic shock (defined as a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg after receiving 2 L of intravenous crystalloid) were treated by application of the pelvic C-clamp. Patients who remained in hemorrhagic shock, or were determined to be in severe shock (defined as mandatory catecholamines or more than 12 blood transfusions over 2 h), underwent therapeutic angiography within 24 h in order to control bleeding.

Results

Fourteen patients were identified as being hemodynamically unstable (ISS 30.1±11.3 points) and were treated with a C-clamp. In those patients with persistent hemodynamic instability, arterial embolization was performed. After C-clamp application, 5 of 14 patients required therapeutic angiography to control bleeding. Two patients died, one from multiple sources of bleeding and the other from an open pelvic fracture (total mortality 2/14, 14%).

Conclusions

Although the C-clamp is effective in controlling hemorrhage, one must be aware of the need for arterial embolization to restore hemodynamic stability in a select subgroup of patients.

     

Reconstruction of necrotic kidney graft pelvis with a vascularized small bowel patch

Complete necrosis of the pelvis in a transplanted kidney is a rare but particularly severe complication that generally requires removal of the graft. Here, the case of a patient is reported in whom complete necrosis of the ureter and the pelvis occurred a few days after transplantation, while kidney function was excellent. After resection of all necrotic tissue, reconstruction of the pelvis was performed with a vascularized small bowel patch fixed to the renal parenchyma at the border of the intrarenal pelvis. The native ureter was then anastomosed to this reconstructed pelvis. Although the patient suffered from recurrent urinary tract infections in the early postoperative phase, he is now well, with normal kidney graft function and unimpaired urine flow through the reconstructed urinary tract, 18 months after transplantation. This report demonstrates that successful surgical reconstruction after complete necrosis of the renal pelvis in a grafted kidney can be achieved, although the long-term outcome of this graft-saving technique remains to be seen. Received: 15 November 1999 Revised: 31 March 2000 Accepted: 15 November 2000     

Pelvic architectural distortion is associated with pelvic organ prolapse

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between architectural distortion seen on magnetic resonance (MR) scans (lateral “spill” of the vagina and posterior extension of the space of Retzius) and pelvic organ prolapse. Secondary analysis of MR imaging scans from a case-control study of women with prolapse (maximum point ≥+1cm; N = 144) and normal controls (maximum point ≤−1cm; N = 126) was done. Two independent investigators, blinded to prolapse status and previously established levator-defect scores, determined the presence of architectural distortion on axial MR scans. Women were categorized into three groups based on levator defects and architectural distortion. Among the three groups, women with levator defects and architectural distortion have the highest proportion of prolapse (78%; p < 0.001). Among women with levator defects, those with prolapse had an odds ratio of 2.2 for the presence of architectural distortion (95% CI = 1.1–4.6). Pelvic organ prolapse is associated with the presence of visible architectural distortion on MR scans. This work has been presented in abstract form at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Surgeons, April 11th–14th 2007, Orlando, FL, USA.     

Pelvic floor muscle function in women presenting with pelvic floor disorders

Introduction and hypothesis  This observational study was undertaken to determine knowledge, prior instruction, frequency of performance, and ability to perform pelvic floor muscle exercises in a group of women presenting for evaluation of pelvic floor disorders. Methods  Three hundred twenty-five women presenting for evaluation of pelvic floor disorders were questioned concerning knowledge and performance of pelvic floor muscle exercises (PMEs) and then examined to determine pelvic floor muscle contraction strength. Results  The majority of women (73%) had heard of PMEs, but only 42% had been instructed to perform them and 62.5% stated they received verbal instruction only. Only 23.4% of patients could perform pelvic muscle contractions with Oxford Scale 3, 4, or 5 strengths. Increased age, parity, and stage of prolapse were associated with lower Oxford scores. Conclusions  Although most women with pelvic floor disorders are familiar with PMEs, less than one fourth could perform adequate contractions at the time of initial evaluation.     

Uterosacral ligament in postmenopausal women with or without pelvic organ prolapse

The uterosacral ligaments are thought to contribute to pelvic support. The objective of this study was to compare the structural components of these ligaments in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse (POP). We characterized uterosacral ligaments of 25 postmenopausal women with POP and 16 controls histomorphologically and immunohistochemically by quantifying their content of collagen I, III, and smooth muscle using a computerized image analysis. In 84% the uterosacral ligaments were composed of more than 20% of smooth muscle cells. There was no difference in collagen I expression and smooth muscle cell amount between women with POP and those without. In contrast, the collagen III expression was significantly related to the presence of POP (p<0.001) rather than age or parity. Our findings suggest that the higher collagen III expression might be a typical characteristic of POP patients connective tissue. The considerable amount of smooth muscle cells in uterosacral ligaments may provide pelvic support.     

