腹腔镜下肾切除术转手助腹腔镜与转开放手术的疗效比较

目的对困难腹腔镜下肾切除手术进行探索，并观察转手助腹腔镜与转开放手术的术中与术后临床指标，为临床应用提供参考。方法1999年12月至2006年11月行各类腹腔镜下肾切除手术273例，23例因出血、粘连、肿瘤侵犯周围脏器等原因改变手术方式。其中转手助腹腔镜手术组12例，男8例，女4例，年龄19-73岁，平均52岁，左侧7例，右侧5例；转开放手术组11例，男6例，女5例，年龄32-68岁，平均48岁，左侧5例，右侧6例。观察2组改变手术方式后的手术时间、出血量、切口长度、术后起床活动时间、肛门排气时间、住院时间等指标。结果转开放组1例死亡，其余病例均顺利完成。转手助腹腔镜组改变手术方式后手术时间为（40．1±12．5）min，术中出血量（377±311）ml，切口长度（6．2±2．7）cm，肛门排气时间（2．2±0．6）d，下床活动时间（2．2±1．1）d，术后住院时间（5．4±1．6）d；转开放手术组改变手术方式后手术时间（80．2±37．6）min，术中出血量（854士306）ml，切口长度（19．8士2．5）cm，肛门排气时间（2．5±0．5）d，下床活动时间（4．2±0．8）d，术后住院时间（10．2±2．9）d。与转开放组相比，转手助腹腔镜组在改变手术方式后手术时间、出血量、切口长度、下床活动时间、术后住院时间方面均有明显优势（P〈0.01）。结论腹腔镜下肾切除手术遇到困难时，转手助腹腔镜手术可作为一项安全合理的选择，较转开放手术出血少、创伤小，恢复快。     

腹腔镜与开放行肾部分切除术的临床疗效比较

目的：比较腹腔镜下与开放行肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤的效果。方法：回顾性分析2007年1月～2010年7月肾部分切除术41例,其中腹腔镜肾部分切除术18例,开放肾部分切除术23例,对两种方法的临床效果进行比较。结果：腹腔镜组和开放组术中出血量分别为（200±35）ml、（363±48）ml,进食时间分别为（2．7士1．0）d、（3．8±1．3）d,住院时间分别为（13．2±3．0）d、（16．4±4．3）d,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组术后引流管留置时间分别为（3．7±1．3）d、（4．7士1．4）d,两组比较无明显差异（P〉0．05）。腹腔镜组和开放组手术时间分别为（137土95）min、（125±52）min,热缺血时间分别为（27．8i2．1）min、（17．8±8．6）min,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：与开放肾部分切除术相比,腹腔镜肾部分切除术具有失血量少、术后进食快、住院时间短等优点,但手术时间和。肾热缺血时间稍长。     

超声刀联合双吻合器在开放直肠癌低位前切除术中的应用

目的探讨超声刀联合双吻合器在开放直肠癌低位前切除术中的临床应用价值。方法40例拟行直肠癌低位前切除的患者随机分为应用超声刀联合双吻合器20例作为研究组,应用高频电刀联合单吻合器20例作为对照组。比较两组的保肛成功率,同时观察保肛成功病例两组间手术时间、术中出血量、术后第1个24h引流量、术后并发症、肠功能恢复时间及住院时间的差异。结果研究组保肛成功19例（95％）,对照组保肛成功14例（70％）,两组相比P=0．037;33例保肛成功患者中,研究组手术时间（102．5±14．6m）较对照组（114．7±17．5m）明显缩短（P=0．032）;研究组手术出血量（62．5±19．3m1）较对照组（91．3±26．5m1）显著减少（P=0．001）;术后第1个24h引流量研究组和对照组分别为33．6±15．0ml、65．7±25．9ml（P〈0．001）;术后首次排气时间分别为2．4±0．6天、2．9±0．4天（P=0．004）;术后平均住院天数研究组较对照组也显著缩短（P=0．014）;两组术后并发症差异无显著性（P=0．674）。结论开放直肠癌低位前切除术中应用超声刀联合双吻合器是直肠癌手术向微创手术理念和快速康复外科理念发展的尝试．在开放盲肠痛手术领域具有广泛的府用前景。     

