肱骨近端恶性肿瘤切除后骨缺损的重建

目的探讨肱骨近端恶性肿瘤切除术后骨缺损的重建方法及疗效。方法对22例肱骨近端恶性肿瘤实施关节内肿瘤切除与重建术：3例采用瘤段切除灭活再植术,6例采用瘤段切除同侧锁骨翻转移植术,8例行瘤段切除人工假体置换术,5例行瘤段切除同种异体骨关节移植。结果 3例失访,19例获得随访,时间9～96（50.0±8.2）个月。局部复发4例,死亡8例。根据Enneking肢体功能评价标准：瘤段切除灭活再植患者得分为（22.8±1.4）分,同侧锁骨翻转移植患者得分为（24.2±1.6）分,异体骨关节移植患者得分为（23.9±1.5）分,人工假体置换患者得分为（26.1±1.8）分。结论肱骨近端恶性肿瘤切除后重建,成年人可首选人工假体置换,儿童及青少年可选用同侧锁骨翻转移植重建。术中需注意肩袖和外展装置的修复,大多数保肢者能保存一定的肩关节功能。     

同种异体骨复合人工关节置换治疗骨肿瘤

目的：探讨分析同种异体同关节复合人工假体移植治疗骨肿瘤的临床应用及疗效。方法：对应用同种异体骨关节复合人工假体移植治疗骨肿瘤12例进行临床回顾分析。其中髋关节周围7例，膝关节周围3例，肩关节周围（肱骨近端）2例，病变性质；骨巨细胞瘤6例，皮质旁骨肉瘤2例，软骨肉瘤2例，转移性腺癌2例，均行肿瘤切除及异体骨关节复合人工假体移植。结果：本组12例病人手术均顺利，肿瘤获彻底切除，平均随访时间2．5年（1－5年），伤口均一期愈合无1例感染，关节功能按Mankin标准评定，优良率为91．6％，结论：同种异体骨关节复合人工假体移植是修复骨肿瘤的有效手段。     

肩胛带骨肿瘤的外科治疗结果及评价

目的 探讨肩胛带骨肿瘤的手术切除方式、重建方法,观察术后功能恢复情况及临床结果.方法 回顾性分析1998年7月至2006年7月收治的71例肩胛骨周围骨肿瘤患者的病例资料,其中恶性肿瘤61例,骨巨细胞瘤10例.15例恶性肿瘤起源于肩胛骨,56例起源于肱骨近端.男42例,女29例;年龄11～62岁,平均36.5岁.手术方法:肩胛带离断术10例,单纯肩胛骨切除3例,肩胛骨切除、人工肩胛骨置换3例,部分肩胛骨及肱骨近端切除、假体置换8例,肱骨近端切除、假体置换47例.结果 10例骨巨细胞瘤患者肩周肌肉保留较好,术后MSTS功能评分平均28分.起源于肱骨近端的原发恶性骨肿瘤患者三角肌止点处均予以切除,术后肩外展30°～60°,MSTS功能评分平均23分.37例肱骨骨肉瘤患者中4例(10.8%)局部复发,2例骨转移,5例肺转移.7例转移患者均死亡.1例恶性骨巨细胞瘤患者出现肺转移死亡.3例尤文肉瘤患者出现肺转移死亡.5例肱骨及5例肩胛骨软骨肉瘤患者术后未见局部复发及转移.结论 肩胛带骨肿瘤切除、人工肱骨近端假体重建能保留完整肘部及手部功能、并发症少,是肩部恶性肿瘤的首选术式;肱骨近端骨肉瘤和下肢骨肉瘤比较预后较好;肱骨近端恶性肿瘤行关节内肿瘤切除和关节外肿瘤切除肿瘤的局部复发率接近,提示对多数肱骨近端恶性肿瘤可以采用关节内切除.     

