人工椎体置换植骨术治疗脊椎肿瘤（附11例报告）

目的：探讨使用人工椎体加植骨术治疗脊椎肿瘤。方法：采用改进的人工椎体置换植骨术切除瘤椎治疗１１例脊椎肿瘤,包括颈椎４例,胸椎３例、腰椎４例;患骨巨细胞瘤３例,骨成纤维纤维瘤２例,单纯骨囊肿、骨尤文氏肉瘤、骨神经鞘瘤、软骨瘤、骨嗜酸性肉芽肿、骨转移性腺癌各１例。结果：全部病例进行随访,随访时间１０个月～７年。经Ｘ线摄片检查,人工椎体无１例松动、脱出,上下椎体骨性融合,恢复日常生活工作。结论：人工椎体置换植骨术治疗脊椎原发良恶性肿瘤及椎体单个转移灶不失为一良好替代和重建方法。     

三种人工椎体置换治疗脊柱肿瘤的临床比较

目的：观察比较三种人工椎体置换治疗脊椎肿瘤的临床效果。方法：采用LIFT、Rezaian和可调式中空人工椎体治疗脊柱肿瘤19例。定期X线片检查,观察手术椎节的稳定性、疼痛改善及脊髓功能恢复情况。结果：随访7－34个月,平均11个月。术后疼痛缓解,脊髓功能恢复明显。三种人工椎体稳定,无移位。LIFT和可调式中空人工椎体体内植骨有利融合,椎节高度恢复满意。结论：椎体肿瘤切除人工椎体置换能重建手术椎节的稳定性,应根据肿瘤性质和范围酌情选择不同人工椎体。     

前、后联合入路全脊椎切除附加内固定治疗颈椎骨肿瘤39例报告

目的探讨对颈椎骨肿瘤采用前后联合入路全脊椎切除、内固定重建技术的疗效及其预后。方法1998年10月至2003年10月,对39例颈椎(C3-7)骨肿瘤患者实施全脊柱切除术。其中原发性骨肿瘤34例,包括骨巨细胞瘤14例,浆细胞瘤6例,神经鞘瘤(侵及椎体)1例,软骨肉瘤4例,骨母细胞瘤4例,恶性神经鞘瘤2例,动脉瘤样骨囊肿2例,脊索瘤1例;转移性肿瘤5例,原发灶来源于甲状腺癌、前列腺癌各2例,肺癌1例。经前后联合入路行单椎节切除29例、双椎节切除7例、3个椎节切除3例。经一期或二期前后联合入路行肿瘤切除与内固定重建。前路采用钛网植骨加AO、Orion、Zephir或者Codman等带锁钢板内固定,后路Cervifix、AXIS内固定重建。结果术后随访6个月至5年,绝大多数患者术后近期疗效较满意,局部疼痛和神经症状均有不同程度改善或缓解,19例脊髓神经功能完全恢复。1例术后出现一过性瘫痪加重,1例恶性神经鞘瘤术后1年局部复发,1例转移癌患者于术后25个月因全身衰竭死亡。结论全脊椎切除能显著降低颈椎原发性骨肿瘤局部复发率,改善脊髓神经功能,提高手术疗效。     

经后路一期全脊椎切除治疗胸椎单脊椎肿瘤的临床疗效

目的：探讨胸椎单脊椎肿瘤通过后路一期病椎切除、单纯植骨支撑融合或钛网支撑植骨融合、后路椎弓根钉系统内固定，达到切除病灶并同时重建脊柱稳定性的可行性。方法：对18例胸椎单脊椎肿瘤患者行后中一期全脊椎切除、环脊髓减压，同时进行后路单纯植骨融合或椎间钛网支撑植骨，应用后路CD、TSRH或Scofix椎弓根钉系统内固定。男3例，女15例；年龄14－58岁，平均23岁。T41例，T51例，T62例，T84例，T93例，T104例，T112例，T121例。病理诊断：动脉瘤样骨囊肿4例，血管瘤2例，骨母细胞瘤2例，神经鞘瘤1例，骨巨细胞瘤5例，单发骨髓瘤1例，转移瘤3例。术前Frankel分级：A组6例，B级7例，C级3例，E级2例。结果：术后随访3个月－2年，16例脊髓功能障碍者，12例完全恢复，4例部分恢复，所有患者局部疼痛均消失。1例术后出现一过性瘫痪加重，1例出现脊柱滑脱。术后平均植骨融合时间为3个月。1例骨巨细胞瘤患者复发；1例神经鞘瘤患者1年后局部出现包块，取活检报告为恶性肿瘤（未报组织学类型），4个月后死亡；1例肺癌转移患者术后6个月死亡；其余病例存活至今。结论：对于胸段脊椎肿瘤行后路手术可一期实施单脊椎肿瘤彻底切除，并通过椎体间钛网支撑或植骨及后路椎弓根钉系统内固定重建脊柱的稳定性，效果满意。     