Dilemmas in diagnosing pelvic pain: multiple pelvic surgeries common in women with interstitial cystitis

We determined the prevalence of pelvic surgeries in women with interstitial cystitis (IC) compared to community-based controls through responses to a survey from 215 women with IC and 823 controls. Women with IC had a statistically higher prevalence of hysterectomies (cases = 42.3%, controls = 21.4%), bladder suspensions (cases = 21.9%, controls = 5.7), pelvic or genital surgeries other than cystoscopy (cases = 26.5%, controls = 16.2%), and laparoscopic pelvic surgeries (cases = 22.8%, controls = 8.3%). Women with IC more commonly had been diagnosed with endometriosis (cases = 25.6%, controls = 9.8%) and fibroids (cases = 24.2%, controls = 16.3%). Of women with IC who had hysterectomies, 68% of the hysterectomies were done before their diagnosis of IC, and only 21% were done after their IC diagnosis. The diagnosis of IC occurred 1–5 years after hysterectomy in most cases. Women with IC have significantly more pelvic surgeries than controls. The majority of these surgeries were done before the diagnosis of IC and may be performed for pain related to undiagnosed IC.     

Vaginal topography does not correlate well with visceral position in women with pelvic organ prolapse

The objective was to determine whether vaginal topography accurately predicts the location of the pelvic viscera on fluoroscopy in women with pelvic organ prolapse. Eighty-nine women undergoing preoperative evaluation for reconstructive pelvic surgery at a tertiary care referral practice formed the study population. Each woman completed a comprehensive urogynecologic history and physical examination, which included a quantified (POP-Q) assessment of her vaginal topography, as described by Bump et al. In addition each woman underwent pelvic floor fluoroscopy (PFF). Visceral sites were selected which corresponded clinically to the vaginal sites measured by the POP-Q. The most dependent portion of the bladder, small intestine, rectum and urethrovesical junction was measured. Twenty-five (28%) women had stage II prolapse, 34 (38%) had stage III prolapse, and 28 (32%) had stage IV prolapse. The remaining 2 women were symptomatic, with stage I prolapse. For the entire study population there was no correlation between the fluoroscopic position of the small bowel and/or rectum and any apical or posterior wall POP-Q site (C, Ap or Bp). There was no correlation with the fluoroscopic position of the UVJ at rest or with straining and the corresponding POP-Q site (Aa). The fluoroscopic position of the most dependent portion of the bladder correlated only modestly with the upper (Ba,ρ=0.51) and lower Aa,ρ=0.68) anterior vaginal wall POP-Q sites. In women without prior surgery (n=33) there was only modest correlation between the fluoroscopic position of the bladder and the corresponding POP-Q site (Aa,ρ=0.71). In this unoperated subpopulation there was no correlation with PFF and any other POP-Q site. In women who had undergone prior hysterectomy (n=25) or hysterectomy with anterior and/or posterior colporrhaphy (n=17), there was only a modest correlation of the most dependent portion of the bladder and the upper anterior vaginal wall site (Bb,ρ=0.67 andρ=0.55, respectively). It was concluded that vaginal topography does not reliably predict the position of the associated viscera on PFF in women with primary or recurrent pelvic organ prolapse. EDITORIAL COMMENT: The authors seek to evaluate whether physical examination of vaginal prolapse using the POP-Q test correlates with fluoroscopic findings of visceral position. Surprisingly, little correlation is found, even in previously unoperated patients. One reason for this lack of correlation between the two modalities of evaluation may lie in the use of two different fixed points of reference: the POP-Q examination uses the hymen as the fixed point of reference, whereas the investigators chose to use the posterior edge of the femur as a fixed bony point of reference when evaluating pelvic floor fluoroscopy in the same patient. The lack of correlation between visual inspection of vaginal wall prolapse and what lies deep to that prolapse should not be used to invalidate the use of the POP-Q as a means to evaluate pelvic prolapse. Rather, the findings support the premise behind the ICS/AUGS/SGS committee on pelvic organ prolapse, specifically that clinical pelvic examination of the vaginal walls looks at surfaces only, and as such cannot determine what, if any, organ lies deep to that surface.     

Current management of severe pelvic and perineal trauma

Mortality associated with pelvic and perineal trauma (PPT) has fallen from 25% to 10% in the last decade thanks to progress accomplished in medical, surgical and interventional radiology domains (Dyer and Vrahas, 2006) [1]. The management strategy depends on the hemodynamic status of the patient (stable, unstable or extremely unstable). Open trauma requires specific treatment in addition to control of bleeding. All surgical centers can be confronted some day with patients with hemorrhagic PPT and for this reason, all surgeons should be familiar with the initial management. In expert centers, management of patients with severe PPT is complex, multidisciplinary and often requires several re-interventions. Obstetrical and sexual trauma, also requiring specific management, will not be dealt with herein.