肱骨近端恶性肿瘤的保肢治疗

目的 探讨肱骨近端恶性肿瘤切除术后的重建方法。方法 36例肱骨近端恶性肿瘤,其中骨肉瘤 11例、软骨肉瘤 6例、皮质旁骨肉瘤及纤维肉瘤各 3例、原始神经外胚层瘤及恶性纤维组织细胞瘤各 2例、转移性骨肿瘤 5例、恶性骨巨细胞瘤 4例。骨肉瘤、原始神经外胚层瘤与恶性纤维组织细胞瘤患者均接受了新辅助化疗。肿瘤关节内切除 33例,关节外切除 3例。 21例采用异体半关节移植, 4例采用人工假体置换, 6例行游离锁骨移植, 5例行带骨膜血管蒂锁骨移植。结果 随访 6～ 118个月,平均 62.7个月。死亡 11例,局部复发 3例。按 Enneking功能评价标准, 21例采用异体半关节移植的患者,平均得分 24分; 4例人工假体置换的患者,平均得分 26分; 11例采用同侧锁骨重建肱骨近端的患者,平均得分 23分。结论 肱骨近端恶性肿瘤保肢手术的重建以人工假体置换和异体半关节移植为首选,儿童的保肢可选用同侧锁骨移植。保肢术后的功能与肩袖和肩外展肌的修复密切相关。     

3D打印聚醚醚酮假体在肩胛骨肿瘤切除术后骨缺损重建中的价值

聚醚醚酮(polyetheretherketone, PEEK)作为一种新型热塑性工程塑料具有良好的生物活性、弹性模量与人体皮质骨相近和射线可透性等优点, 已广泛应用于医学领域。本文探讨使用3D打印个性化PEEK材料修复肩胛骨骨肿瘤切除术后骨缺损的安全性及临床疗效。2020年1月至2021年12月在云南省肿瘤医院采用肿瘤切除3D打印PEEK肩胛骨假体重建治疗肩胛骨肿瘤6例, 男3例、女3例, 年龄14～52岁, 滑膜肉瘤1例、Ewing肉瘤1例、软骨肉瘤4例。术前通过CT数据设计、制作PEEK假体;术中在确保安全外科边界的前提下进行肿瘤切除用假体置换, 其中全肩胛骨假体置换2例、部分肩胛骨假体置换4例。手术时间为90～170 min, 出血量为100～400 ml。6例患者均获得随访, 肿瘤无进展生存时间为16～28个月, 未见肿瘤复发和转移, 全部患者均无瘤生存。末次随访时, Constant-Murley肩关节评分最低为62分, 最高为68分;日本骨科协会肩关节评分最低为63分, 最高为78分。3D打印PEEK材料假体置换在肩胛骨肿瘤保肢治疗中具有一定的优势, 其质量轻、适配好、安...     

恶性骨肿瘤保肢手术后的骨关节返修术

目的 分析四肢恶性骨肿瘤保肢手术后进行返修术的原因及手术治疗经验。方法 1994年1月－1997年12月进行保肢手术后骨关节返修术8例,平均无瘤生存时间8年。主要返修原因是严重的创伤性骨关节炎、骨折、骨吸收。影响返修手术的主要困难是软组织挛缩和肢体短缩。结果 行全髋返修1例,股骨下端长段同种异体骨移植再建3例,在原移植物基础上行全膝关节置换3例,更换髓内钉1例。术前骨扫描结果提示原移植的4例长段同种异体骨已有较活跃的骨代谢,术后病理学检查显示移植骨段存活。术后疼痛症状明显改善,功能满意。结论 保肢手术后的返修术主要原因是植入的异体骨或灭活瘤段发生骨折、关节功能较差。在有良好的软组织覆盖下,应用绞链式可旋转全膝关节假体或长段异体骨复合半限制球轴式表面置换人工膝关节假体可获得较理想的术后功能。     

恶性骨肿瘤保肢术应用的可行性

目的为了探讨保肢手术在治疗恶性骨肿瘤中的可行性。方法我们回顾了自1994年6月以来在我科诊治的12个恶性骨肿瘤病例。手术方法有瘤段切除人工关节置换2例，瘤段骨切除灭活再植4例，瘤段切除带血管蒂髂骨移植1例，瘤段切除关节融合2例，瘤段切除同种异体半关节移植1例，瘤段切除2例。并阐述常见术后并发症及处理原则。关节肢体功能评价参照Enneking标准。结果平均随访3年4个月(10个月至5年)。9例无复发。肢体功能优良率达66．7％。结论结果提示保肢手术在治疗恶性骨肿瘤中是切实可行的，并可达到较高的成功率。     

