经颅刺激运动诱发电位联合体感诱发电位监测在脊柱畸形手术中的应用

 目的分析联合应用经颅刺激运动诱发电位(transcranial electric stimulation motor evoked potential, TcMEP)+体感诱发电位(somatosensory-evoked potential, SEP)的多模式术中神经功能监测对预 测脊柱畸形矫形手术中医原性神经功能损害的意义。方法 在脊柱畸形矫形手术中, 同时应用 TcMEP 和(或)SEP进行神经功能监测。 MEP监测采用经颅刺激 ₃、C₄, 记录外周肌源性 MEP, SEP监测采用刺 激双侧胫后神经, 记录置于 C_z-FP_z。阳性诊断标准为, 与基线相比, MEP波幅下降 75%, SEP波幅下降 50%。结果 153例脊柱畸形患者中, 150例成功进行了术中 MEP监测, 83例进行了术中 SEP监测。联 合 MEP、SEP监测的检出率为 100%。MEP监测阳性共 12例, 所有患者中有 1例出现永久性神经功能障 碍, 4例出现一过性神经功能障碍。 MEP监测的敏感性为 90.9%, 特异性为 98.6%; SEP监测敏感性为 54.5%, 特异性为 94.3%;联合 MEP、SEP监测的敏感性达 92.3%, 特异性为 99.3%。结论 联合 MEP+ SEP的多模式术中神经功能监测可提高监测的敏感性及特异性, 可预测术中神经功能损伤事件的发生。 MEP是多模式监测的基础, 而 SEP是重要补充。     

经颅刺激运动诱发电位联合体感诱发电位监测在特发性脊柱侧凸矫形手术中应用的研究

背景：特发性脊柱侧凸手术治疗中神经功能障碍是最应受到关注的并发症,术中神经功能监测可帮助早期发现可能的神经功能损伤。目的：分析联合应用经颅刺激运动诱发电位（TcMEP）和体感诱发电位（SEP）的多模式术中神经功能监测在特发性脊柱侧凸矫形手术中对预测医源性神经功能损害的作用。方法：在特发性脊柱侧凸矫形手术中,运用TcMEP和（或）SEP进行神经功能监测。MEP监测采用经颅刺激C3、C4,记录外周肌源性MEP,SEP监测采用刺激双侧胫后神经,记录电极采用Cz—CPz。阳性诊断标准：与基线相比,MEP波幅下降75％,SEP波幅下降50％。结果：112例特发性脊柱侧凸患者中,联合MEP、SEP监测的检出率为100％。MEP监测阳性6例,假阳性1例。1例出现一过性神经功能障碍。MEP的监测敏感性为100％,特异性为99％;SEP监测敏感性50％,特异性为100％;联合MEP、SEP监测的敏感性、特异性均为100％。结论：特发性脊柱侧凸矫形手术中MEP＋SEP的术中神经功能监测可提高监测敏感性及特异性,可预测术中神经功能损伤事件的发生。MEP是多模式监测的基础,SEP是重要补充。单独应用MEP监测在特发性脊柱侧凸患者手术中有应用前景。     

