认识颈腰椎间盘病

目的　探讨颈腰椎间盘病的特点和诊断。方法　对近 6年中的颈腰椎盘突出症伴退变性椎管狭窄症和颈椎病并施行手术的 5 6例进行分析。结果　发现颈腰椎间盘突出症是本病的重要原因。结论　根据临床症状、体征和影像学检查 ,颈椎MRI和腰椎CT检查 ,是防范混淆和误诊的必要条件     

认识颈腰椎间盘病

目的 探讨颈腰椎间盘病的特点和诊断。方法 对近６年中的颈腰椎间盘突出症伴退变性椎管狭窄症和颈椎病并施行手术的５６例进行分析。结果 发现颈腰椎间盘突出症是本病的重要原因。结论 根据临床症状、体征和影像学检查,颈椎ＭＲＩ和腰椎ＣＴ检查,是防范混淆和误诊的必要条件。     

颈椎间盘突出症合并腰椎间盘突出症的非手术治疗

目的：研究非手术治疗颈椎间盘同症合江腰椎间盘同症的疗效。方法：核计从１９９０．２至１９９８．２,住院患者中颈椎间估出症合交腰椎间盘突出症５５例,同期颈椎间突出症３５７例,腰椎间盘突出症５８９例,分别占１５．４１％和９．３４％,优良率为８０％。而且作者描述了该疾病的症状、体征、非手术治疗的方法,同时介绍了牵引、推拿的注意事项。结论：非手术治疗（包括干扰素治疗）颈椎间盘突出症合并腰椎间盘突出症是有效的     

认识颈腰椎间盘病

目的：探讨颈腰椎间盘病的特点和诊断。方法：对近6年中的颈腰椎间盘突出症、迟变性椎管狭窄症和颈椎病并施行手术的56例进行了分析。结果：发现颈腰椎间盘突出症是本病的重要原因。结论：根据临床症状、体征和影像学检查，颈椎MRI和腰椎CT检查，是防范混淆和误诊的必要条件。     

颈腰椎并发的椎间盘病变

报告１４例颈腰段并发的椎间盘病,其临床特点为脊髓型颈椎病和腰椎间盘突出症或腰椎管狭窄症的症状和体征。经Ｘ线、ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ检查显示颈、腰椎间盘并存的突出或膨出,多节段受累常合并混合型椎管狭窄症。该病常发于老年人。两节段受压症状可互相干扰,该病常造成误诊和漏诊,详细询问病史和全面查体是防止误诊和漏诊的关键。对患者进行随访,２节段症状并重时应首先做颈椎手术,症状一轻一重,选择症状较重的节段进行手术治疗。手术效果较一般单发的颈腰椎间盘突出症差     

接触式激光刀治疗椎间盘突出症的初步应用

目的探讨接触式激光刀治疗椎间盘突出症的效果。方法自2003-05-2007-08，选择有颈肩或腰腿疼痛，影像学检查证实有椎间盘膨出或突出，不伴有骨性椎管狭窄的患者，应用美国进口SLT-Touch接触式激光刀，采用PLDD技术治疗椎间盘突出症248例，其中颈椎间盘突出症87例，腰椎间盘突出症161例，共301个椎间盘。结果采用中华骨科学会脊柱学组腰背痛手术评定标准，随访时间2个月～5年，优：187例；良：47例；差：14例。优良率94．35％。结论接触式激光刀能量释放精确，对周围组织热损伤小，PLDD技术是治疗椎间盘突出症的微侵袭、有效方法。     

髓核成形术治疗颈、腰椎间盘突出症的疗效分析

目的：探讨髓核成形术治疗颈、腰椎间盘突出症的手术技术、适应证及疗效。方法：采用ArthroCare 2000射频汽化仪对颈、腰椎间盘突出症患者实施髓核成形术。其中颈椎间盘突出症患者43例(A组)，平均年龄47岁；腰椎间盘突出症患者39例(B组)，平均年龄36岁。术前及术后随访时采用症状缓解率(VAS评分)和患者主观满意度分级进行疗效评估。结果：A组术后即刻症状缓解率平均为68％，主观满意度优良率达95％，B组术后即刻症状缓解率平均为61％，主观满意度优良率为87％。A组平均随访17．6个月，症状缓解率为49％，主观满意度优良率为63％。末次随访时B组39例中16例症状接近术前，主观满意度优良率为3l％，其中5例接受了开放手术。结论：髓核成形术创伤小、安全，治疗包含性颈椎间盘突出症疗效较好，但治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效欠稳定。     