肩胛部恶性肿瘤保肢治疗

目的探讨肩部骨肿瘤保肢治疗的手术方法。方法对2例肩部恶性肿瘤实施保肢术，肱骨近端成骨肉瘤1例，行肱骨瘤段切除，锁骨翻转重建骨缺损，肩胛骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例，行肿瘤切除、肱骨肩峰悬吊术。结果术后短期随访，肩关节被动活动有一定的功能。结论肩部恶性肿瘤应根据肿瘤发生的不同部位，患者的经济实力，选择不同保肢手术，目的是使肩部保留一定的功能和外形，提高患者生活的质量。     

瘤段灭活再植治疗股骨皮质旁骨肉瘤1例(并文献复习)

皮质旁骨肉瘤占全身恶性骨肿瘤的0.6％～1％,临床少见,长管状骨好发.其治疗方式以手术为主,保肢治疗是医患双方的共同目标,符合现代肿瘤治疗发展趋势,主要方式有:肿瘤部分切除原位灭活、瘤段截除灭活再植、瘤段截除后异体半关节移植、肿瘤型人工关节置换.     

肱骨近端恶性肿瘤切除后重建研究进展

肱骨近端是常见的骨肿瘤发病部位之一,该部位的恶性肿瘤保肢手术需切除大量骨性结构及软组织,因此修复重建肩关节结构和功能对手术医师而言具有极大挑战性。常见的手术重建方式包括解剖型肱骨近端假体置换、肱骨假体-异体骨复合体重建、生物学重建、反式肩关节置换等,各种术式均具有相应的优缺点。其中,解剖型肱骨近端假体置换是目前应用最广的重建术式之一,生物学重建的总体效果尚满意,而反式肩关节置换和网片的使用越来越受到青睐,为改善肱骨近端肿瘤切除后的修复重建提供了新选择。     

Limb sparing surgery for bone tumours of the shoulder girdle: the oncological and functional results

It is a great challenge to spare the upper limb with a malignant or invasive benign bone tumour of the shoulder girdle. We retrospectively analysed 35 patients with bone tumours of the shoulder girdle treated with various limb salvage procedures. The tumours included 25 primary malignancies, three metastases and seven giant cell tumours which involved the proximal humerus in 21 patients, scapula in 12 and clavicle in two. The reconstruction procedures included eight prosthetic replacements, four devitalised tumorous bone grafts, three osteoarticular allografts, two autogenous fibular grafts, one intramedullary cemented nail, three Tikhoff-Linberg procedures, two replantation of shortened arms, and four humeral head suspensions. Six partial scapulectomies and two lateral clavicectomies needed no bone reconstruction. With an average follow-up of 71 months, local recurrences occurred in four cases and systemic metastases in six. Nine patients died and 23 remained disease free. The five year Kaplan-Meier survival rate of 28 patients with malignancies was 69.5%. The average Musculoskeletal Tumour Society (MSTS) functional score was 77% (range 40–100%) in all patients.     

