综合医院精神科会诊患者失眠的临床研究

目的：探讨综合医院精神科会诊患者失眠的临床特征及与其它精神障碍的关系。方法：对168例精神科会诊患者进行分析。结果：128例(76、2％)会诊患者有失眠．其中61．7％(79／128)为慢性失眠。原发性失眠仅占5．5％(7／128)，85．1％(109／128)是与其它精神障碍有关的失眠。常见的精神障碍诊断为焦虑障碍、心境障碍和谵妄。60．9％的失眠患者在会诊前得到了处理。结论：应对临床医师进行精神卫生教育，提高他们对失眠等常见精神障碍的识别和处理能力。     

延吉市朝鲜族成人精神障碍终生患病率的流行病学调查

本文用DIS—Ⅲ朝文版以整群随机抽样法对吉林省延吉市朝鲜族成年居民1532人进行精神障碍终生患病率的流行病学调查。结果表明:在各种精神障碍中,以酒使用障碍居首位(18.46％),以下依次为:焦虑症5.71％,恐怖症4.57％、病理性赌博0.58％、精神分裂症0.57％,抑郁症0.41％。     

107例糖尿病性神经精神障碍

我院于1980～1981年诊治糖尿病性神经精神障碍107例,现报告如下: 资料 一、神经症状及类型:107例中以植物神经障碍型72例(67.3％)为最多,与文献的62～88％相似。次为多发性神经炎型21例(19.1％)。腱反射改变型10例(9.3％),脑卒中型2例(1.9％),单发性神经炎型和肌萎缩各1例,各为(0.9％)。(1)植物神经障碍:本组植物神经障碍中,多汗42例     

Schneider一级症状的再评价:临床流行病学观点

本文对Schneider一级症状(FRS)进行再评价。应用临床流行病学观点进行了FRS对精神分裂症的诊断试验。通过对122例精神病人的评价,发现FRS对精神分裂症诊断敏感性为53.5％,特异性为75.0％,假阴性率为46.5％,假阳性率为25.0％,与CCMD-2对精神分裂症诊断一致性为0.2278。虽然FRS在精神分裂症与情感性疾病中明显不同(x~2=13.1004,P=0.001),但癔症性精神障碍、急性心因性反应以及气功所致精神障碍音FRS较多。     

肠易激综合征与抑郁、焦虑障碍的关系

目的:探讨肠易激综合征(IBS)与抑郁、焦虑的关系. 方法:采用美国精神障碍手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)轴I为诊断标准的临床结构式访谈工具(SCID-I-P)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)对126例IBS患者(IBS组)进行评估,并与126名正常对照者(对照组)比较. 结果:IBS组的SDS、SAS标准分显著高于对照组(P均＜0.001);IBS组抑郁/焦虑障碍发生率为4.76％(6例),其中1例IBS发病前诊断为焦虑障碍;抑郁和/或焦虑状态的发生率(52.4％,66例)明显的高于对照组(34.9％,44人)(P＜0.01). 结论:IBS不是焦虑或抑郁障碍的延续,抑郁和/或焦虑障碍的发生与IBS密切相关.     

新兵精神障碍筛查问卷的初步编制

目的：初步编制适用于部队新兵的精神障碍筛查问卷.方法根据部队新兵精神障碍终极鉴定疾病谱的构成比,结合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第5版(DSM－5)和中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版(CCMD－3)中对相关精神障碍的诊断标准,编制他评问卷“新兵精神障碍筛查问卷”,问卷含34个条目,用于筛查13种常见精神障碍.根据39名专家的咨询结果以及100名新兵的理解力测试结果,对问卷条目进行修订,修订后的正式问卷仍含34个条目.438例精神障碍患者的家属接受正式问卷调查,采用 SPSS 16．0统计软件检验问卷的灵敏度和信度.结果问卷条目的有效性(W ＝0.149,P ＜0．05)和可操作性(W ＝0．112,P ＜0．05)较好.新兵对问卷条目的理解力为63％~94％.当问卷划界分为3~4分时,灵敏度为89．95％~93．84％.问卷内部一致性 Cronbach’s α系数为0．889,分半信度经 Spearman－Brown 校正后为0．814.问卷调查结果显示,精神分裂症患者最多(72．6％),其次是心境障碍(9．8％).结论该初步编制的新兵精神障碍筛查问卷具有良好的灵敏度和信度.     

