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目的探讨系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)合并急性胰腺炎的临床特点、病因、发病机制和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1983-01～2003-03北京协和医院住院治疗的SLE合并急性胰腺炎患者15例。结果急性轻型胰腺炎12例,重型胰腺炎3例。所有患者均给予中到大剂量糖皮质激素治疗,病情痊愈5例,好转5例,死亡5例。结论(1)急性胰腺炎是SLE病情活动的表现;(2)胰腺血管病变是导致胰腺炎的主要致病机制;(3)糖皮质激素可能不是导致胰腺炎的病因;(4)中到大剂量糖皮质激素治疗是安全有效的。     

结缔组织疾病患者结核感染的研究现状与思考

近年来,随着结缔组织疾病(connective tissue disease,CTD)临床诊治水平的不断提高,以及糖皮质激素及各种免疫抑制剂的积极应用,特别是近些年来有关自身免疫病的靶向治疗以及生物制剂的使用,明显改善了CTD的临床进程及预后.     

IgG4相关性自身免疫性胰腺炎治疗中免疫抑制剂的应用

1型自身免疫性胰腺炎即IgG4相关性自身免疫性胰腺炎目前治疗的首选药物是糖皮质激素。免疫抑制剂与糖皮质激素联合治疗有助于激素减量,并维持疾病的长期缓解。目前对于IgG4相关性疾病的免疫抑制剂治疗,缺乏循证级别较高的前瞻性研究,国际和国内尚无统一规范,主要借鉴其他自身免疫病的经验。介绍了传统药物包括硫唑嘌呤、吗替麦考酚、环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤、来氟米特、环孢霉素等,以及生物治疗如靶向B淋巴细胞的利妥昔单抗在该病治疗中的应用情况。     

自身免疫性坏死性肌病伴干燥综合征1例报告并文献复习

目的:提高对自身免疫性坏死性肌病伴干燥综合征的临床诊断和发病机制的认识。方法:对1例自身免疫性坏死性肌病伴干燥综合征患者的临床资料进行整理和分析,并复习相关文献。结果:自身免疫性坏死性肌病伴干燥综合征较少见,通过肌肉活检、唾液腺或唇腺活检可以增加诊断的准确性,经糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、辅酶Q等治疗后病情好转。结论:自身免疫性坏死性肌病伴干燥综合征患者早期起病隐匿,易被误诊、漏诊,临床上应重视早期发现、早期诊断。     

68例非HIV免疫抑制巨细胞病毒肺炎患者临床特点及预后分析

目的:分析非人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)免疫抑制患者罹患巨细胞病毒肺炎的临床特点以及对于预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月到2018年10月期间河北医科大学第二医院呼吸内二科病房收治的68例非HIV免疫抑制巨细胞病毒肺炎患者的临床资料,根据28 d病情转归情况将患者分为存活组和死亡组,比较临床资料并进行预后分析。结果:罹患肾脏疾病、风湿性疾病、血液系统疾病并接受糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂治疗的患者容易发生巨细胞病毒肺炎。与存活组比较,死亡组中急性生理与慢性健康Ⅱ评分、超敏C反应蛋白、白细胞计数最小值、中性粒细胞百分比较高( P值均<0.05),淋巴细胞计数、CD3 +T淋巴细胞、CD4 +T淋巴细胞较低( P值均<0.05);长疗程(≥3个月)糖皮质激素以及联合应用免疫抑制剂在死亡组更为多见( P值均<0.05);死亡组中基础疾病为皮肤疾病、合并多重耐药革兰阳性球菌感染、血流感染、需要接受机械通气治疗患者较多( P值均<0.05)。 结论:长疗程糖皮质激素以及联合应用免疫抑制剂、合并多重耐药革兰阳性球菌感染、血流感染、需要接受机械通气治疗的患者死亡率较高。     

急性胰腺炎肝损害214例分析

目的探讨急性胰腺炎患者肝功能损害的临床特点及预后。方法对2001-01~2003-10期间第二军医大学长海医院收治的290例急性胰腺炎进行回顾性分析。结果通过对比不同类型急性胰腺炎的肝功能损害和C-反应蛋白(CRP)变化,发现随着胰腺炎病情加重,肝损害明显;且重型急性胰腺炎患者的肝功能损害与CRP有一定相关性(P<0.01)。结论急性胰腺炎合并肝功能损害几率较高,其发生机制可能与全身炎症反应有关。肝脏损害与CRP的变化有一定相关性。     