经颅电刺激运动诱发电位在胸椎管狭窄症手术中的应用价值

背景:经颅电刺激运动诱发电位(MEP)因其可即时反应术中脊髓功能状态已广泛应用于脊柱手术中,尤以脊柱矫形、颈椎手术多见,而有关胸椎管狭窄症手术中应用MEP的报道相对较少。目的目的:分析胸椎管狭窄症手术中MEP神经功能监测的应用价值和监测效能。方法方法:回顾性分析2012年10月至2016年7月我院进行的47例58次胸椎管减压手术。手术方式主要为后路扩大全椎板切除术、经椎间孔胸椎椎间融合术(TTIF),术中应用MEP进行神经功能监测。监测采用经颅电刺激C3、C4位点,记录外周肌源性MEP。报警阳性诊断标准:排除系统性因素及麻醉相关因素外,与高危操作(减压、cage置入、椎弓根螺钉置入等)相关的波形快速丢失超过80%。结果结果:58次胸椎管减压手术中成功获取可靠术前波形并具有监测价值者47次,检出率为81.0%。真阳性结果3例,其中1例经及时处理后术后无神经功能障碍;2例出现暂时性神经功能障碍,经甲泼尼龙冲击治疗后逐渐恢复。假阳性结果 1例。未出现假阴性结果。MEP监测的敏感度和特异度分别为100%和97.7%,阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为75%和100%。2例患者术后出现迟发性脊髓损伤,考虑脊髓再灌注损伤,经甲泼尼龙冲击治疗后神经功能逐渐恢复。结论结论:胸椎管狭窄症手术难度大,脊髓损伤风险高,术中应用MEP监测能为手术提供客观的安全评估指标,但术后仍需警惕迟发性脊髓损伤的发生。     

体感诱发电位联合运动诱发电位监测在颈动脉内膜剥脱术中的应用

目的评估在颈动脉内膜剥脱术中(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)中采用体感诱发电位(somatosensory evoked potential,SSEP)与运动诱发电位(motor evoked potential,MEP)联合监测的方案对于预防术中脑缺血发生的准确性。方法选择因颈动脉狭窄择期拟行CEA患者90例,男71例,女19例,年龄18~80岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。术中监测SSEP和MEP,记录颈内动脉阻断前、颈动脉阻断时、阻断期间及开放后直至术毕SSEP和MEP波幅和潜伏期。评估术后5d内神经功能缺失情况,以发生神经功能缺失作为评判术中脑缺血发生的金标准。结果本研究中14例(15.6%)患者发生术后神经功能缺失。SSEP预测脑缺血发生的灵敏度79%、特异度92%;MEP预测脑缺血发生的灵敏度86%、特异度89%、SSEP+MEP联合监测的灵敏度为79%、特异度99%。结论在颈动脉内膜剥脱术中,体感诱发电位预测脑缺血发生的特异度高,运动诱发电位灵敏度高;二者联合监测可提高监测的特异性,弥补单一监测的不足。     

术中无肌松全静脉麻醉用于联合神经电生理监护脊柱手术的可行性

目的比较全静脉麻醉下术中使用或不使用肌松药对脊柱手术中联合神经电生理监测结果的影响,探讨安全有效的神经电生理监测麻醉方案。方法选择拟行联合神经电生理监测的择期脊柱手术病人40例,分为A、B两组。两组病人均采用丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼和右美托咪定全凭静脉麻醉,A组病人术中使用小剂量阿曲库铵维持肌松,B组病人术中不使用肌松药。同时监测体感诱发电位(SEP)和运动诱发电位(MEP)评判脊髓功能。记录术中不同时间点两组病人的生命体征和SEP和MEP的波幅和潜伏期,同时记录经颅电刺激时病人是否出现剧烈体动和自主呼吸。比较两组病人术毕后麻醉苏醒时间和质量。结果两组病人不同时间点的生命体征差异无统计学意义。两组病人的SEP的波幅和潜伏期差异无统计学意义,MEP的潜伏期差异无统计学意义,MEP的波幅差异有显著性统计学意义。两组病人在电刺激时均无自主呼吸和剧烈体动发生。结论术中不使用肌松药的全静脉麻醉方案可安全有效地用于行神经电生理监测的脊柱手术,并且在电生理监测信号质量和术后苏醒方面具有明显优势。     