保留上肢的肩胛带切除术治疗肩胛带恶性肿瘤

目的 探讨累及肩关节的肩部恶性肿瘤保肢术式的临床疗效.方法 2001年7月至2008年7月采用保留上肢的肩胛带切除术治疗肩胛带恶性肿瘤16例,男11例,女5例;年龄17～67岁,平均38.4岁.8例起源于肩胛骨,软骨肉瘤4例、Ewing肉瘤1例、转移癌3例;5例起源于肩部软组织,滑膜肉瘤2例、纤维肉瘤1例、血管外皮瘤1例、高分化脂肪肉瘤1例;3例起源于肱骨近端,骨肉瘤1例、转移癌2例.经典Tikhoff-Linberg手术12例,改良Tikhoff-Linberg手术4例.结果 手术时间2.5～4.0 h,平均3 h.术中出血1000～3000 ml,平均1600 ml.全部病例随访6～74个月,中位随访时间40个月.2例术前放疗者伤口延迟愈合,1例尺神经损伤.1例肱骨近端骨肉瘤患者出现局部复发及肺转移,行肩胛带离断术后18个月死亡.1例纤维肉瘤患者出现肺转移,23个月后死亡.1例滑膜肉瘤患者术后3个月出现肺转移,随访9个月带瘤生存.5例转移癌患者中4例于术后11～23个月死亡.至随访期末死亡6例,带瘤生存1例,无瘤生存9例.五年总体生存率34.6%.术后3个月接受经典术式者1993年美国骨肿瘤学会功能评分平均14.7分,接受改良术式者为19.5分.结论 对累及肩关节的肩部恶性肿瘤采用Tikhoff-Linberg手术可达到肿瘤广泛切除,保留上肢肢体及部分功能.经典术式术后肩部功能较差.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the functional outcomes of different limb salvage procedures in patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas of the shoulder girdle.Methods From July 2001 to July 2008,16 patients with limb salvage for sarcomas of shoulder girdle were respectively analyzed,including 11 males and 5 females with an average age of 38.4 years (range,17-67).Localizations of the tumors were 8 in the scapula(including 4 chondrosarcomas,1 Ewing sarcoma,and 3 metastases),5 soft tissues of the shoulder girdie(including 2 synoviosarcomas,1 fibrosarcoma,1 hemangioperieytoma,and 1 well-differentiated liposarcoma),and 3 proximal humerus (including 1 osteosarcoma and 2 metastases).Twelve patients were treated with classical Tikhoff-Linberg procedures,and 4 with improved procedures.Results The mean surgical time duration was 3 hours.The mean blood loss was 1600 ml.The mean follow-up time was 40 months.Major complications included 2 cases of delayed wound healing,and 1 ulnar nerve injury.One patient had local recurrence and died of pulmonary metastases 18 months after second operation of interscapulothoracal amputation.The patient with fibrosarcoma also died of pulmonary metastases 23 months later.One patient with synoviosarcoma was alive with pulmonary metastases in 9 months.Four of 5 patients with carcinoma metastases died during 11 to 23 months later.The 5-year cumulative survival rate was 34.6%.Functions were preserved in the whole hand and elbow.The MSTS functional score of the patients receiving classical Tikhoff-Linberg procedures was 14.7,while improved Tikhoff-Linberg procedures was 19.5.Conclusion The Tikhoff-Linberg procedure not only provides a wide resection of tumors in the shoulder girdle but also preserve the whole hand and elbow functions.The shoulder function was poor in patients receiving classical Tikhoff-Linberg procedures.     

The Tikhoff-Linberg procedure: report of ten patients and presentation of a modified technique for tumors of the proximal humerus

The Tikhoff-Linberg resection is a limb-sparing surgical option to be considered for bony and soft-tissue tumors in and around the proximal humerus and shoulder girdle. Careful selection of patients whose tumor does not involve the neurovascular bundle in the axilla is required. The distal clavicle, upper humerus, and part or all of the scapula are resected. The tumor remains covered by the deltoid muscle plus portions of the muscles that arise from or insert into the resected specimen. In patients with tumors of the proximal humerus a custom prosthesis is used to maintain length and stabilize the distal humerus. Elbow flexion plus stability of the shoulder without the need of an orthosis may be achieved with muscle transfers. Function of the hand and forearm after Tikhoff-Linberg resection should be near normal. Review of results in 10 patients shows no local recurrences and excellent function. The major postoperative problem was nerve palsy. The Tikhoff-Linberg procedure should continue to be used for limb salvage in selected patients with tumors in or around the shoulder girdle.     