手术治疗颈椎间盘突出症24例疗效分析

目的：评价手术治疗颈椎间盘突出症的效果及MRI对颈椎间盘突出症的诊断价值。方法：我院对24例颈椎间盘突出症思考经颈前路椎间盘切除加植骨融合术治疗，其中6例术中采用钦质钢板内固定。结果：优级：感觉运动和括约肌功能恢复正常或接近正常，15例。良好：运动功能明显改善，步态较稳，跨步有力，能参加工作，5例。尚可：生活自理，运动功能部分受限，3例。差：神经功能检查无恢复，1例。优良率83．32％。结论：MRI是诊断颈椎间盘突出症的员佳检查方法，颈前路椎间盘切除术对脊髓及神经根减压彻底，创伤小易操作，是治疗颈间盘突出症的有效方法。     

颈椎间盘纤维环及髓核的超微结构观察

目的：探讨在颈椎间盘纤维环及髓核退变中组织形态的变化。方法：对正常人、单纯颈椎间盘突出症、脊髓型颈椎病三组椎间盘纤维环及髓核进行电镜观察。结果：三组椎间盘胶原纤维无明显变化,单纯颈椎间盘突出症与脊髓型颈椎病人的退变椎间盘细胞较正常人有明显变化,表现为严重退变或细胞坏死。结论：单纯颈椎间盘突出症患者椎间盘以退变细胞为主,为退变早期阶段功能代偿期,脊髓型颈椎病椎间盘以坏死细胞为主,为退变晚期阶段,为不可逆期;颈腰椎间盘退变的组织形态学不完全相同。     

MRI诊断颈椎间盘突出症

方法：报道５２例颈椎间盘突出症的ＭＲＩ检查，进行矢状面和横切面成象。结果：本组共６４个颈椎间盘突出，矢状面显示突出的髓核与未突出部分之间有“窄颈”相连，硬膜囊受压后移；横切面可显示突出髓核的部位在中央还是侧方，硬膜囊和神经根受压的程度。结论：ＭＲＩ检查为颈椎间盘突出症的诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗方案的选择提供了可靠依据     

腰椎间盘手术失败原因分析和治疗

目的：对腰椎间盘手术失败的原因进行分析。方法：对129例腰椎间盘初次术后疗效不满意患者分析其原因，结果：在129列术后疗效不满意的患者中，需要再手术治疗的有98例（75．9％），初次手术失败的常见原因有椎间盘摘除不彻底或复发，保并有腰椎管狭窄（侧隐窝）狭窄的患者失能同时进行彻底地椎管减压、远期继发腰椎不稳以及选择了一些不恰当的手术病例等有关。结论：腰椎间盘术后症状复发原因较多，应充分结合患者的临床表现及影像学检查，严格掌握手术适应证。再手术目的的是解除疼痛，恢复功能，包括彻底减压和腰椎稳定性手术。     

膨胀式融合器(B-twin)联合椎弓根钉棒系统治疗腰椎退变性疾病的临床研究

目的探讨膨胀式融合器(B-twin)联合椎弓根钉棒系统治疗腰椎退行性疾病的临床效果。方法对42例退变性腰椎间盘突出、椎管狭窄、下腰椎失稳症患者采用单枚或双枚膨胀式融合器(B-twin)联合椎弓根钉棒系统手术治疗,术后随访6～48个月,平均25个月,采用MPQ、VAS、ODI评分对手术效果进行评估,统计数据主要应用SPSS10.0软件处理。腰椎正侧位X线片测量椎间隙高度并观察融合器与上、下椎体界面之间的融合情况。结果术后患者症状明显缓解,最后随访时椎体间融合率100%,无融合失败、融合器移位、椎弓根钉松动或断裂等并发症。结论膨胀式融合器可恢复椎间隙高度及腰椎曲线,融合率高、创伤小且容易置入,在腰椎退变性疾病治疗方面具有一定的优势和临床应用前景。     

Analysis of the clinical picture in patients with osteoarthritis of the spine depending on the type and severity of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging

Objectives

Spondyloarthritis is the most common pathological change in the spine. In a significant number of cases, it leads to compression of the nervous structures of the spinal canal, causing pain and neurological symptoms. Intervertebral disc pathology is a common cause of root deficits in neurological examination of all types of degenerative changes of the spine structures. Disc herniation is pathologically divided into 4 stages of herniated nucleus pulposus: 1) bulging, 2) protrusion, 3) extrusion, 4) sequestration. The aim of this study is to analyze the correlation between the type and severity of degenerative changes in the spine and the incidence of neurological deficits.