炎症性肠病合并肝胆胰疾病的分子机制

炎症性肠病(IBD)是一种病因与发病机制不明的、慢性非特异性肠道炎症性疾病,常伴随有肠外表现,可涉及包括肝胆胰在内的多个器官累及,对IBD的预后转归有重要的影响。肝胆胰器官并发症主要包括原发性硬化性胆管炎、原发性胆汁性胆管炎、自身免疫性肝炎、IgG4相关性硬化性胆管炎、急性胰腺炎、慢性胰腺炎、自身免疫性胰腺炎、非特异性胰酶升高等。IBD相关肝胆胰并发症的发生是在具有遗传易感性的个体中,环境因素和免疫因素等共同作用下所致,综述了其发病机制的相关研究进展。     

程序性死亡受体-1抑制剂相关性胰腺炎：1例报道并文献复习

随着免疫检查点抑制剂的临床广泛应用,相关不良反应也随之增多。免疫相关不良事件(immune-related adverse event, irAE)临床表现多样,及时识别免疫相关不良事件并干预可预防长期毒性。本例患者为老年男性,临床表现为腹痛;程序性死亡受体-1抑制剂治疗史;查体上腹压痛,完善检验检查提示胰腺炎,结合病史考虑诊断免疫检查点抑制剂相关性胰腺炎。现简述该患者诊治过程,并对免疫检查点抑制剂相关性胰腺炎展开文献复习。     

病毒性肝炎合并急性胰腺炎临床分析

目的探讨病毒性肝炎合并急性胰腺炎的临床特点和预后。方法回顾性分析近10年收治的50例病毒性肝炎合并急性胰腺炎患者的临床表现、实验室检查以及预后等方面的资料。结果 50例患者中,重型肝炎合并急性胰腺炎者32例,其中好转者12例,恶化者20例;非重型肝炎合并急性胰腺炎患者18例,全部好转出院。HAV相关者5例,全部好转;HBV相关者36例,好转25例,恶化11例;HEV相关9例,全部恶化,其中6例病情加重自动出院,3例死亡。结论重型肝炎合并急性胰腺炎发生率高,预后明显差于非重型肝炎合并急性胰腺炎。HEV相关感染合并急性胰腺炎预后亦差于HAV及HBV相关感染合并急性胰腺炎。     

自身免疫性胰腺炎诊治进展

自身免疫性胰腺炎(AIP)是一种由自身免疫介导、以胰腺肿大及胰管不规则狭窄为特征的胰腺慢性炎症性疾病,病理以胰管纤维化伴有淋巴浆细胞浸润为特征,其治疗尚缺乏统一标准。本文就自身免疫性胰腺炎的流行病学、发病机制、临床特点、影像学检查、病理学特点、诊断标准、治疗及预后七个方面的相关研究进展进行综述,以加深对其认识及了解。     

215例慢性胰腺炎病因学分析

目的：探讨我国慢性胰腺炎的病因。方法：回顾性分析1990－2000年北京协和医院215例慢性胰腺炎患者的病因。结果：215例慢性胰腺炎患者的病因中,胆道系统疾病占36．7％,酒精中毒占26．5％,特发性占30．2％,其他病因包括自身免疫性疾病、急性胰腺炎、外伤和遗传等。胆道系统疾病中以胆囊结石最为多见,其次为胆管结石和胆囊炎。结论：我国慢性胰腺炎的病因以胆道系统疾病为主,而酒精性因素呈上升趋势,自身免疫性疾病作为慢性胰腺炎的病因正逐渐受到重视。     

Etiological analysis of chronic pancreatitis in 215 cases

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the etiology of chronic pancreatitis in China. METHODS: The causes of 215 cases of chronic pancreatitis treated at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between 1990 and 2000 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The causes of chronic pancreatitis were biliary diseases (36.7%), alcoholic (26.5%), idiopathic (30.2%), and other uncommon causes such as auto­immune disease, recurrent acute pancreatitis, trauma and heredity. Among biliary diseases, the most common cause was cholecystolithiasis, followed by bile duct stone and cholecystitis. CONCLUSIONS: The main cause of chronic pancreatitis in China is biliary disease. That caused by ethanol is increasing, and autoimmune disease is also receiving increasing attention.     