经皮肾镜与微创经皮肾取石术治疗肾结石的效果比较

目的比较经皮肾镜（PCNI，）与微创经皮肾取石术（MPCNL）治疗肾结石的有效性和安全性。方法2004年10月至2006年4月，分别采用PCNL气压弹道超声碎石术和MPCNL输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗肾结石患者58例和77例。PCNL组患者年龄23～65岁，平均42岁。结石直径1．5～6．0cm，平均3．5cm。MPCNL组患者年龄20～72岁，平均39岁。结石直径1．2～5．6cm，平均3．2cm。对2组患者手术时间、手术并发症和一期结石清除率等指标进行比较分析。结果2组患者分别成功建立22F和16F肾穿刺通道并一期行碎石术。2组鹿角形结石分别为24例和22例，手术时间分别为（92±16）min和（115±15）min，P〈0．05；结石清除率分别为50％（12／24）和59％（13／22），P〉0．05。2组单纯肾盂结石各21例，手术时间分别为（65±11）min和（80±14）min，P〈0．05；结石清除率分别为91％（19／21）和62％（13／21），P〈0．05。2组肾盏多发结石分别为13例和34例，手术时间分别为（95士17）min和（110±12）min，P〈0．05；结石清除率分别为67％（8／12）和88％（30／34），P〈0．05。2组术中或术后出血明显需要输血治疗者分别为5例和4例，术后发热分别为5例和9例，P值均〉0．05。结论PCNL治疗肾结石手术时间短，适合处理较大的肾盂结石；MPCNL适用于治疗较小的肾盂结石及肾盏结石；二者联合应用治疗可提高鹿角形结石的结石清除率。     

后腹腔镜与开放手术行肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤的临床效果比较

目的：通过与开放性肾部分切除术（OPN）的临床效果比较,评价后腹腔镜肾部分切除术（LPN）的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析后腹腔镜肾部分切除术（38例,LPN手术组）和同期施行开放性肾部分切除术（46例,OPN手术组）的临床资料,就两组患者一般资料、手术时间、患肾热缺血时间、术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复时间、术后止痛药用量、术后住院天数、术后血清肌酐升高幅度及术后并发症等指标进行比较。根据数据类型选用x2检验、两样本t检验或Wilcoxon秩和检验,以P〈0．05为差异有统计学意义。结果：两组患者的一般资料差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,具有可比性。LPN手术组在术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复时间、术后止痛药用量、术后住院天数方面及术后并发症发生率均优于DPN手术组（P〈0．05）,但前者的患肾热缺血时间明显长于后者（P〈0．05）。LPN手术组和OPN手术组的手术时间及术后血清肌酐升高幅度差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组患者送检标本的手术切缘均为阴性,随访18个月均无一例复发。结论：后腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤疗效肯定,与传统的开放性肾部分切除术相比,具有创伤小、恢复快、疗效与开放性手术相当等优点,是目前治疗肾肿瘤较理想的手术方法,值得进一步推广。     

手助腹腔镜全结肠切除术治疗结肠无力症的临床研究

目的比较手助腹腔镜与开腹全结肠切除术的临床疗效,评价手助腹腔镜全结肠切除术在结肠无力症手术治疗中的应用价值。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究的方法,将2001年1月至2006年6月收治的42例结肠无力症患者分为传统开腹手术（22例）和手助腹腔镜手术（20例）两组,比较两组患者的一般临床资料、手术情况（手术时间、出血量、切口长度）、术后情况（肛门排气时间、进流质时间、术后平均住院日、术后早期并发症以及费用）,并随访术后排便情况。结果开腹组与手助腹腔镜组一般临床资料无明显差别。42例均行全结肠切除术,无手术死亡。两组的手术时间、术中出血无明显差别;但两组的手术切口长度、术后肛门排气时间、进流质时间和术后平均住院天数差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,手助腹腔镜组优于传统开腹手术组;但平均住院费用手助腹腔镜组高于开腹组（P〈0．05）。开腹组1例发生切口感染,1例出现早期肠梗阻。手助腹腔镜组术后无明显并发症。术后随访2～14个月,两组平均排便（3．55±1．80）次／d。结论手助腹腔镜与开腹全结肠切除术均安全、简捷、有效,前者更有手术外观好、术后恢复快的优点。     