Material and methods

The study included 100 patients: 74 men and 26 women aged 50.2 ±10.43 years with pain of the spine in the cervical and/or lumbosacral segments and with degenerative changes in the plain radiographs. The mean value of body mass index (BMI) was 27.8 ±3.95 kg/m². Each patient underwent neurological examinations and 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging MRI of the cervical and/or lumbar spine.

Results

Every patient was diagnosed with herniated nucleus pulposus affecting on average 4 ±2 segments of the spine. The most frequently observed degree of severity of disc herniation was the second (protrusion, 71.9% of all disc disease in 89 patients). Much less frequently found was the third degree (extrusion, 45 patients, 20.1% slipped disc), the first (bulging, 14 patients, 6.3% slipped disc), and least often only a small percentage of fourth degree (sequestration, 4 patients, 1.7% slipped disc). Neurological symptoms (deficits) were observed in 34 patients. They were accompanied by disc herniations in 23.7% of patients. In remaining patients with neurological deficits there was spinal stenosis. No correlation was observed between neurological deficits and stage 1 of disc herniation.

Conclusions

The incidence rate of neurological deficits is correlated with the degree of changes in the spine, as visualized by MRI.     

The relationship between the cervical spinal canal diameter and the pathological changes in the cervical spine

A congenitally narrow cervical spinal canal has been established as an important risk factor for the development of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. However, few reports have described the mechanism underlying this risk. In this study, we investigate the relationship between cervical spinal canal narrowing and pathological changes in the cervical spine using positional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two hundred and ninety-five symptomatic patients underwent cervical MRI in the weight-bearing position with dynamic motion (flexion, neutral, and extension) of the cervical spine. The sagittal cervical spinal canal diameter and cervical segmental angular motion were measured and calculated. Each segment was assessed for the extent of intervertebral disc degeneration and cervical cord compression. Based on the sagittal canal diameter, the subjects were classified into three groups: A, subjects with a congenitally narrow canal, diameter of less than 13 mm; B, subjects with a normal canal, diameter of 13–15 mm; C, subjects with a wide canal, diameter of more than 15 mm. When compared with Groups A and B, the disc degeneration grades at the C3-4, C5-6, and C6-7 segments and the cervical cord compression scores at the C3-4 and C5-6 segments showed significant differences. Additionally, when compare with Groups A and C, the disc degeneration grades at all segments, except C2-3, and the cervical cord compression scores at all segments, except C2-3, showed significant differences. With respect to the cervical kinematics, few differences in the kinematics were observed between Groups B and C, however, the kinematics in Group A was different with other two groups. In Group A, the segmental mobility at the C4-5 and C6-7 segments were significantly higher than those observed in Group B, and the segmental mobility at the C3-4 segment was significantly lower than that observed in Groups B or C. We demonstrated the unique pathological and kinematic traits of cervical spine that exist in a congenitally narrow canal. We hypothesize that kinematic trait associated with a congenitally narrow canal may greatly contribute to pathological changes in the cervical spine. Our results suggest that cervical spinal canal diameter of less than 13 mm may be associated with an increased risk for development of pathological changes in cervical intervertebral discs. Subsequently, the presence of a congenitally narrow canal can expose individuals to a greater risk of developing cervical spinal stenosis.     

Pitfalls in computed tomography of the cervical and lumbar spine

In 10 patients, evaluated by computed tomography studies of the spine, radiological findings alone may have led to misinterpretation of the clinical condition. Five patients demonstrated CT findings of cervical disc herniation or protrusion, while clinical examination resulted in the diagnosis of neuralgic amyotrophy. In contrast, 3 patients with clinical signs of compression of lumbar nerve roots had negative findings in CT studies of the lumbar discs. Additional slices at the level of the vertebral body, however, demonstrated free sequestration of disc substance. Two patients with signs of compression of cervical roots had normal CT findings, but extensive disc herniation was present at surgery.     

The narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal during loaded MRI: the effects of the disc and ligamentum flavum

Load and activity changes of the spine typically cause symptoms of nerve root compression in subjects with spinal stenosis. Protrusion of the intervertebral disc has been regarded as the main cause of the compression. The objective was to determine the changes in the size of the lumbar spinal canal and especially those caused by the ligamentum flavum and the disc during loaded MRI. For this purpose an interventional clinical study on consecutive patients was made. The lumbar spines in 24 supine patients were examined with MRI: first without any external load and then with an axial load corresponding to half the body weight. The effect of the load was determined through the cross-sectional areas of the spinal canal and the ligamentum flavum, the thickness of ligamentum flavum, the posterior bulge of the disc and the intervertebral angle. External load decreased the size of the spinal canal. Bulging of the ligamentum flavum contributed to between 50 and 85% of the spinal canal narrowing. It was concluded that the ligamentum flavum, not the disc had a dominating role for the load induced narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal, a finding that can improve the understanding of the patho-physiology in spinal stenosis.     

颈椎间盘突出症：附89例临床分析

报告８９例颈椎间盘突出症（急性５８例，慢性３１例）。重点就本症的诊断及与颈椎病的鉴别诊断进行了分析。急性颈椎间盘突出症以发病中有明确颈部外伤史、受伤当时出现急性颈脊髓／神经根损害表现、 Ｘ线片无颈椎骨折脱位及椎管狭窄，无椎管内韧带骨化等为特征；慢性颈椎间盘突出症则以发病年龄较轻（平均３６．８岁），病情发展较快，Ｘ线片无椎间关节退行性改变，椎间盘突出多为１～２个间隙等特点而不同于颈椎病．     

Speculum lumbar extraforaminal microdiscectomy

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Public interest, monetary pressures and improving diagnostic techniques have placed an increasing emphasis on minimalism in lumbar disc excision. Current techniques include microlumbar discectomy and minimally invasive spinal surgery. Both are good techniques but may be painful, require a hospital stay and/or are not widely used because of difficulty acquiring the necessary skills. The author therefore developed a less invasive microscopic technique that may be performed on a consistent outpatient basis with easily acquired skills. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe a variant of minimally invasive lumbar disc excision, while assessing the effects on a small group of patients. STUDY DESIGN: The treatment protocol was a prospective community hospital-based case study designed to evaluate a less invasive method of excising herniated lumbar discs residing in the canal, foraminal or far lateral space. PATIENT SAMPLE: This study is comprised of 50 patients with all anatomic forms of lumbar disc herniations, inside or outside the canal, at all levels except the lumbosacral joint. OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical results were measured by return to work time, the criteria of MacNab and by Prolo et al.'s economic and functional criteria. METHODS: Selection criteria included adult patients with intractable low back and leg pain, plus an imaging study revealing a lumbar disc herniation consistent with the patient's clinical presentation. Mean patient age was 48 years. The male:female ratio was approximately 2:1. All patients failed at least 3 weeks of conservative therapy. Herniations occurred from the L2-3 space through L4-5, with 30 herniations being within and 20 outside the spinal canal. Both contained and extruded/sequestered herniations were treated. Excluded from the study were patients with herniations inside the spinal canal at the L5-S1 level. Surgical approach was by microscopic speculum transforaminal route for discs residing both within and outside the lumbar canal. RESULTS: The initial 50 consecutive patients had successful technical operations performed on an outpatient basis by this less invasive technique. By the criteria of MacNab (Table 3), 84% (42 of 50) had an excellent or good result, returning to work at a mean time of 3.5 weeks. Per Prolo et al.'s economic scale, 72% were disabled at levels I and II before surgery. Postoperatively, 92% had improved to levels IV and V. Similarly, on his functional scale, 94% functioned at levels I and II before surgery, whereas 88% achieved levels IV and V after surgery. Eighty percent required no pain medications 1 week after surgery. The only complication was an L3 minor nerve root injury as it exited the L3-4 foramen. CONCLUSION: The author has described a minimally invasive technique for excising herniated discs that is applicable to all types of lumbar herniations, except for those residing in the canal at L5-S1. Clinical outcomes are comparable to those of other forms of discectomy.