论“三项改革”及其对医疗机构发展的影响

本文通过分析城镇职工基本医疗保险制度、医疗机构和药品生产流通体制"三项改革"实施的背景、目的、内容,阐明 改革的必然性和重要性;论述了安徽省"三项改革"实践对医疗机构产生的积极影响及医疗机构在改革中取得的初 步成效.文中涉及值得注意的几个观点和内容,在实际中具有一定的意义:一是将"三项改革"的目标体系表述为三 个,即比较低廉的费用,比较优质的服务和提供医疗服务的主体医疗机构的健康发展,让群众享有价格合理、质量 优良的医疗服务,提高人民的健康水平;二是以安徽省改革成果为例,选择适宜的指标体系,如单病种医疗效果和 费用分析,医疗业务收入构成等,初步数量化地表述"三项改革 "给医疗机构降低费用、提高质量、机构健康发展方面带来的影响和成效;三是提出医疗服务质量是医疗机构健康发展永恒的主题和生命线.     

青海省医疗服务价格改革对公立医院医疗服务项目数量和收入影响研究

目的:通过对青海省20所公立医疗机构医疗服务项目和价格改革前后相关数据对比分析,了解改革后各类医疗机构实际开展医疗服务项目数量和收入变化情况,为进一步稳妥推进改革提供依据。方法:采用回顾性调查和现况调查相结合的方法整群抽取不同类型医疗机构相关资料,对比分析改革前后的变化情况。结果:改革后不同类型医疗机构实际开展的医疗服务项目数量占国家规范数比例较低;医药总费用增长,次均费用下降,住院和门诊患者药品总费用和次均费用均下降,医疗服务项目总费用和次均费用均增加。结论:改革后医疗机构的实际开展医疗服务项目数较少;药品和医疗服务项目收入结构发生明显变化,改革初步实现了预期。     

医疗"特区"及其他--日本医疗改革介绍

前言几年来,日本相继在医疗卫生服务的提供、医疗费用和医疗保险费用支付方式上进行了一系列的改革。2003年2月,小泉首相接受了允许开设营利性医院的提案。在初期,营利性医疗只允许在非全民医疗保险定点的医疗机构中实行;2003年3月,日本厚生劳动省(MHLW)宣布修改老年人医疗保险,根据个人收入水平相应地提高个人承担医疗费用的比例;2003年4月,作为定额支付方式之一的日本版DRG,在82家教学医院实施;70岁以下个人支付医疗费用的比例提高到30%;在机构改革中关于“特区”的两个建议被批准通过。     

湖南省医疗服务价格调整对医疗费用结构影响的分析

目的：比较湖南省医疗服务价格调整对医疗机构医疗费用构成的影响，为正确评价医疗服务价格改革提供依据；方法：对湖南省医疗服务价格调整前2002年1-9月及调整后的2003年同期医疗机构的有关数据进行比较分析；结果：单一的医疗服务价格调整政策并未有效控制医疗费用的上涨；结论：必须辅以配套政策，医疗服务价格调整才能达到“总量控制、结构调整”的改革目标。     

结构变动度在我省中医医疗机构门诊医疗费用构成分析中的应用

目的探讨该省中医医疗机构门诊医疗费用构成变化情况,以了解导致该省中医医疗机构近年来门诊医疗费用增长的主要因素。方法采用结构变动度指标,分析5年来该省中医医疗机构门诊医疗费用构成变动的情况。结果该省2009年至2013年引起门诊医疗费用结构变化较大的因素有:化验费、检查费、药费;而诊察费、检查费是引起门诊医疗费用结构变动上升的主要费用项目,二者的累积贡献率达到50%;药费、治疗费、化验费是引起门诊医疗费用结构变动下降的主要项目,三者的累计贡献率达到42.43%。结论该省中医医疗机构门诊医疗费用的增长仍然存在结构不合理情况,需要进一步控制药费比,同时提高体现医务人员劳动价值的费用占比。     