血清蛋白质标记物检测在小儿肾母细胞瘤预后监测中的价值

目的 探索肾母细胞瘤患儿预后监测的新方法。方法 应用表面增强激光解析电离飞行时间质谱（SELDI—TOF—MS）技术检测肾母细胞瘤患儿术前后血清蛋白质标记物的表达差异。肾母细胞瘤患儿血清标本100例，其中术前30例、术后2周24例、术后3个月和6个月各23例，正常儿童血清标本20例，以生物信息学方法支持向量机分析质谱数据。结果 肾母细胞瘤患儿手术（包括根治术和姑息性切除术）前后血清蛋白质标记物有明显差异。筛选出2个质荷比（m／z）位于6984．0、6455．0处的蛋白质标记物：术前30例标本2种蛋白质标记物表达强度分别为299．8±134．6、1037．0±375．9，与正常对照组（表达强度分别为1110．6±213．8、2268．7±1058．0）比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；19例根治术患儿术后2周2种蛋白质标记物表达强度分别为1101．2±221．8、2065．2±660．5，与术前组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。2例根治术和3例姑息性切除患儿术后2周2种蛋白质标记物表达强度分别为358．1±213．3、1307．9±402．2，与术前组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后3、6个月复查发现，持续高表达者均无复发转移征象，持续低表达者为瘤体未切净或已有远处潜在转移者。结论 血清蛋白质标记物检测为肾母细胞瘤术后患者预后判断提供了一种可能的新方法。     

微透析-电化学法检测缺血再灌注损伤对兔肾皮质乳酸代谢的影响

目的：采用微透析-电化学方法研究缺血再灌注损伤状况下兔肾皮质乳酸浓度变化的规律。方法：普通级大耳白兔16只，其中实验组10只，戊巴比妥麻醉后，游离出左肾，将微透析探针置入肾皮质内，正常血流灌注状态下平衡60min，再用动脉夹阻断肾动静脉60min，然后开放动静脉60min。应用电化学方法实时在线监测肾透析液中乳酸含量的变化。假手术组6只，同样留置微透析针取样，连续测定乳酸浓度各60min，但是对照组仅游离肾动静脉而不结扎血管。比较正常灌注期、缺血期和再灌注期三种状态下乳酸浓度的变化。结果：兔肾皮质正常状态下透析液乳酸浓度为（1．35±0．33）mmol，缺血期乳酸平均浓度为（3．33±0．35）mmol，缺血期较自身正常灌注期平均升高241．8％。再灌注期肾皮质透析液乳酸浓度平均为（1.86±0．46）mmol，再灌注期内比正常灌注期乳酸浓度平均升高131．4％。实验组内正常灌注期与缺血期。肾皮质乳酸浓度差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001），与再灌注期乳酸浓度比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组正常灌注期和再灌注期组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；缺血期乳酸浓度组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：应用微透析-电化学法测定乳酸水平可以良好地实时反映肾皮质缺血状态；热缺血60min内，再灌注后肾皮质乳酸浓度可以下降接近正常水平。     

后腹腔镜在肾脏恶性肿瘤治疗中的应用

目的探讨后腹腔镜在肾癌、肾盂癌治疗中的手术方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2009年4月间我院应用后腹腔镜技术行肾癌根治术和肾盂癌根治术的患者共254例,进行手术时间、出血量、中转开放情况、术中及术后并发症、住院时间、下床活动时间、术后肿瘤复发及转移例数等数据的统计,对术中操作步骤及手术经验进行总结。结果平均手术时间为（146±64）min,平均出血量为（230±120）ml,中转开放患者为29例（11.4%）,术中出现并发症的患者24例（9.4%）,术后出现并发症的患者14例（5.5%）,平均住院时间（8±2）d,下床活动时间（3.0±1.2）d。术后随访4～46个月,在随访期内肿瘤复发及转移者19例（7.5%）。结论后腹腔镜在上尿路肿瘤的治疗中具有创伤小、解剖层次清晰、术中出血少、术后恢复快等优势,治疗效果与开放手术相似。     

