一期前路病灶清除、植骨、内固定治疗颈椎结核

目的探讨前路病灶清除同期植骨内固定治疗颈椎结核的可行性和效果。方法采用前路病灶清除同期植骨内固定术治疗合并或不合并颈脊髓损伤的颈椎结核患者22例。结果所有患者经10~72个月(平均28个月)随访,结核病灶治愈,植骨块融合(平均融合时间4.2个月),生理曲度得以恢复,颈椎后凸畸形得以矫正(术前平均20.5,°术后平均3.5°);神经功能均有改善,JOA评分提高2~6分(平均4.7分),改善率(Hirabashi公式)70.65%。结论前路病灶清除同期植骨内固定术是治疗颈椎结核安全有效的手术方法。     

骨感染

高龄颈椎结核合并四肢瘫的外科治疗；脊柱结核的早期诊断和治疗；一期外科治疗颈椎结核的疗效评价；前后路联合Ⅰ期手术治疗胸腰椎结核；采用抗生素骨水泥假体二期翻修治疗人工髋关节感染     

局部化疗治疗颈椎结核的临床研究

目的探讨局部化疗治疗颈椎结核的方法和临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2002年7月～2010年8月局部化疗治疗颈椎结核患者21例。在治疗过程中4例因为病情控制不佳改为开放手术,最终有17例患者接受了单纯局部化疗。其中1例颈胸腰结核患者有脊髓压迫症状,为Frankel C级,其余患者感觉运动正常。11例患者为双椎体结核,4例为3个椎体结核,2例为4个椎体及以上脊柱结核。1例有病灶附近节段骨折内固定病史,1例有病灶开放引流病史。结果本组病例随访14个月～5年,平均3年。随访显示临床症状完全消失,实验室检查正常,影像学检查示所有结核病灶愈合,上颈椎生理弯曲正常,下颈椎3例病灶愈合后末次随访后凸角度增加,分别至10°、18°和25°。均没有行二期矫正手术。1例Frankel C级患者恢复到E级。随访时无窦道形成、无假关节形成,末次随访无复发。结论局部化疗是颈椎结核的有效治疗方法之一,上颈椎结核痊愈后没有明显后凸畸形,下颈椎结核痊愈后部分患者会有不同程度的后凸畸形。     

成人颈椎结核外科治疗的术式选择

目的 探讨成人颈椎结核外科治疗的术式选择.方法 2例枢椎结核患者,行前路经颈部病灶清除、自体髂骨植骨融合并Halo架外固定,其中1例1个月后再次行后路枕颈融合术.13例下颈椎结核患者, 9例采用经前路一期病灶切除、自体骼骨植骨融合并前路钛合金钢板内固定术,4例采用前路病灶清除并自体髂骨植骨及Halo架外固定.15例均接受9～12个月的规范抗结核药物治疗.结果 所有患者切口均一期愈合,随访1～6年,局部无复发,植骨均融合,平均融合时间为3.9个月(3.5～4.5个月).6例脊髓损害患者中,4例恢复至E级,2例C级仅感觉改善,肌力无恢复.结论 颈椎结核应积极采用手术治疗.彻底病灶清除及有效稳定性重建是治疗颈椎结核的关键环节.     

一期病灶清除并植骨内固定术治疗颈椎结核

目的探讨规范抗结核药物治疗基础上一期手术病灶清除术并植骨融合内固定治疗颈椎结核的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年1月—2014年12月在本院接受规范抗结核治疗基础上一期手术行病灶清除并自体髂骨植骨融合内固定术治疗的26例颈椎结核患者资料,男17例,女9例;年龄26~75岁,平均45.4岁。其中累及颈椎单椎体7例、相邻双椎体12例、3椎体4例,合并脊柱其他部位结核病灶3例(包括T5 1例、T12 1例、L3 1例)。1例合并颈椎后纵韧带骨化症。术前颈部疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分4~9分,平均5.7分;日本骨科学会(JOA)评分7~12分,平均10.1分;术前病变节段Cobb角21.5°±6.1°;美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)分级C级2例,D级3例,E级21例。术前行规范的抗结核治疗,待红细胞沉降率(ESR)50 mm/h后行手术治疗。根据手术节段及病变情况选择颈椎前路、后路或联合入路进行手术。术后继续规范抗结核治疗12~18个月。结果术后随访13~49个月,平均25.3个月。术前症状均明显改善,骨性融合时间3~6个月,平均4.5个月。末次随访时,颈部VAS评分(1.1±2.7)分,JOA评分(15.1±3.9)分,病变节段Cobb角4.7°±6.1°。1例上颈椎结核患者术后出现取骨区皮下脂肪液化、切口不愈合,给予手术清创缝合后二期愈合。术后未发生颈椎结核复发。结论在术前规范抗结核治疗基础上,根据病变节段采用一期彻底病灶清除联合植骨融合内固定手术可有效治疗颈椎结核,术后规范的抗结核治疗是提高颈椎结核治愈率的关键。     