人工椎体置换和植骨术治疗脊椎肿瘤围手术期护理

我院自１９８５年５月～１９９６年１０月，用人工椎体置换加自体髂骨植骨治疗椎体肿瘤９例，随访１～１０年，效果良好。现将人工椎体置换植骨术治疗脊椎肿瘤的围手术期主要护理经验探讨如下。１临床资料本组９例。男４例，女５例。年龄２６～４８岁。肿瘤部位：颈椎、胸...     

脊柱活动节段脊索瘤的外科治疗及其预后(附15例报告)

[目的]探讨脊柱活动节段脊索瘤外科治疗方式与疗效。[方法]对接受手术治疗的15例脊柱活动节段脊索瘤病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。根据肿瘤WBB（Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini）分期，肿瘤主要位于椎体范围内，即4～9扇区内7例，累及椎体且超过一侧4扇区或9扇区4例，同时超过两侧4扇区和9扇区4例；肿瘤侵及A-D层13例，A—C层2例；单椎节骨质破坏9例，2个椎节骨质破坏5例，累及3个椎节1例。手术行椎体或矢状切除10例，全脊椎切除5例。后路重建4例（4例病灶均位于上颈椎），前路重建3例，前后联合重建8例。术中取大块自体骨（髂骨或肋骨）或钛网＋植骨块融合9例，钛网＋骨水泥填塞支撑6例。术后均辅以瘤灶局部放疗。[结果]患者术后临床症状改善明显，神经功能恢复满意，植骨融合率100％。随访14～123个月，平均56．2个月，局部复发7例，死亡4例，未见远处转移病例。[结论]脊柱活动节段脊索瘤临床发病较少，早期症状不典型。应注重肿瘤的早期诊断与治疗。手术切除是治疗脊柱脊索瘤的主要手段，全脊椎切除能明显降低复发率。术后辅助以肿瘤病灶局部放疗对抑制肿瘤复发或进展有积极作用。     

颈椎骨巨细胞瘤手术治疗的中长期随访及预后分析

目的探讨颈椎骨巨细胞瘤（GCT）的临床特点、肿瘤切除方式及预后。方法手术治疗23例颈椎GCT，依据脊柱肿瘤WBB分期，采取椎体次全切除3例，矢状位切除5例，附件切除1例，全脊椎切除14例。脊柱重建方式采取单纯自体髂骨植骨和颈前路钛板、钛网植骨内固定或前后联合内固定加植骨融合。18例患者术后配合局部放疗。结果1例C1-2椎体、附件GCT患者在术后出现神经症状加重，术后10d因呼吸、循环系统衰竭死亡。22例获得3年～10年4个月的随访，患者术后颈部疼痛症状消失，神经根刺激症状得到不同程度的缓解，术后3个月患者神经功能Frankel分级，平均有1—2个级别的改善。植骨全部融合。内固定融合良好，未见脊椎失稳现象。椎体次全切除组复发3例；矢状位切除复发2例，而全脊椎切除组仅1例于术后4年复发。随访期内死亡4例，均为复发病例，1例行翻修手术后6个月出现肺部转移，13个月时死于肺部感染；另有3例均因肿瘤复发最终导致高位瘫痪、全身器官衰竭死亡。结论颈椎GCT是一种良性侵袭性或低度恶性肿瘤，手术治疗应在尽可能保留神经功能的前提下实施扩大范围的肿瘤切除术。全脊椎切除结合术后辅助放疗能明显降低局部复发率。     

