第9、10肋间神经外侧皮支营养血管皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的：为季肋部皮神经营养血管皮瓣提供解剖学基础。方法：在17例34侧成人躯干标本上，观察了第9、10肋间神经外侧皮支及其营养血管的来源、走行及分布规律；在临床上，应用第9肋间神经外侧皮支皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复组织缺损2例。结果：第9、10肋间神经外侧皮支从腋中线前后相应肋间穿出深筋膜，分为前、后支，呈节段性、重叠性分布于侧胸腹部皮肤。皮神经营养血管相互间形成丰富的吻合。临床应用取得了满意的疗效。结论：以第9、10肋间神经外侧皮支营养血管为蒂，可以设计皮神经营养血管皮瓣。     

肩胛下血管蒂复合组织瓣移植的解剖学基础

目的：为以肩胛下血管为蒂复合组织瓣移植提供解剖学基础。方法：４０侧成人上肢标本解剖观察肩胛下动脉的分支类型及分布。结果：肩胛下动脉分支有３种类型：①肩胛下动脉直接分出旋肩胛动脉和胸背动脉,占５２．５％;②肩胛下动脉发出旋肩胛、胸背、旋肱后或胸外动脉,占４０％;③旋肩胛动脉与胸背动脉分别起于腋动脉,占７．５％。旋肩胛动脉恒定发浅、深支,浅支分布于肩胛冈下部筋膜皮肤,深支分布于肩胛骨外侧缘。胸背动脉恒定发肩胛骨支、前锯肌支,分布于肩胛骨外侧缘中下部、前锯肌及第５～７肋。胸背动脉于肩胛骨下角上方１．９ｃｍ处分为内、外侧支。结论：９２．５％可以肩胛下血管为蒂形成：①肩胛（骨）皮瓣与背阔肌皮瓣;②肩胛（骨）皮瓣与侧胸皮瓣;③肩胛（骨）皮瓣与前锯肌肋骨瓣。７．５％则可以胸背动脉为蒂形成背阔肌皮瓣与前锯肌肋骨瓣。     

季肋—腹部皮瓣的应用解剖学

在68侧成人尸体上,对腹上外侧部T_(10)T_(11)T_(12)神经血管的外侧皮支的前支进行了解剖学研究。以肋间后血管外侧皮支的前支为蒂,可以构成一个新的皮瓣供区。第十肋间动脉外侧皮支的前支在背阔肌前缘外径0.9±0.3mm,第十一肋间后动脉外侧皮支的前支为0.9±0.3mm,肋下动脉的外侧皮支的前支为0.8±0.3mm。     

修复小腿的三种常用皮瓣的主干动脉直径及长度的解剖学研究

目的：评估国人胸脐皮瓣、背阔肌皮瓣及股前外侧皮瓣的主干动脉直径及长度及其在小腿修复中的应用价值。方法：采用成年尸体下肢标本30侧,解剖并观测胫前动脉、胫后动脉的直径,观测肩胛下动脉、胸背动脉、旋肩胛动脉、腹壁下动脉、旋股外侧动脉降支的直径及长度。结果：修复小腿的三种常用皮瓣的主干动脉与胫前、胫后动脉的直径基本匹配,但主干动脉长度相差较大,从高到低分别为股前外侧皮瓣（92．7±25．3）mm、背阔肌皮瓣（88．4±20．8）mm、胸脐皮瓣（75．8±17．0）mm。结论：采用游离皮瓣移植修复小腿软组织缺损时,注意不同皮瓣的主干动脉直径及长度有助于吻合成功。     

上侧胸部穿支的应用解剖学研究

目的　对上侧胸部皮肤的血供分布规律进行解剖学研究,为上侧胸部皮瓣的设计提供解剖学依据。 方法　新鲜成人标本10具,灌注红色乳胶氧化铅混合物后行螺旋CT进行扫描,后数据输入Mimics 13软件进行三维重建;然后进行解剖,观察并记录第9肋以上腋中线周围管径大于0.5 mm的穿支的管径、穿出点、走形于筋膜的长度及与周围血管的吻合关系;将其中2具标本躯干的被覆组织剥离下来,行X线摄影。 结果　第3、第4肋间后动脉在侧胸壁的外侧支支常常缺失或管径细小。该区域的皮肤血供分布来源于旋肩胛动脉、胸外侧动脉及胸背动脉近端的穿支。10具标本共中解剖到了109支位于第5至第8肋间隙的肋间后动脉肌皮穿支;90%侧标本上有一支优势穿支的存在,外径为（0.9±0.3）mm。在25%的标本中,可以发现优势穿支与肩胛下动脉前锯肌支的分支有吻合。 结论　 ①上侧胸部可以切取以胸背动脉外侧支为蒂大型跨区皮瓣;②第5至第8肋间隙存在恒定的肋间后动脉外侧穿支,可以切取以肋间后动脉外侧穿支皮瓣来修复四肢及躯干部皮肤缺损。     