Tikhoff-Linberg procedure for bone and soft tissue tumors of the shoulder girdle

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate complications and the oncological and intermediate-term functional results in patients with bone and soft tissue tumors of the shoulder girdle who were managed with interscapulothoracic resection (Tikhoff-Linberg procedure). DESIGN: Case series of 19 consecutive patients during a 10-year period at a mean follow-up of 6.3 years (range, 1-11 years). SETTING: University hospital; referral center for musculoskeletal tumor surgery. PATIENTS: The initial diagnosis in this consecutive series of patients with shoulder girdle tumors requiring the Tikhoff-Linberg procedure was chondrosarcoma in 7 patients, Ewing sarcoma in 3 patients, malignant fibrous histiocytoma in 3 patients, solitary metastasis of thyroid carcinoma in 2 patients, osteosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, angiosarcoma, ancd neurofibrosarcoma in 1 patient each. According to the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society staging system, there were 6 in surgical stage IB, 10 in stage IIB, and 3 in stage III. Nine tumors involved the proximal humerus, 8 were located in the scapula or surrounding soft tissues, 1 in the lateral clavicle, and 1 in the acromioclavicular joint. INTERVENTIONS: For reconstruction of the proximal humerus after en bloc tumor resection an isoelastic cemented shoulder tumor prosthesis was inserted in every patient to restore arm length. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Complications, and oncological and intermediate-term functional results. RESULTS: Twelve patients were alive with no evidence of disease. One of these patients died of nontumorous disease 2 years after surgery. One patient is alive with pulmonary metastases after 12 months. Six patients died of metastases at a mean (SD) interval of 18 months (range, 3-35 months) postoperatively. Two of these patients had additional local recurrence. A deep infection necessitated the explantation of the prosthesis in 1 patient. The mean functional score and SD according to the rating system of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society was 72%+/-14% (range, 33%-87%) for the 12 surviving patients evaluated. Major complications (1 infection and 2 local recurrences) that may be attributed to the procedure occurred in 3 of the 19 patients. CONCLUSION: Despite an overall complication rate of 74% the Tikhoff-Linberg procedure proved to be a valuable surgical procedure for extended tumors of the shoulder girdle for functional and oncological outcome and is superior to forequarter amputation.     

肩关节肿瘤切除和重建后的患肢功能观察

目的 肩关节肿瘤切除后,探讨不同重建方式的患肢长期功能。方法回顾性分析32例肩关节肿瘤保肢患者的临床资料。重建方式包括：8例一期肩关节融合,7例假体异体骨复合物,6例功能性间隔物,5例未行重建或悬吊术,3例假体,2例带血管蒂腓骨和1例异体骨。结果23例生存患者平均随访81个月。不同重建方式的功能评分分别为：一期肩关节融合为87％,主动运动优良,肩部有力;假体异体骨复合物为79％,间隔物为66％,未重建为85％,假体为60％和带血管蒂腓骨为73％。结论肩关节肿瘤的重建方式是根据切除范围和患者的实际需要来选择。如外展肌群无法重建,肩关节融合的功能良好,肩部有力;如果外展肌群可以重建,假体异体骨复合物功能较好。     

Tikhoff-Linberg scapulo-humeral resection]

There is a trend away from amputation to salvage procedures for limb cancer. An effective adjuvant chemotherapy and the development of diagnostic imaging allow the surgeon to be more confident and conservative with a limb-salvage procedure. The Tikhoff-Linberg resection is a limb-sparing option to be considered for tumors of the proximal humerus and shoulder girdle. There are three different variants of the procedure published in the literature. An exact classification of the local extent of disease is necessary to indicate the variant of Tikhoff-Linberg resection which will promise the best functional result without loss of oncological adequacy.     