脑卒中后精神障碍的临床研究

采用DSM—Ⅲ诊断标准对104例住院脑卒中患者的精神障碍进行诊断。结果表明:本组病例的精神障碍发生率为46.2％,其中脑卒中后重性抑郁(PSD)、抑郁性神经症(DN)、多发性梗塞痴呆(MID)和脑卒中后躁狂(PSM)发生率分别为22.1％、11.5％、8.7％及3.8％。研究发现抑郁性障碍与额部或左基底节损害有明显联系,PSM则与右半球损害有关。对脑卒中后精神障碍的发生机理作了初步探讨。     

大学新生罹患精神障碍现况调查及影响因素分析

目的 了解大学新生罹患精神疾病的患病率及相关因素.方法 对西安某大学2019级新生采用自制问卷进行调查,问卷内容包括个人信息、社会心理因素及精神障碍史.结果 5221名新生完成了调查问卷,其中350人既往被医疗机构确诊为精神疾病,罹患率为6.7％;其中抑郁障碍94人(1.8％),焦虑障碍94人(1.8％),强迫障碍15...     

昆明市焦虑障碍现况调查及相关因素分析

目的 调查昆明市焦虑障碍的患病情况.方法 2005年11月至2006年1月采用分层容量比例概率随机抽样法,应用中文版复合性国际诊断交谈检查2.1版(CIDI-2.1)对昆明市≥15岁的居民5033人进行访谈,调查焦虑障碍的患病率,分析影响焦虑障碍的相关因素、起病年龄及共病情况.结果 (1)焦虑障碍的加权终生患病率为7.05%(324例),其中,男性为5.34%(100例),女性为8.89%(224例);城镇人口为7.81%(189例),农村人口为5.33%(135例);以特殊恐怖障碍患病率最高(5.64%,236例),惊恐障碍患病率最低(0.14%,6例).(2)女性患病风险[相对危险度(OR)=1.00]高于男性(OR=0.61;P<0.01);各类焦虑障碍的起病年龄中位数为16岁;焦虑障碍与美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版诊断的物质使用障碍,情感障碍及疼痛障碍存在共病情况.结论 昆明市焦虑障碍患病率较高,焦虑障碍是一类起病年龄早、呈慢性病程且普遍存在与其他精神障碍共病状况的精神障碍,有必要加强对焦虑障碍的防治.     

综合医院自杀未遂者精神障碍和自杀意念强度特征

目的探讨自杀未遂者精神障碍和自杀意念强度特征,为自杀未遂的心理危机干预策略提供参考。方法在沈阳市4所三级综合医院急诊室同一时段内收集到资料完整的239例自杀未遂者,以贝克自杀意念量表(BSS)评估自杀意念及其强度,以汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定自杀前1周的抑郁程度。精神障碍诊断标准按照美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)。结果①自杀未遂者总的精神障碍发生率为69.46%(166/239),前3位依次为:心境障碍47.70%(114/239),焦虑障碍38.91%(93/239),精神病性障碍8.37%(20/239);②有自杀意念的自杀未遂组总的精神障碍发生率为84.34%(140/166),其中心境障碍和焦虑障碍的发生率分别为61.45%(102/166)和48.19%(80/166),均明显高于从无自杀意念组(P0.01);HAMD总分以及其中焦虑/躯体化、体重减轻、认知障碍、日夜变化、迟缓、睡眠障碍、绝望感等因子中的项目得分明显高于从无自杀意念组(P0.01);③在有自杀意念的自杀未遂患者中,有精神障碍组BSS中13个条目的自杀意念强度较无精神障碍组高(经秩和检验,P0.05)。结论自杀未遂者中以精神障碍患者居多,且有自杀意念并伴精神障碍的自杀未遂者其自杀意念严重程度更重。     

Management of early psychosis in a generic adult mental health service

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate current practice at a generic adult mental health service, St Vincent's Mental Health Service (SVMHS) in relation to management of patients with early psychosis. A further aim was to compare treatment of early psychosis patients within this generic service with management of a similar group in a specialized early psychosis service. METHOD: A case file audit of all patients identified as having early psychosis (within the first 2 years of treatment) was undertaken using a standardized audit tool. Variables including proportion of early psychosis admitted as inpatients to the psychiatric unit, average length of stay (LOS), use of seclusion, involvement of police in admission process, mean neuroleptic dose and estimated duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) were studied. Results of this audit were then compared with published evaluative data from the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC), a service specifically catering for young people with early psychosis (within the first 18 months of treatment). RESULTS: Data were collected on 62 of 68 patients identified as having early psychosis. Within the generic service, mean DUP was found to be about 15 months, a high proportion (81%) of patients were admitted and secluded (22% of those admitted), average length of stay was 46.5 days and use of police in the admission process was also high (40% of those admitted). This compares unfavourably with the EPPIC data of mean DUP of just over 6 months, 64.1% of patients admitted, 10.3% secluded, average LOS 12.9 days, and police involved in 3.8% of admissions. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that practice at SVMHS in relation to early psychosis patients is fairly typical of management of these patients within generic services as a whole. These services tend to focus on the needs of the majority of their patients, those with chronic schizophrenia, rather than the small group of patients with early psychosis (who make up about 8% of current case-load at SVMHS). Failure to assertively assess and follow-up young people with early psychosis may contribute to long DUPs, which may in turn result in patients being more disturbed at time of initial treatment, thus requiring inpatient treatment and longer length of stay. Additionally, staff at generic services may not feel confident in managing early psychosis patients and may be unaware of the special needs of this patient group. These preliminary data suggest that generic services are not optimal for treatment of early psychosis patients and that treatment of early psychosis within them is not cost-effective.     