上海市实施医疗机构药品零差率与相关补偿政策研究

目标:实证研究药品加价率下降后,医院经济运行及医药费用的变化,并提出实行药品零差率相关补偿政策。资料与方法:对上海市医疗机构2003—2008年财务报表数据(含复旦附属医疗机构)进行定量分析。结果:实证研究表明,2006年实施控制药品加价率政策后,上海市医疗机构的药品加价率从33%下降至17%;药品收入仍然是医疗机构主要的收入来源;随着药品收支结余的减少,有37%的医疗机构出现了亏损;医药费用并没有因药品加价率的降低而减少;若实行药品零差率政策,上海市医疗机构每年所需补偿约30亿元;经测算,不同补偿渠道的补偿结果将会对患者医药费用产生不同影响。建议:实行药品零差率后应采用综合补偿模式,通过政府财政出一点、医疗保险分担一点、药事服务收费补一点和医疗服务价格调一点,建立医疗机构主动合理控制药品费用的长效机制,既维护医院的正常运行,又减轻患者就医的经济负担。     

上海市社会办医疗机构基本医疗保险医疗费用预警指标体系的应用分析

目的:运用研究构建的预警指标体系对上海市社会办医疗机构基本医疗保险医疗费用进行预警应用分析。方法:收集2016年7—12月上海市社会办医疗机构基本医疗保险的服务量和医疗费用数据,进行预警指标体系的应用分析。结果:2016年7—12月平均每所上海市社会办医疗机构基本医疗保险医疗费用的门诊预警指标报警数分别为5.51个,住院预警指标报警数为3.16个;平均每月预警医疗机构数分别为23.99所和16.17所;门诊和住院分别有12所和10所医疗机构在半年中,有超过3个月提示预警。结论:上海市社会办医疗机构基本医疗保险医疗费用的预警结果基本反映医疗费用的实际状况;应利用信息平台提高预警指标体系应用和医疗费用监管效率;并进一步完善社会办医疗机构的分级分类精细化管理。     

上海市公立医疗机构收入与支出分析

目标:分析2002—2007年上海市不同等级公立医疗机构的经济运行和财政补偿情况。资料与方法:综合运用上海市卫生总费用核算中的医疗机构费用数据,进行描述性分析。结果:上海市医疗机构总收入在卫生总费用中的比重约为78%,主要集中在二、三级医院;公立医疗机构结余在2007年首次呈负值;药品仍为医疗机构的主要收入来源;三、二、一级医疗机构的政府财政补助分别可相当于1/5、1/3和1/2的人员支出;2007年三、二、一级医疗机构的药品加成率分别为17.8%、21.0%和23.5%。建议:加大政府投入,完善财政补助政策,理顺医疗服务价格体系,加强成本核算和信息化建设,并逐步引入多元办医机制,推进公立医院改革。     

农村医疗机构诊治技术优化和补偿机制改革干预效果的评价：基于倍差法

目的:规范医疗行为,控制医疗费用,优化诊疗技术。方法:应用倍差法比较干预政策对政策作用对象和非政策作用对象的效果随时间的变化。结果:医疗行为有所规范;医疗费用有所下降;医务人员积极性得以调动。结论:医疗机构实施临床路径管理、政府部门改革补偿机制与信息化监管三项改革捆绑式同步推进是成本不高、效果明显的政策选择。     

新医改补偿政策对辽宁省医疗费用构成的影响

目的通过对辽宁省新医改补偿政策实施前后医疗机构医疗费用的构成与动态变化进行分析,评价新医改政策对医疗服务行为带来的影响。方法应用SPSS统计软件,对2007—2011年间辽宁省医疗机构上报的数据进行分析。结果共收集1947份公立医院上报数据。5年间综合医院药占比呈现先升后降趋势,2007年为44.99%,2010年上升为46.56%,2011年下降为44.28%。从地区来看,医疗机构药占比最高前三位的分别是葫芦岛52.65%、铁岭49.49%和营口43.57%,后三位的分别是鞍山27.62%、锦州38.48%和大连38.79%。结论新医改补偿政策试点地区,由于对基层医疗机构补偿比例加大,医疗机构药占比以及人均医疗费用均有所下降,医疗服务行为得到改善,其他非试点地区,新医改补偿政策实施前后医疗服务行为没有明显变化。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.