脊柱转移性肿瘤的手术切除与脊柱稳定性重建

目的观察脊柱转移性肿瘤的手术切除和脊柱稳定性重建的外科疗效。方法对29例脊柱转移眭肿瘤患者进行脊椎肿瘤切除减压，单纯植骨或钛网、人工椎体植骨加椎弓根钉棒或钢板螺钉内固定，一期重建脊柱稳定性，术后根据病理结果均给予化疗、放疗和激素等综合治疗。观察术后局部疼痛缓解，脊髓神经功能恢复及脊柱椎节的稳定性情况。结果随访6个月～62个月，平均26个月。所有病人术后局部疼痛缓解，脊髓神经功能无加重损伤，其中12例患者脊髓神经功能得到不同程度恢复。术后影像学检查提示：脊柱内固定物在位，椎体序列恢复良好，椎问高度恢复。结论脊柱转移性肿瘤的手术切除和脊柱稳定性重建的外科疗效肯定，适应征具备者应积极手术治疗。     

可调式中空人工椎体的研制与临床应用

目的自行研制可调式中空人工椎体,并将其应用于治疗脊椎肿瘤和椎体爆裂性骨折患者。方法采用无磁性的医用钛金属加工制成可调式中空人工椎体,其长度可调节,中空部分可植骨,周壁上孔隙可使植骨与周围骨组织融合,上下端带刺,可插至断端骨质内固定。椎体切除减压后置入人工椎体,撑开固定治疗椎体肿瘤和爆裂性骨折 23例。术后定期进行 X线检查,观察手术椎节的稳定性和融合情况。结果随访 6个月～ 4年,平均 1.2年。脊髓功能障碍按 Frankel分级评价,术后平均提高 1.2级,神经根引起的疼痛迅速缓解。 X线平片定期观察,结果显示人工椎体稳定、椎间高度恢复良好。结论可调式中空人工椎体可撑开施术椎节,恢复前柱高度,并提供即刻稳定,适用于脊柱椎节广泛切除的病例。     

脊柱肿瘤切除术后稳定性重建

目的：探索脊柱肿瘤切除术后稳定性重建的方法与效果。方法：本组对28例脊柱肿瘤实施了椎体切除。扇形半脊椎切除，附件切除和全脊椎发除四种术式，同时采用了椎体间植骨，人工椎体及前，后路内固定重建技术。结果：全组病人局部疼痛及放射痛缓解。13例截瘫患者中11例肌力均有不同程度改善。11例原发良性肿瘤中2例术后4和10年复发，1例伴恶变，均再次治疗，11例原发恶性肿瘤中2例术后9和12个月死亡，1例植骨块脱出，再次手术。另1例局部肿瘤复发截瘫加重，再次手术但神经功能无恢复。内固定并发症有；钉尾螺母松动脱落1例，椎弓根螺钉位置不良4例计9枚。结论：应用椎体间植骨，人工椎体并辅以前。后路内固定可有效重建脊柱稳定性，促进患者术后早期康复。     

前路切除椎体后缘骨块立柱挡板植骨术治疗胸腰段爆裂型骨折截瘫

1962～1992年共采用前路椎体间立柱撑开植骨,椎体后缘骨块切除,脊髓前减压术治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折合并截瘫或不全截瘫100例。收到减压脊髓、稳定脊柱和植骨融合的效果。本文就经前路切除椎体后缘骨块,椎体间立柱撑开植骨加挡板的手术步骤和新手术入路,进行详细介绍。     

颈胸段脊柱肿瘤的外科治疗

目的 观察比较不同手术入路方法治疗颈胸段脊柱肿瘤的疗效。方法 本组９例,共１０例次。对其中４例肿瘤同时累及椎体及椎体后部结构的患者,选择前后路同期手术,经前路切除肿瘤、椎管减压及钢筋骨水泥或前路钢板固定,并同期行后路肿瘤切除术,其中１例行Ｌａｕｑｕｅ棒固定;对４例肿瘤仅累及椎体者,选择经前路切除肿瘤、椎管减压、钢筋骨水泥固定;另２例肿瘤单纯累及椎体后部结构者,经后路行肿瘤切除和椎管减压术。术后４例     