Three cases of bronchial asthma preceding IgG4-related autoimmune pancreatitis

Background: Autoimmune pancreatitis is characterized by diffuse swelling of the pancreas and a high serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 concentration. Histopathologically, dense infiltration of lymphocytes and IgG4-positive plasma cells with fibrosis are seen in the pancreas. Although allergic diseases complicating autoimmune pancreatitis have been reported, the clinical features of bronchial asthma complicated by autoimmune pancreatitis remain unclear.Case Summary: We report three cases of bronchial asthma preceding the onset of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis by 3 months to 30 years. All three cases were males with high serum IgG, IgG4, and IgE concentrations. The radioallergosorbent tests were positive for common allergens such as mites and house dust. One case had a pulmonary manifestation that proved to be an inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung with an accumulation of IgG4-positive plasma cells. The asthma symptom was ameliorated by oral prednisolone therapy for autoimmune pancreatitis, and when the corticosteroid doses were reduced, asthma became worse in all three cases.Discussion: It is possible that atopy and increased Th2 cell activity are related to a higher coincidence of IgG4-related diseases such as type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis. Because the present cases are few in number, further studies are necessary.     

Atteintes extrapancréatiques au cours de la pancréatite auto-immune: particularités et apport diagnostique

Autoimmune pancreatitis is a rare entity. It represents 2 to 5% of chronic pancreatitis. With clinical, biological, and radiological particularities, extra pancreatic features of autoimmune pancreatitis have a great value for diagnosis. Our study concerns 3 cases of autoimmune panreatitis. We will study the extrapancreatic features particularities and their diagnosic value. We report 3 cases (two men and a woman 55, 28 and 24 years-old) with autoimmune pancreatitis with jaundice or epigastrium pain, synchronous and metachronous extrapancreatic features. In 2 cases, these extra-pancreatic features included cholangitis with renal atrophy and retroperitoneal fibrosis in one case. In the last case, we found Crohn’s disease and Gougerot-Sjogren disease. IGG4 level was high in the three cases. The diagnosis was made radiologically (CT scan, MRI) in two cases and histologically after duodenopanreatectomy in one case. Corticoid therapy had constituted a diagnosis and therapeutic test in two cases and treatment for extra-pancreatic features in one case. The presence of synchronous or metachronous inflammatory lesions of the biliary tract, kidney, intestine or other during the auto-immune pancreatitis can guide the diagnosis of this rare and often misunderstood disease. Their knowledge can save the patient a surgical procedure allowing medical treatment with corticosteroids.     

Acute hepatitis E complicated by acute pancreatitis: a case report and literature review

The coincidence of viral hepatitis and acute pancreatitis is well described. Most of the cases are related to acute hepatitis A or B. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are rare in Europe, and very few reports describe HEV as a causative agent of acute pancreatitis in areas of endemic hepatitis E prevalence. We report a case of acute pancreatitis in the course of acute hepatitis E in a 28-year-old male patient. The majority of reported cases, including our case, show several common epidemiological and clinical features: young age, male predominance, onset of acute pancreatitis at the early stage of acute hepatitis, and favorable outcome. Acute pancreatitis should be considered in acute hepatitis E, especially in young, male patients presenting with severe epigastric pain early in the course of disease. The pancreatitis in these patients usually runs a benign course. The patients should be closely monitored because life-threatening complications have been reported.     

Influence of bouts of acute pancreatitis on the course of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis in man

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the influence of acute pancreatitis upon the course of chronic pancreatitis, its complications, the need for surgical treatment, and mortality, in alcoholic men. The studied population was composed of 222 men; 110 had never had acute pancreatitis and 112 had presented at least once with acute pancreatitis. The cumulative probability to have a first bout of acute pancreatitis was 41.5 percent, 2 years after the onset of chronic pancreatitis. There was no difference in follow-up but clinical onset of chronic pancreatitis was earlier in the "acute pancreatitis" group. There was no difference in the prevalence of biliary strictures, non-alcoholic hepatic disease or need for surgery. On the contrary, diabetes mellitus, alcoholic hepatic disease were less frequent and pseudocysts were more frequent in the "acute pancreatitis" group. We observed 56 deaths. The comparison of mortality and cumulative survival rates showed a lower mortality in the "acute pancreatitis" group (p less than 0.02 and 0.05, respectively). The main causes of death were alcohol-related hepatic disease, postoperative mortality, and carcinoma Alcoholic cirrhosis was more frequent in patients who died in the "no acute pancreatitis" group. We conclude that: a) acute pancreatitis is an early complication of chronic pancreatitis in one case out of two; b) clinical onset of chronic pancreatitis occurs earlier in patients who presented with acute pancreatitis; c) need for surgery is not different; d) alcoholic hepatic disease is more frequent in the "no acute pancreatitis" group; e) mortality is lower in the "acute pancreatitis" group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