脊髓损伤后早期减压对诱发电位影响的实验研究

[目的]观察脊髓损伤后早期减压对体感诱发电位及经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位的影响，以探讨诱发电位在判断手术时机及预后中的应用价值。[方法]日本大耳兔32只随机分4组。A组为对照组，不造成脊髓损伤。B、C、D组为脊髓损伤组。对每组动物于不同时间分别检测SEP、MEP。分析波形的潜伏期、峰问波幅。用后肢的Tarlov分级法作伤后运动功能评分。取脊髓标本，行组织学观察。[结果]随着脊髓压迫时间的延长，SEP、MEP的潜伏期逐渐延长，波幅逐渐减小．波幅变化较潜伏期更为敏感。在恢复过程中，脊髓受压时间越短，诱发电位恢复越早。潜伏期恢复早于波幅，而且SEP恢复早于MEP，MEP的恢复早于功能评分。[结论]SEP与TMS-MEP对脊髓损伤十分敏感，能较早反映脊髓损伤程度，可用于指导临床手术治疗和判断预后。     

经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位在脊柱脊髓术中监测的应用研究

目的 探索应用经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位(TMS-MEP)在脊柱脊髓手术中进行神经监测的可行性和有效性.方法 2001年2月至2004年6月间在我科接受脊柱脊髓手术共37例患者,术中分别使用常规方法和依托咪酯+芬太尼技术进行麻醉,应用双频指数(BIS)和四个成串刺激(TOF)监测麻醉深度与肌松状态,使用TMS-MEP进行术中监测.比较不同麻醉方法和麻醉深度对TMS-MEP的影响,并分析TMS-MEP监测操作的可行性及其对手术操作的影响.结果 以安氟醚或异氟醚维持麻醉的11例患者无法记录到TMS-MEP;使用依托咪酯+芬太尼技术麻醉的26例患者,MEP均记录良好.与麻醉前相比,术中的MEP波形一般都能够保持,但其波幅显著下降、潜伏期亦明显延长(P<0.05).随着麻醉和肌松的加深,MEP的波幅会进一步降低,而潜伏期的变化相对较小.在麻醉相对平稳的情况下,MEP波幅能保持相当的平稳.MEP操作对手术没有明显的不良影响.成功记录MEP的患者中有6例(23%)因为术中MEP波幅下降超过50%而向术者发出报警,其中仅1例患者术后肌力较术前下降.结论 应用TMS-MEP进行脊柱脊髓手术的术中监测是一项有效而切实可行的技术,依托咪酯+芬太尼麻醉技术适用于使用TMS-MEP进行术中监测的手术,BIS、TOF等麻醉、肌松监测指标的应用有助于维持术中麻醉的平稳和对TMS-MEP监测结果的判断.     

术中无肌松全静脉麻醉用于联合神经电生理监护脊柱手术的可行性

［摘要］ 目的 比较全静脉麻醉下术中使用或不使用肌松药对脊柱手术中联合神经电生理监测结果的影响,探讨安全有效的神经电生理监测麻醉方案。方法 选择拟行联合神经电生理监测的择期脊柱手术病人 40 例,分为A、B两组。两组病人均采用丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼和右美托咪定全凭静脉麻醉,A组病人术中使用小剂量阿曲库铵维持肌松,B组病人术中不使用肌松药。同时监测体感诱发电位（SEP）和运动诱发电位（MEP）评判脊髓功能。记录术中不同时间点两组病人的生命体征和SEP和MEP的波幅和潜伏期,同时记录经颅电刺激时病人是否出现剧烈体动和自主呼吸。比较两组病人术毕后麻醉苏醒时间和质量。结果 两组病人不同时间点的生命体征差异无统计学意义。两组病人的SEP的波幅和潜伏期差异无统计学意义,MEP的潜伏期差异无统计学意义,MEP的波幅差异有显著性统计学意义。两组病人在电刺激时均无自主呼吸和剧烈体动发生。结论 术中不使用肌松药的全静脉麻醉方案可安全有效地用于行神经电生理监测的脊柱手术,并且在电生理监测信号质量和术后苏醒方面具有明显优势。     