自体植骨椎间融合加椎弓根内固定治疗腰椎节段性不稳症

目的 探讨节段性腰椎不稳症的手术改进方法和疗效.方法 采用自体植骨(椎间扩孔结合自体椎板骨粒、棘突骨块植骨)椎间融合加椎弓根内固定治疗节段性下腰不稳或潜在不稳91例.结果 91例均获得随访,随访时间8～32个月,平均16个月.按照改良Macnab法疗效评定标准,优74例,良15例,可2例,差0例,优良率98%.X线片显示椎体间植骨融合良好,无高度及复位丢失.结论 椎弓根内固定可矫正滑移,恢复脊柱的生理弧度,达到即刻稳定,增加植骨的融合率,提高了融合率,节省了医疗费用.     

影响一期手术治疗脊柱结核并截瘫患者疗效的相关因素

目的:探讨影响一期手术治疗脊柱结核并截瘫患者疗效的相关因素。方法:1999年12月至2004年6月,采用一期病灶清除、植骨内固定术共治疗81例脊柱结核并截瘫患者,对其术前、术后X线片、MRI、ESR资料及术后伤口引流情况与治疗结果进行回顾性分析。结果:63例术前MRI检查显示的病椎数比X线片显示的病椎数平均每例患者多2个椎体(P<0.05)。72例患者获26.4个月(3~58个月)随诊,Frankel分级平均改善1.22级,后凸畸形明显改善。术后X线片及MRI显示有4例16枚钉置入病椎,术后3个月时螺钉松动率为87.5%(14/16);47例188枚钉置入正常椎体,术后3个月时螺钉松动率为2.13%(4/188)。术后伤口未引流组和引流组窦道形成率分别为8.10%和0。69例ESR在术后3个月内降至正常。结论:脊柱结核并截瘫患者一期手术术前应重视MRI检查并积极采纳其提供的信息;术后引流对取得理想的手术疗效、减少并发症极为重要;对截瘫进行性加重的患者,ESR未降至正常或化疗未满2周时进行手术亦相对安全。     

Surgical management for upper thoracic spine tumors by a transmanubrium approach and a new space

The anterior aspect of the upper thoracic spine is a difficult region to approach in spinal surgery. Many vital structures including osseus, articular, vascular and nervous ones hinder the exposure. With increasing frequency, spine surgeons are being asked to provide decompression and stabilization in patients with spinal tumors .The traditional exposure is between the esophagus and trachea medially and the left common carotid or the brachiocephalic artery (BCA) laterally, and the disadvantages were that the ligation and section of the left innominate vein is proposed to reach T4 and the injury of the thoracic duct could occur. The right space of the BCA or the ascending aorta (AA) (the exposure between the right brachiocephalic vein and the BCA or between the AA and superior caval vein) is recommended in exposing the upper thoracic vertebrae; this new space is technically feasible; the exposure is sufficient for vertebral body resection and reconstruction and fixation. Twenty-eight patients with upper thoracic spine tumors underwent surgery by the use of this new space between June 2000 and October 2005. A strut graft was fixed anteriorly after decompression of the spinal cord. Levels C7–T5 can be well exposed through this new space, allowing complete vertebral body removal at level T1–T4. After body removal, the posterior longitudinal ligament is well exposed, allowing complete release of the spinal cord. Curettage was performed in one case of aneurysmal bone cyst and three cases of bone giant cell tumors. For other tumors, vertebrectomies or sagittal resections were performed. Four patients underwent surgery by a combination of anterior and posterior approach.     