颈椎附件结核的诊断和治疗（附2例报道）

目的探讨颈椎附件结核患者的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾分析2例诊断为颈椎附件结核患者,评估CT、MRI、病理检查结果及试验性抗结核治疗在诊断颈椎附件结核中的应用价值,分析手术和非手术治疗联合外支具固定制动对颈椎附件结核患者恢复的影响。结果2例均获得随访,1例抗结核治疗联合手术治疗后恢复良好,随访1年后未见复发,另外1例为年轻患者,给予抗结核治疗1年联合颈部外支具制动3个月后患者完全恢复,未见复发迹象。结论CT及MRI是诊断脊柱附件结核最有价值的方法,病理检查及结合试验性抗结核治疗有利于进一步诊断附件结核,药物抗结核治疗是治疗脊柱附件结核的主要方法,手术治疗在病灶清除及重建脊柱稳定性方面发挥了重要的作用。     

前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗颈椎结核

目的 探讨前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗颈椎结核的临床疗效.方法 采用前路病灶清除自体髂骨植骨融合内固定治疗18例颈椎结核患者.记录并发症情况.比较手术前后疼痛VAS评分、JOA评分.采用ECK融合分级标准评价植骨融合情况并观察颈椎融合节段高度.结果 患者均获得随访,时间12～38个月.围手术期无食管损伤、深静脉血栓等...     

上颈椎损伤合并不连续下颈椎损伤的一期手术治疗

目的 探讨上颈椎损伤合并不连续的下颈椎损伤的临床特点及手术治疗策略.方法 2004年5月至2007年8月,对上颈椎损伤合并不连续的下颈椎损伤9例患者进行一期手术治疗.术前神经功能按Frankel评级:A级2例,C级3例,E级4例.其中上颈椎损伤均采用后路手术,经椎弓根寰枢固定融合8例,枕颈固定1例;下颈椎损伤采用后路手术6例,其中以不连续经椎弓根短节段钉棒固定融合4例,2例采用联合上颈椎经椎弓根连续固定;余3例同期行前路减压钛板固定.结果 所有患者获得6～48个月(平均13.7个月)随访.术中无一例椎动脉损伤.术后无气管切开或拔管延迟情况,无严重肺部感染、呼吸衰竭、应激性溃疡等并发症发生.患者复位及融合满意,1例2枚下颈椎椎弓根断钉.神经功能:除2例Frankel A级的患并无恢复外,余均为E级.结论 上颈椎损伤合并不连续下颈椎损伤导致颈椎极度不稳定,伴有的神经损伤常源于下颈段.一期手术治疗,包括上颈椎后路经椎弓根固定及下颈椎后路经椎弓根或前路减压固定,相对安全且可获得满意疗效.     

全脊柱MRI检查对脊柱结核的诊断价值

目的：探讨全脊柱MRI检查对脊柱结核的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析经手术和病理检查证实的86例脊柱结核患者的全脊柱MRI影像资料，观察脊柱结核的MRI信号改变。结果：发现1个部位脊柱结核40例（颈椎3例、胸椎15例、腰椎21、骶椎1例），2个部位29例（颈椎合并胸椎2例、胸椎合并腰椎15例、腰椎合并骶椎12例）,3个部位及以上17例（颈椎合并胸腰椎4例、中心病灶为胸椎合并腰骶椎6例、中心病灶为腰椎合并胸、骶椎7例）。单椎体受累2例，2个椎体受累39例，3个及3个以上45例。发现脊柱结核伴随椎间盘突出、陈旧性骨折以及小关节骨性关节炎21例．其中颈椎间盘突出5例,腰椎间盘突出7例，陈旧性压缩骨折4例．椎体小关节骨性关节炎5例。结论：全脊柱MRI检查能清楚显示脊柱结核病变的空间信息，尤其利于发现多部位脊柱结核和并存疾病，有利于临床医生制定正确的治疗方案。     

不同入路手术治疗上颈椎结核的疗效观察

目的:探讨不同入路手术治疗上颈椎结核的疗效.方法:回顾分析2015年1月～2020年12月在我院行手术治疗的39例上颈椎结核患者的临床资料,男17例,女22例,年龄3～70岁.其中10例伴有吞咽困难,24例患者存在双上肢麻木、疼痛、无力,11例存在下肢无力、行走不稳.术前给予2～4周标准四联抗结核药物治疗.12例患者行...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.