Cavum septi pellucidi in first-episode schizophrenia and first-episode affective psychosis: an MRI study

A high prevalence of abnormal cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) in schizophrenia may reflect neurodevelopmental abnormalities in midline structures of the brain. The relationship, however, between abnormal CSP and clinical symptoms, and with abnormalities in other limbic structures remains unclear, as does the question of whether a similar abnormality is present in affective psychosis. Seventy-four patients at their first hospitalization, 33 with schizophrenia and 41 with affective (mainly manic) psychosis, and 56 healthy control subjects underwent high-spatial-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CSP on six slices or more on 0.9375-mm resampled coronal images was categorized as abnormal. The prevalence of abnormal CSP in both schizophrenic patients (26.1%) and affective psychosis patients (18.2%) was significantly higher than was observed in control subjects (8.2%). In schizophrenic patients only, larger CSP was significantly associated with more severe thinking disturbance and smaller left parahippocampal gyrus gray matter volumes. While the relationships between CSP ratings and clinical symptoms did not significantly differ between the two psychosis groups as assessed by the comparison of regression slopes, the association with limbic volumes appeared to be specific to schizophrenic patients. These results suggest that psychosis associated with schizophrenia and affective disorder share, at least to some extent, neurodevelopmental abnormalities involving midline structures and associated psychopathological consequences. However, the association between abnormal CSP and limbic systems may be more specific to schizophrenia.     

Visual form perception: a comparison of individuals at high risk for psychosis, recent onset schizophrenia and chronic schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has been associated with deficits in visual perception and processing, but there is little information about their temporal development and stability. We assessed visual form perception using the Rorschach Comprehensive System (RCS) in 23 individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis, 15 individuals with recent onset schizophrenia (< or =2 years since onset), and 34 with chronic schizophrenia (> or =3 years since onset). All three groups demonstrated reduced conventional form perception (X+%), as compared with published norms, but did not differ significantly from one another. In contrast, the high-risk group had significantly better performance on an index of clarity of conceptual thinking (WSUM6) compared to the chronic schizophrenia patients, with the recent onset group scoring intermediate to the high-risk and chronic schizophrenia groups. The results suggest that individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis display substantial deficits in visual form perception prior to the onset of psychosis and that these deficits are comparable in severity to those observed in individuals with schizophrenia. Therefore, visual form perception deficits may constitute a trait-like risk factor for psychosis in high-risk individuals and may potentially serve as an endophenotype of risk for development of psychosis. Clarity of conceptual thinking was relatively preserved among high-risk patients, consistent with a relationship to disease expression, not risk. These deficits are discussed in the context of the putative neurobiological underpinnings of visual deficits and the developmental pathophysiology of psychosis in schizophrenia.     

Comorbidity of psychopathological domains in community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer's disease

In this post hoc analysis of baseline responses to the CERAD Behavior Rating Scale for Dementia in a clinical trial of interventions for agitation in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the authors investigated the distribution of, and relationships between, agitation, depression, and psychosis in 148 individuals with AD. Prevalence of depressive symptoms was highest (78.4%), followed by agitation (77.6%) and psychotic symptoms (69.3%); 51.1% of the sample had symptoms in all 3 domains. Cross-sectionally, psychotic symptoms were most closely associated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, while agitation was less so. Depressive symptoms were relatively consistently prevalent across MMSE levels. After controlling for the presence of agitated symptoms, psychosis and depression were significantly associated, but neither symptoms of psychosis nor of depression were associated with agitation when depression or psychosis, respectively, was controlled for. Significant psychopathological comorbidity should be considered in the design of clinical trials targeting particular psychopathology in this disease population.     