体感诱发电位对强直性脊柱炎胸腰椎后凸矫形术中体位性臂丛神经损伤的监测作用

目的:探讨体感诱发电位(somatosensory evoked potentials,SEP)对强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)胸腰椎后凸畸形患者经椎弓根椎体截骨术(pedicle subtraction osteotomy,PSO)中体位性臂丛神经损伤的监测作用。方法:选取2013年10月~2014年6月行单节段PSO治疗并有完整术中SEP监测数据及术前、术后临床资料的AS胸腰椎后凸畸形患者28例,其中男27例,女1例。术中均行双上肢正中神经SEP监测,SEP阳性改变标准为波幅降低超过50%和/或潜伏期延长超过10%。结果:PSO术中闭合截骨面复位后,上肢正中神经SEP监测及时发现了3例体位性单侧臂丛神经损伤,SEP波幅降低分别为100%、65%及90%。经体位垫调整后5min,2例SEP波幅降低分别为100%及65%的患者上肢正中神经SEP恢复正常,术后未出现臂丛神经损伤症状;SEP波幅降低90%的患者虽经体位调节,SEP波幅稍有好转,但仍降低70%,术后出现单侧上肢疼痛、乏力的臂丛神经损伤症状,经康复训练及药物治疗后3个月神经功能完全恢复。术中无手术操作引起的神经系统并发症。结论:术中双上肢正中神经SEP监测能及时发现AS胸腰椎后凸畸形PSO术中体位性臂丛神经损伤,经及时处理能有效减轻臂丛神经损伤程度。     

127例脊柱侧凸术中皮层体感诱发电位特点的分析

目的: 回顾分析 127例脊柱侧凸矫形手术术中皮层体感诱发电位的特点。方法: 127例脊柱侧凸手术采用皮层体感诱发电位监测, 电刺激胫后神经, 颅顶正中脑皮质足区放置表面记录电极。以基准线为判断基础, 当波幅下降超过 50%以上为阳性。结果: 在 127例监测中, 皮层体感诱发电位阳性者且与临床相符 3例。结论: 皮层体感诱发电位 (CSEP) 是目前首选的监测方法, 再组合皮层下诱发电位监测, 可进一步提高监测质量。     

Auditory evoked potential index: a quantitative measure of changes in auditory evoked potentials during general anaesthesia

We describe a novel index derived from the auditory evoked potential, the auditory evoked potential index, and we compare it with latencies and amplitudes related to clinical signs of consciousness and unconsciousness. Eleven patients, scheduled for total knee replacement under spinal anaesthesia, completed the study. The initial mean (SD) value of the auditory evoked potential index was 72.5 (11.2). During the first period of unconsciousness it decreased to 39.6 (6.9) and returned to 66.8 (12.5) when patients regained consciousness. Thereafter, similar values were obtained whenever patients lost and regained consciousness. Latencies and amplitudes changed in a similar fashion. From all parameters studied, Na latencies had the greatest overlap between successive awake and asleep states. The auditory evoked potential index and Nb latencies had no overlap. The consistent changes demonstrated suggest that the auditory evoked potential index could be used as a reliable indicator of potential awareness during propofol anaesthesia instead of latencies and amplitudes.     

脊髓纵裂手术前后胫后神经体感诱发电位分析

２０例脊髓纵裂患者手术前后进行了两下肢胫后神经皮层体感诱发电位（ＣＳＥＰ）检查，并选择了２０例正常人作为对照组，结果发现手术组与对照组ＣＳＥＰ有显著性差异，手术治疗后患者ＣＳＥＰ的Ｐ４０峰潜伏期及波幅明显改善，患者两下肢间的ＣＳＥＰ亦有明显差异。表明ＣＳＥＰ是一敏感、客观、可靠的诊断指标，可用来判断神经损害的程度，评价手术疗效。文中并讨论了神经缺陷的机理。     

A study of motor and sensory evoked potentials in chronic cauda equina compression of the dog