Limb-sparing resections of the shoulder girdle

BACKGROUND: Limb-sparing surgeries around the shoulder girdle pose a surgical difficulty, because tumors arising in this location are frequently large at presentation, are juxtaposed to the neurovascular bundle, require en bloc resection of proportionally large amounts of bone and soft tissues, and necessitate complex resection and reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Between 1980 and 1997, we treated 134 patients who presented with 110 primary malignant, 12 metastatic, and 12 benign aggressive bone and soft tissue tumors of the shoulder girdle and subsequently underwent a limb-sparing resection. Reconstruction of the bone defect included 92 proximal humerus and 9 scapular prostheses. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. We summarize the principles of limb-sparing resections of the shoulder girdle, with emphasis on the surgical anatomy of the shoulder girdle, principles of resection and reconstruction, and functional outcomes. RESULTS: Function was estimated to be good or excellent in 101 patients (75.4%), moderate in 23 patients (17.1%), and poor in 10 patients (7.5%). Complications included 13 transient nerve palsies, 2 deep wound infections, and 1 prosthetic loosening. Local tumor recurrence occurred in 5 of 103 (4.9%) patients with primary sarcomas of the shoulder girdle. CONCLUSIONS: Detailed preoperative evaluation and surgical planning are essential for performing a limb-sparing resection around the shoulder girdle. Local tumor control, associated with good functional outcomes, is achieved in the majority of patients.     

Constrained total scapula reconstruction after resection of a high-grade sarcoma

Patients with high-grade sarcomas arising from the scapula or periscapular soft tissues traditionally have been treated with either a total scapulectomy or a wide, en bloc, extraarticular scapular resection, termed the Tikhoff-Linberg resection. The major challenge after such resections is to restore shoulder girdle stability while preserving a functional hand and elbow. The current authors describe three patients who had an extraarticular, total scapula resection (modified Tikhoff-Linberg) for a high-grade sarcoma. Each patient had reconstruction with a constrained (rotator cuff-substituting) total scapula prosthesis in an effort to optimally restore the normal muscle force couples of both glenohumeral and scapulothoracic mechanisms. At latest followup, the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society functional score was 24 to 27 of 30 (80%-90%). All patients had a stable, painless shoulder and functional hand and elbow. Forward flexion and abduction ranged from 25 degrees to 40 degrees. Glenohumeral rotation (internal rotation, T6; external rotation -10 degrees) below shoulder level, shoulder extension, and adduction were preserved. Protraction, retraction, elevation, and abduction of the scapula were restored and contributed to shoulder motion and upper extremity stabilization. There were no complications. Total scapula reconstruction with a constrained total scapula prosthesis is a safe and reliable method for reconstructing the shoulder girdle after resection of select high-grade sarcomas. The authors emphasize the clinical indications, prosthetic design, surgical technique, and early functional results.     

Functional results and quality of life after shoulder girdle resections in musculoskeletal tumors

From 1981 to 2001, 91 shoulder resections were performed to treat shoulder girdle tumors (64 primary and 27 metastatic) in 90 patients (53 male and 37 female patients). The mean age was 34 years in patients with a primary tumor and 61 years in those with metastases. There were 7 partial scapulectomies, 13 total scapulectomies, 56 proximal humeral resections, 5 diaphyseal resections, 5 total shoulder girdle resections (Tikhoff-Linberg procedure), and 5 other procedures performed. Prosthesis implantation was carried out in 41 cases, autologous fibular transposition was done in 19, and massive homologous bone grafting was done in 4. Of the patients, 37 were clinically reviewed with a mean follow-up of 4.7 years (range, 1-20 years) by use of the recommendations of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society for pain, function, position of hand, lifting ability, manual dexterity, and satisfaction. Nine patients were reviewed via a questionnaire and telephone interview. Twenty-six had died, and eighteen were lost to follow-up. The best results were achieved after partial scapulectomy and after humeral resection reconstructed with fibular transposition, when the function of the rotator cuff was preserved. After total scapulectomy and after humeral resection with the implantation of a tumor endoprosthesis, the function of the shoulder remained moderate because the rotator cuff was damaged. The overall satisfaction was generally good after all types of shoulder resections as a result of pain relief, preserved hand function, and improvement of psychological status. Patients can compensate extremely well by using the preserved joints and the contralateral upper limb; therefore, patient satisfaction does not rely on shoulder function alone.     

Clavicle malunion.

The clavicle fracture that has united with deformity or shortening may have an adverse effect on normal shoulder girdle function. We report on 4 patients in whom a malunited fracture of the clavicle was believed to be a contributing factor to shoulder girdle dysfunction. In each patient, the functional status of the involved limb was improved after corrective osteotomy at the site of deformity, realignment, and plate fixation.