Moving beyond transition outcomes: Meta-analysis of remission rates in individuals at high clinical risk for psychosis

Recent evidence suggests that transition risks from initial clinical high risk (CHR) status to psychosis are decreasing. The role played by remission in this context is mostly unknown. The present study addresses this issue by means of a meta-analysis including eight relevant studies published up to January 2012 that reported remission rates from an initial CHR status. The primary effect size measure was the longitudinal proportion of remissions compared to non-remission in subjects with a baseline CHR state. Random effect models were employed to address the high heterogeneity across studies included. To assess the robustness of the results, we performed sensitivity analyses by sequentially removing each study and rerunning the analysis. Of 773 subjects who met initial CHR criteria, 73% did not convert to psychosis along a 2-year follow. Of these, about 46% fully remitted from the baseline attenuated psychotic symptoms, as evaluated on the psychometric measures usually employed by prodromal services. The corresponding clinical remission was estimated as high as 35% of the baseline CHR sample. The CHR state is associated with a significant proportion of remitting subjects that can be accounted by the effective treatments received, a lead time bias, a dilution effect, a comorbid effect of other psychiatric diagnoses.     

Paranoid disorders following war brain damage. Preliminary report.

Roughly 3,000 war veterans with moderate or severe brain injury have suffered from a psychiatric disturbance. Psychotic disorders are found in approximately 750 cases. The material of this preliminary report consists of the first 100 veterans with paranoid disorders. Delusional psychosis is the most common main diagnosis (28% of veterans), followed by major depression (21%), delirium (18%) and paranoid schizophrenia (14%). Paranoid schizophrenia and paranoid schizophreniform psychosis develop earlier (in 23% of cases within 1 year) than delusional psychosis (4%). Delusional psychosis lasted less than a year in 28% of the cases and more than 5 years in 40% of cases. The corresponding figures for paranoid schizophrenia and paranoid schizophreniform psychoses are 26 and 63%. Jealousy or fear of being sexually betrayed constitutes the most prominent individual content of delusions.     

Follow-up study of hysterical psychosis, reactive/psychogenic psychosis, and schizophrenia

The present study was undertaken to learn more about the longer-term course of nonaffective functional psychoses, including hysterical psychosis. A group of 48 female patients diagnosed with hysterical psychosis, nonhysterical reactive/psychogenic psychosis, and schizophrenia at their first admission were reassessed after an average follow-up period of 11.6 years. Seventy-five percent were receiving outpatient treatment; less than half were on neuroleptics, and only 35% were rehospitalized. The patients suffered from a few, mostly unspecific, symptoms and were relatively well adjusted socially. No differences were found between original diagnostic categories regarding all variables studied. Hysterical psychosis does not appear to be a special clinical entity, distinguishable from other reactive/psychogenic psychoses in the short term and from other nonaffective functional psychoses in the longer term. The symptomatology and clinical presentation of nonaffective functional psychoses at first admission do not allow any prognostic longer-term forecast, and the initial differences between individual psychoses tend to disappear over time.     

Frequency and correlates of co-morbid psychosis and depression in Parkinson's disease

Though both psychosis and depression are common in Parkinson's disease (PD), it is not clear if an association between the two disorders exists. One hundred and thirty PD patients were divided into four groups based on a comprehensive psychiatric assessment: (1) no depression or psychosis (47.7%); (2) psychosis only (16.2%); (3) depression only (26.2%); and (4) psychosis and depression (10.0%). Co-morbid psychosis and depression did not occur more frequently than expected by chance (P=.77). Psychosis was associated with dopamine agonist use (P=.02), depression with mild-cognitive impairment (P=.03), and their co-occurrence with higher daily levodopa dosages (P<.01). These results suggest that psychosis and depression in PD are distinct neurobehavioral disorders.     

Predictors of disease course in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease

The presence of extrapyramidal signs or psychosis may indicate greater disability in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. We evaluated the ability of these signs, noted at a patient's first visit, to predict one of two specific clinical endpoints: (1) a preselected score on the modified Mini-Mental State examination (cognitive endpoint), and (2) a preselected score on the Blessed Dementia Rating Scale (functional endpoint). Sixty-five patients were followed either until they reached the endpoints or to the end of the study period. Survivorship curves were drawn to predict the distribution of time to onset of an endpoint in patients with and without the clinical signs. Time to reach the cognitive endpoint was shorter for patients with extrapyramidal signs or psychosis compared with those without these signs and symptoms. These clinical signs did not predict the functional endpoint. We conclude that extrapyramidal signs and psychosis may be useful predictors of intellectual decline in Alzheimer's disease.