自制多器官保存液对肾皮质能量代谢的影响

目的寻找理想的器官保存液，以提高器官移植的长期疗效。方法应用高效液相系统（HPLC），检测自制多器官保存液（SMO液）和对照组（HC-A液和UW液）对犬肾低温保存中皮质腺苷酸含量改变的影响。取皮质标本匀浆、沉淀蛋白、离心，HPLC检测上清中腺苷酸含量，根据标准曲线方程和加样回收率计算ATP、ADP、AMP含量、比值和能荷（EC）。结果随保存时间延长，各组皮质腺苷酸含量下降；保存12、36、72h后SMO组皮质ATP含量（3．7±0．5、3．1±0．3、2．3±0．5nmol／mg蛋白）高于HC—A组（2．8±0．2、2．0±0．2、1．5±0．2nmol／mg蛋白），P〈0．05，SMO组EC（0．38±0．04、0．37±0．05、0．35±0．04）高于HCfA组（0．32±0．03、0．30±0．04、0．28±0．03），P〈0．05，在多数保存时点SMO组ADP、ATP／AMP高于HC—A组（P〈0．05），但2组间AMP、ATP／ADP比值差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；犬肾保存期间SMO组腺苷酸含量及EC与UW组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论低温保存期间SMO液能够维持皮质内较高的ATP和EC水平，减轻肾脏低温缺血损伤。     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical results of 24 patients who underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy by a diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) between 1999 and 2004, including 16 elective cases and 8 imperative cases. Twenty-two were successfully treated laparoscopically; two cases in the imperative group required conversion to open surgery because of uncontrollable bleeding. A vascular clamp was used in 12 cases for an average of 26 minutes. The creatinine clearance changed from 98 to 93 ml/min in the elective cases and from 49 to 44 ml/min in the imperative cases. Pathological evaluation revealed RCC in 10 elective cases and 6 imperative cases. Local recurrence (renal hilum lymph node and ipsilateral kidney) was found in 2 patients in the imperative group. Although laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is useful, long-term follow-up is necessary for evaluating the tumor control.     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review defines the current role, indications, contraindications, advances, complications, and outcomes of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in the management of renal tumors. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent publications have widened the scope for the application of this technology. The new advances in the management of renal tumors and the tools for tumor excision, renal parenchymal reconstruction, hemostasis, renal vascular control to establish renal ischemia, and the ability to avoid positive surgical margins have made the procedure safe and feasible in the hands of an experienced laparoscopist. SUMMARY: The trend toward nephron-sparing surgery has become stronger even in the presence of normal contralateral functioning kidney. Data on oncologic efficacy are promising, and partial nephrectomy is becoming a standard therapy for renal tumors less than 4 cm in size in many centers. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy has evolved significantly during the past 10 years in our experience as well as that of others. It cannot be considered as a standard yet, but it is being performed in rapidly increasing numbers with good surgical efficiency and oncologic efficacy parallel to that of open surgery.     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