Optimization of tumor volume reduction and cement augmentation in percutaneous vertebroplasty for prophylactic treatment of spinal metastases

OBJECTIVE: Spinal metastatic disease occurs in up to one-third of all cancer patients. Metastasis can lead to vertebral burst fracture and consequent neurologic compromise. Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) is a minimally invasive procedure aimed at restoring vertebral stability by augmentation of weakened vertebrae with bone cement. PV is associated with a complication rate of 10% in treating vertebral metastases. Tumor ablation before cement injection has been suggested to improve PV outcome in the metastatic spine. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of volumetric tumor reduction and cement augmentation in the metastatic spine and to develop a protocol for recommended cement volume to achieve sufficient restoration of intact (nonpathologic) vertebral body stability. METHODS: A biphasic parametric finite element model of an L1 spinal motion segment was developed and validated against previously collected experimental data. Using this model, 12 scenarios were simulated to represent tumor volume reductions of up to 60% and cement augmentation from 1 to 8 mL. CONCLUSIONS: Restoration of intact vertebral stability is possible in metastatic vertebrae after 30% tumor ablation and 1 to 2 mL bone cement augmentation. A protocol was developed on the basis of the findings of this study suggesting recommended cement volume for injection as a function of remaining tumor volume after ablation. These findings may motivate refined methods of prophylactic treatment of metastatic vertebrae.     

Carbon fiber reinforced polysulfone implants for tumor surgery of the spine

Anterior tumor removal, cord decompression and spinal stabilization gain in significance in surgical treatment of vertebral tumors. An implant system, consisting of a basket as vertebral body replacement, plates and screws, was developed using carbon fibre reinforced polysulfone. This system allows to perform individually shaped, stable and short-distance spine fusions from an anterior approach. Moreover its radiolucence facilitates postoperative care and irradiation. Operative technique and clinical experience are demonstrated in two patients.     

Back pain caused by benign tumors and tumor-like lesions of the thoracolumbar spine

Twenty-two patients with benign tumors or tumor-like lesions of the spine (vertebral echinococcal cysts, eosinophilic granuloma) presented with back pain and deformity. The duration of pain ranged from 1 to 6 years. Five patients had incomplete paraplegia at admission. Spine deformity was observed in patients with osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, hemangioma, and vertebral echinococcal involvement. All patients underwent clinical evaluation, laboratory studies, and histologic studies. Electromyogram studies were performed in patients who had a neurologic deficit or nerve root irritation. Imaging evaluation consisted of plain films, bone scans, computed tomography scans, and magnetic resonance imaging scans. Fifteen patients had lumbar involvement; 7 had thoracic involvement. For 18 patients, management included tumor excision and thorough debridement of the lesion. Spinal instrumentation and fusion were used to correct the deformity and treat the instability in 5 patients. Patients were followed for 1 to 8 years. Of the 5 patients with incomplete paraplegia, 4 recovered completely, and the fifth (who had spinal cord hemangioma) improved 2 grades on Frankel's scale. The remaining patients were disease free and returned to routine daily activities. Benign tumors or tumor-like lesions of the thoracolumbar or lumbar spine are very rare and easily misdiagnosed in patients with persistent back pain. Patients whose symptoms progress or fail to respond over an appropriate period of time should be evaluated further. Complete excision of the tumor followed by spinal instrumentation in the presence of deformity or instability is the treatment of choice.     

上胸椎肿瘤的手术途径及术式探讨

目的：探讨上胸椎肿瘤前路不同手术路径,肿瘤切除术式,Orion钢板或TSRH内固定术的作用。方法：上胸椎肿瘤患者15例,其中骨巨细胞瘤5例,软骨肉瘤1例,嗜酸性肉芽肿1例,血管瘤1例,恶性淋巴瘤1例,转移癌4例,脊柱外科分期：Ⅰ期7例,Ⅱ期3例,Ⅲ期1例,Ⅳ期4例;肿瘤切除方式;囊内切除4例,包膜切除7例,广泛切除4例,根据肿瘤的病理类型,术后给予相应的放疗或化疗。结果：术后随访3－20个月,2例术后出现声音嘶哑,系术中喉返神经牵拉伤所致,2个月后症状缓解,近期疗效均较满意,15个患者术后神经功能均有所改善,1例T1转移性腺癌（来源于化学感受器腺癌）患者术后16个月因全身多处转移,全身衰竭死亡。1例T1－T2骨巨细胞瘤患者囊内切除术后8个月局部复发,结论：应用根据肿瘤的部位、性质、分期选择相应的手术途径及肿瘤切除方式,前路植骨、人工椎体、Orion或TSRH内固定术有利于上胸椎的重和稳定。