老年人急性胰腺炎122例临床分析

目的 探讨老年人急性胰腺炎的临床特点、诊治措施及影响预后的因素。方法 回顾性分析老年人急性胰腺炎（老年组）的临床资料122例，并与同期非老年患者（非老年组）120例作比较。结果 老年组的诱因主要为胆结石症（81例，66．3％），主要临床表现为腹痛、发热，其中2例因腹痛症状轻微，血淀粉酶升高不明显而漏诊，尸检证实为急性胰腺坏死。其中重症胰腺炎45例，老年组31例，非老年组14例，老年组重症胰腺炎突出表现为呼吸功能不全22例（70．9％），休克7例（22．5％），肾功能不全5例（16．1％）。并存症，老年组36例，非老年组10例，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），主要为心、脑、肺疾病及糖尿病。老年组死亡6例，病死率为4．9％，死因主要为休克；非老年组无死亡。结论 老年人急性胰腺炎具有临床表现不典型、病情重、并存症多的特点，积极内科综合治疗，能改善患者预后。     

重症急性胰腺炎治疗的几个问题

急性胰腺炎是消化系统常见急症,分为轻症急性胰腺炎(MAP)和重症急性胰腺炎(SAP),其中80%的患者为MAP,病情具有自限性,预后良好,而SAP因常伴有诸多局部和系统性并发症,死亡率高。胰腺或胰腺周围坏死感染是SAP最严重的并发症,其病死率高达30%。虽然抗生素、肠内营养和益生菌都被用来预防胰腺感染,但只有肠内营养的作用被肯定,而其余两者在SAP中的作用还存在较多争议。     

Etiology and pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis: current concepts

Acute pancreatitis is a disorder that has numerous causes and an obscure pathogenesis. Bile duct stones and alcohol abuse together account for about 80% of acute pancreatitis. Most episodes of biliary pancreatitis are associated with transient impaction of the stone in the ampulla (that causes obstruction of the pancreatic duct, with ductal hypertension) or passage of the stone though and into the duodenum. Other causes of acute pancreatitis are various toxins, drugs, other obstructive causes (such as malignancy or fibrotic sphincter of Oddi), metabolic abnormalities, trauma, ischemia, infection, autoimmune diseases, etc. In 10% of cases of acute pancreatitis, no underlying cause can be identified; this is idiopathic pancreatitis. Occult biliary microlithiasis may be the cause of two thirds of the cases of "idiopathic" acute pancreatitis. Intra-acinar activation of trypsinogen plays a central role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis, resulting in subsequent activation of other proteases causing the subsequent cell damage. Ischemia/reperfusion injury is increasingly recognized as a common and important mechanism in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis and especially in the progression from mild edematous to severe necrotizing form. Increased intracellular calcium concentration also mediates acinar cell damage. Oxygen-derived free radicals and many cytokines (e.g., interleukin [IL]-1, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, platelet activating factor) are considered to be principal mediators in the transformation of acute pancreatitis from a local inflammatory process into a multiorgan illness.     

急性胰腺炎合并高脂血症的临床特点

目的 探讨急性胰腺炎(AP)合并高脂血症患者的病因及临床特点.方法 收集2002年1月至2007年12月收治的AP患者497例,纳入符合标准的60例.以三酰甘油(TG)>11.3 mmol/L或者TG在5.65～11.3 mmol/L之间,但血清呈乳状者为标准分为重度高脂血症组和轻度高脂血症组,另按病情严重程度分为轻症急性胰腺炎组(MAP)和重症急性胰腺炎组(SAP),分别观察其病因及临床特点.结果 重度高脂血症组13例,轻度高脂血症组47例.重度组5例(38.5%)有AP发作史,显著高于轻度组的10.6%(P<0.05);重度组病因以高脂血症为主,轻度组以胆源性为主.重度组血清总胆固醇(TC)为(8.17±2.76)mmol/L,TG为(13.47±4.12)mmol/L,显著高于轻度组的(4.97±1.67)mmol/L和(4.09±2.18)mmol/L(P<0.01).另一方面,SAP组血淀粉酶、血糖、TG、TC及腹痛缓解时间分别为(1396±2233)U/L、(14.17±8.37)mmol/L、(7.69 ±6.56)mmol/L、(5.39±3.58)mmol/L和(6.30±3.27)d,MAP组分别为(831±1348)U/L、(8.28±3.89)mmol/L、(5.55±3.92)mmol/L、(5.64±1.79)mmol/L和(4.29±2.62)d,两组比较,仅血糖水平和腹痛缓解时间具有显著差异(P<0.05).结论 重度高脂血症者AP的复发率高,高血脂程度与AP的发生关系密切,但与病情严重程度无关.