Previous experimental studies have shown the effects of acute compression of the spinal cord and peripheral nerve roots. Recently, however, a few studies of chronic compression of the cauda equina in animal models have been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term electrophysiologic changes resulting from chronic compression of the cauda equina in dogs. An animal model of lumbar spinal stenosis was prepared according to Delamarter's method. Four experimental groups, each containing six dogs, were studied. One group underwent only laminectomy of the sixth and seventh lumbar vertbrae; these animals served as controls. In the three other groups, a laminectomy was performed and the cauda equina was constricted by 25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively, to produce chronic compression. Weekly neurologic examinations were carried out, and the neurologic deficits were graded using a modified Tarlov system. Sensory, and motor evoked potentials were recorded preoperatively, immediately after constriction, and at 2 weeks and 1, 2, and 3 months postoperatively. The animals in the control group showed no changes in sensory or motor evoked potentials. The dogs in which the cauda equina had been constricted by 25% showed no neurologic deficits and only mild changes in sensory and motor evoked potentials. The dogs in which the cauda equina had been constricted by 50% showed mild initial motor weakness, and major changes in the evoked potentials. The dogs in which the cauda equina had been constricted by 75% showed significant weakness, paralysis of the tail, and urinary incontinence; all dogs were partially recovered by the 3rd month, but all still showed neurogenic changes in the evoked potentials. Sensory and motor evoked potentials revealed neurologic abnormalities before the appearance of neurologic signs and symptoms. Constriction of more than 50% was the critical point that resulted in complete loss or reduction of the evoked potentials and in neurologic deficits. Dogs in which motor and sensory evoked potentials recovered also showed gradual disappearance of neurologic symptoms and signs. Recovery of motor evoked potentials in particular was associated with complete disappearance of neurologic symptoms and signs. For accurate prognosis in cases of chronic cauda equina compression, a combined diagnostic study of sensory and motor evoked potentials is recommended.     

皮层体感诱发电位及经颅电刺激运动诱发电位联合监护在脊柱畸形矫正术中的应用

目的:探讨脊柱畸形矫正术中皮层体感诱发电位(CSEP)及经颅电刺激运动诱发电位(TES-MEP)联合监护在脊柱畸形矫正手术中的应用。方法:对我院收治的脊柱畸形患者根据术中监护方法分为两组:A组37例,其中男25例,女12例,年龄13～42岁,平均26.1岁,术中进行CSEP及TES-MEP联合监护;B组29例,其中男10例,女19例,年龄13～20岁,平均15.8岁,单纯采用CSEP监护作为对照组。术中持续观察CSEP及TES-MEP波幅及潜伏期变化,出现波幅下降50%、潜伏期延长10%或刺激强度高于初始刺激强度100V仍未引出者,停止手术并对症处理,术后给予激素治疗。结果:A组术中出现CSEP异常者4例(10.8%),TES-MEP异常者19例(60%)。术中CSEP及TES-MEP均异常者4例(10.8%),无术中CSEP异常而TES-MEP正常者。2例(陈旧性结核并后凸畸形1例,陈旧性骨折并后凸畸形1例)术中合拢截骨平面时,TES-MEP波形均消失,但仅1例出现CSEP异常,经术中积极处理,至手术结束时波形仍未恢复至术前水平,术后均出现神经功能障碍。余35例患者术后无神经功能损伤(假阴性率0%)。B组9例(21%)术中出现CSEP波形异常,其中2例虽经减少矫形角度及激素冲击治疗,术后仍出现双下肢瘫,余术后未出现神经功能障碍。3例术中监护未见异常者,术后出现重度不可逆性脊髓损伤(假阴性率10%)。结论:CSEP结合TES-MEP联合监护能较可靠、准确的反映术中脊髓功能状态,可降低监护假阴性率,为手术治疗过程提供参考。     

The use of somtaosensory evoked potential (SSEP) and motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring in a patient with Brugada syndrome