ObjetivesTo analyze the surgical and oncologic outcome of prospective experience with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. We describe the surgical technique and mid term oncological results achieved.Material and methods60 patients were operated with this technique between June 2005 and June 2009. The mean age of patients was 58.9 [38-77] years, being 40 (66.7%) males and 20 (33.3%) women. The average BMI was 26.8 [18-40]. Laterality was 28 (46.7%) tumors rights and 32 (53.3%) left, being located in the upper pole in 14 (23.3%) patients, in the middle third in 13 (21.7%) in the lower pole in 22 (36.7%) and hiliar region in 11 (18.3%). In 23 cases (38.3%) tumors were located in the anterior valve, in 24 (40%) in posterior valve, in 10 (16.7%) at the outer edge and 3 (5%) at the inner edge. The average size tumor on CT was 3.3 [1-6.4] cm and in the surgical specimen 3.1 [1.2-7] cm.ResultsThe mean operative time was 107.17 [50-185] min, with a warm ischemia time of 33 [0-70] min. In 56 cases (93.3%) had a single artery and 4 (6.7%) cases had 2 arteries. The artery was clamped alone in 15 patients (25%), artery and vein in 44 (73.3%) and no clamping was performed in 1 (1.7%). We repaired the urinary tract in 32 patients (53.3%), leaving ureteral catheter in all patients. 20% of patients (12) required transfusion. Intraoperative complications occurred in 5 patients (8.7%). These were: 1 splenic injury requiring splenectomy (1.7%), 1 tear in the vena cava, sutured laparoscopically (1.7%) and 3 cases of bleeding due to bulldog malfunction (5%). Postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients (18.7%) and these were: 1 wall hematoma that required reoperation (1.7%), 1 urinary fistula ending in renal atrophy and subsequent nephrectomy (1.7%), 3 intracavitary hematomas hich resolved conservatively (5%), 1 arteriovenous fistula that needed embolization (1.7%), 1 urinoma that was resolved with percutaneous drainage (1.7%) and 3 cases of postoperative fever (5%). Margins were positive in 1 patient (1.7%). In 49 cases (81.7%) histology was renal cell carcinoma, in 8 (13.3%) oncocytoma, in 2 (3.3%) angiomyolipoma and 1 (1.7%) metastasis. The average stay was 5 [3-29] days. Median follow up was 31 [12-61] months. There was a local recurrence at 16 months (hiliar primary tumor 2.5 cm) and an ipsilateral adrenal metastasis at 34 months (primary tumor 5.6 cm in left lower pole).ConclusionsIn this series of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy low rate of complications, good oncologic results and low recurrence rate in the short term are shown. More patients and further monitoring is required to strengthen the functional and oncological outcomes of this surgical technique.     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The technique of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy has matured significantly over the past decade and is emerging as an oncologically sound procedure for the management of small renal tumors. Methods of tumor excision as well as parenchymal reconstruction in a hemostatically controlled field have evolved to make this procedure safer. Improved techniques to minimize warm renal ischemia are being developed. Finally, methods to prevent positive surgical margins during laparoscopic surgery are crucial to a satisfactory oncologic outcome. These important technical issues, as well as the current results of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, are discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The urologic peer-review literature related to nephron-sparing surgery was reviewed. Controversial issues with respect to the surgical approach, methods of hemostatic control, acceptable time of warm ischemia, and cooling techniques were reviewed and collated. Perioperative results from larger series of laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy were evaluated. RESULTS: Open nephron-sparing surgery for renal tumors < or =4 cm has cancer control equivalent to that of open radical nephrectomy. Evidence is now emerging that laparoscopic partial nephrectomy will provide similar oncologic results, although clinical follow-up is still early. Blood loss, postoperative pain, and convalescence seem to be favor the laparoscopic approach. Complication rates, primarily postoperative bleeding and urine leak, may be higher than for open nephron-sparing surgery. Methods of laparoscopic hemostatic control favor soft vascular clamping for larger tumors that are more endophytic and central. Smaller exophytic lesions may be managed without renal vascular control using a variety of coagulative and hemostatic tools. Data related to warm renal ischemia suggest that the time used for tumor excision and renal reconstruction should be 30 minutes or less. Techniques for laparoscopic renal cooling are being developed. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery is a technique in evolution but with a promising outlook. The urologic peer-review literature reflects an exponential growth in interest, which suggests that this minimally invasive approach is practical and may benefit our patient population so as to allow them to return to normal healthy living more quickly.     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: With continuing rapid changes in endourology, we conducted a new survey of practice trends and expanded our sampling to include non-American urologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The survey was done via the Internet using the database for the 2003 World Congress of Endourology. Approximately 1100 surveys were sent, and responses were received from 193 urologists, who had been in practice for a mean of 9.9 years (median 8 years). Of these, 52% spend >50% in endourology, and 48% devote >20% of their practice to laparoscopy. RESULTS: More than half of the respondents (56%) perform laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN), and 65% chose LPN as the procedure of choice for patients with an uncomplicated 3-cm renal mass. The majority obtain vascular control, most commonly by clamping the renal artery only. Most respondents do not use ureteral stents unless the collecting system is entered. CONCLUSIONS: These results and a review of the literature indicate a growing acceptance among endourologists of LPN as the procedure of choice for patients with small renal masses who are to undergo nephron-sparing surgery. Disagreement remains concerning the role and type of vascular control, the use of hemostatic agents, and the value of stents when the collecting system is entered.     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

In properly selected patients, partial nephrectomy yields oncologic efficacy similar to that of traditional radical nephrectomy. We have performed more than 415 laparoscopic radical nephrectomies over the 5-year period beginning in September 1999. All patients undergo a three-dimensional CT scan with 3-mm sections prior to the operation. We generally prefer the transperitoneal approach, although for posterior tumors, a retroperitoneal approach is preferred. The kidney is dissected using standard technique. Intraoperative hydration is given to maintain diuresis. Detailed real-time ultrasonographic delineation of the tumor is obtained to facilitate planning of the resection. We prefer en-bloc hilar clamping. The renal capsule is scored circumferentially with the "L" hook electrocautery. Parenchymal incision and tumor resection is performed using heavy reuseable scissors. The base of the resection defect is closed using a running 2-0 Vicryl on a CT-1 needle. The water-tightness of pelvicaliceal repair is tested by repeat gentle injection of indigo carmine through a ureteral catheter. Next, the parenchyma is closed with 1 Vicryl on a CTX needle placed over an oxidized cellulose bolster. The specimen is extracted within an entrapment bag. Initially, a surgeon should be highly selective, including patients with small, mostly exophytic, tumors. With increasing comfort and experience, the criteria can expand.