IntroductionWe report on the use of Somastosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP) and Motor Evoked Potential (MEP) monitoring in a patient with Brugada syndrome.ObjectivesThe concern in this case was that the amount of current/voltage generated by SSEP/MEP might trigger arrhythmias in a patient with underlying Brugada syndrome.MethodsA 42 year-old male patient with Brugada syndrome underwent excision of an intramedullary tumour with the use of SSEP and MEP monitoring. Preoperatively, he was not on antiarrhythmic medication, nor had an Implantable Cardioverter Device (ICD) in-situ.ResultsThe patient remained stable & in sinus rhythm throughout the operation and was successfully extubated postoperatively.ConclusionThis case report indicates that SSEP/MEP monitoring may be used in patients with Brugada syndrome.     

Awareness detected by auditory evoked potential monitoring

We report a case of awareness detected by the Alaris AEP Monitor,a device that measures anaesthesia by tracking changes of thewaveform of the mid-latency auditory evoked potential. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 290–2     

异丙酚浓度变化对术中体感和运动诱发电位监测的影响

目的:探讨异丙酚浓度变化对体感诱发电位(SEP)和运动诱发电位(MEP)的影响。方法:20例接受手术治疗的特发性脊柱侧凸患者,术中实施异丙酚静脉全麻和多模态神经电生理监护。在麻醉诱导期间,观察SEP、MEP随异丙酚浓度增加的变化。在矫形操作完成后的伤口缝合过程中,观察SEP、MEP随麻醉浓度降低的变化。分别记录相应异丙酚剂量增加和剂量减少后电位达到平台期的延迟时间。结果:异丙酚浓度的变化不会引起SEP和MEP潜伏期的显著变化(SEP:36.1±2.6ms vs 36.2±2.3ms,P0.05;MEP:27.0±1.5ms vs 27.1±1.6ms,P0.05)。异丙酚浓度的增加可以显著降低SEP波幅值(1.91±0.53μV vs 1.37±0.55μV,P0.001)和MEP幅值(175.7±134μV vs 127±81μV,P0.001);异丙酚浓度降低则显著增加SEP幅值(1.26±0.64μV vs 1.50±0.56μV,P0.005)和MEP幅值(143±100μV vs 169±133μV,P0.005)。SEP、MEP的变化相对于异丙酚剂量变化存在滞后效应。当剂量增加时,延迟期显示SEP为18.5±6.5min,而MEP为10.5±3.6min;当剂量减少时,延迟期显示SEP为29.6±10.6min,而MEP为13.5±6.3min,两组间比较差异有显著统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:异丙酚剂量升高可造成SEP和MEP幅值的快速下降,剂量降低可使其峰值增加;MEP较SEP对异丙酚剂量变化更为敏感。     

Motor versus somatosensory evoked potential changes after acute experimental spinal cord injury in rats

Summary In this study, averaged cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) after sciatic nerve stimulation, and lower extremity muscle responses after motor cortex stimulation (MEP) were compared in rats. 10 animals served as light (25g-cm) and 10 animals as severe (80g-cm) acute spinal cord injury group after weight dropping trauma. After the initial loss of components, both SEP and MEP recovered in most cases in the light injury group. In the severe injury group, however, no recovery was observed in cortical SEPs, while the muscle MEP recovered in some animals. Light spinal cord injury had little effect on muscle MEPs and caused a paradoxical amplitude increase in some MEP recordings. Latency values of muscle MEPs did not show great changes after either kind of injury, while cortical SEP latency was considerably delayed.In this model cortical SEPs were more sensitive to light spinal cord injury than muscle MEPs after single electrical cortical stimuli. Severe spinal cord injury caused amplitude changes or loss of waves from both SEP and MEP.This work was partly presented in the poster sections at 39. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie, Köln (F. R. G., May 8-1, 1988 and Congress of the International Medical Society of Motor Disturbances, Rome, Italy, June 2–4, 1988.