背部带蒂轴型肌皮瓣修复邻近部位深度创面22例

目的探讨带蒂轴型背部肌皮瓣在邻近部位深度创面修复中的应用。方法 2005年至2010年中南大学湘雅医院烧伤整形外科采用轴型背部肌皮瓣转移修复邻近部位深度创面22例。烧(创)伤创面彻底清创、溃疡和肿瘤切除后采用胸背动脉为蒂的背阔肌肌皮瓣14例,背阔肌肌皮瓣联合髂腰皮瓣3例,联合胸大肌皮瓣1例,腰动脉和肋间后血管为蒂的逆行背阔肌肌皮瓣1例,下位斜方肌肌皮瓣3例。结果背阔肌肌皮瓣转移术后感染或远端部分坏死各1例;4例供瓣区植皮部分未成活,经再次扩创或二期植皮后愈合。其余组织瓣移植未见并发症发生。随访3～24月,修复部位功能和外观均基本满意。结论带蒂轴型背部肌皮瓣能满足颈、胸、上肢等深度创面覆盖的需要,可安全、有效地修复这些部位的深度创面。     

远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜肌皮瓣的血管解剖与临床应用

目的:介绍远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜肌皮瓣的血管解剖学基础与临床应用经验。方法:解剖6个小腿灌注标本,重点观察腓肠神经血管轴与腓肠肌内外侧头肌支和肌皮穿支之间的交通吻合。结果:在腓肠神经穿出深筋膜前(筋膜下段),腓肠神经血管轴与两侧的腓肠肌肌支间各有2～4个吻合。在穿出深筋膜后(筋膜上段),与两侧的腓肠肌肌皮穿支间各有2～3个吻合。在腓肠肌腱腹交界(约为小腿中点)的近侧2～4cm内,恒定有1～3支肌皮穿支血管与腓肠神经血管轴相交通。据此,临床上设计切取以腓动脉最远侧肌间隔穿支血管供血的腓肠神经筋膜蒂腓肠肌皮瓣,修复3例伴有死腔和骨髓炎感染的小腿下1/3段和足踝创面,筋膜皮瓣面积10～12cm×5～6cm,其深层的肌肉6～8cm×4～6cm,皮瓣完全成活。结论:远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜肌皮瓣,血供可靠,转移方便,是修复小腿下段和足踝部伴有死腔或骨髓炎创面的好方法。     

肩胛下血管蒂组织瓣的解剖及其临床应用

目的　研究肩钾下血管蒂组织瓣的血供解剖 ,解决肩钾下血管蒂的联合组织瓣的临床应用。方法　采用 6具新鲜尸体标本 ,从肩胛下血管起始处灌注中华墨汁 ,观察皮肤着色范围 ,于背阔肌上缘、前缘、肩胛岗、腋前线和髂嵴平面分别切取组织块做连续切片 ,应用Luzex F图像分析仪 ,观察皮瓣间微血管构筑。结果　肩胛皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣、侧胸皮瓣间存在非常丰富的血管吻合网。临床上以肩胛下动静脉为血管蒂 ,包含肩胛皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣、侧胸皮瓣联合移植修复巨大软组织缺损 ,吻合血管移植 6例 ,轴型皮瓣移植 5 0例 ,均获成功。结论　肩胛下血管蒂联合组织瓣是一个理想的供区 ,可用于移植修复大范围组织缺损。     

侧胸部小切的应用解剖

目的为侧胸部小切口手术方法提供应用解剖学基础.方法解剖观测23例(46侧)常规防腐尸体标本的胸前外侧区内胸背神经、胸背血管、胸长神经及胸外侧血管的走行、分支及分布和体表定位.结果侧胸部背阔肌和胸大肌之间的三角形间隙内,胸背神经横径(2.6±0.5)mm;暴露长度(进入背阔肌前)(4.7±0.7)cm;均于第4或5肋间隙进入背阔肌;与其伴行的胸背动脉压径(3.0±0.6)mm.胸长神经横径(2.4±0.6)mm;暴露长度(4.6±0.7)cm;均于第4或第5肋间隙入前锯肌.面胸外侧动、静脉于胸小肌下缘中部第3、4肋间隙穿出胸小肌后也暴露于此三角内,其压径(2.7±0.4)mm;暴露长度(3.9±0.7)cm.结论胸背神经、胸背血管、胸长神经、胸外侧血管在背阔肌与胸大肌之间的三角形间隙内有固定行径,进行侧胸部小切口时,应避免上述结构损伤.     

胸背动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖研究和临床应用

目的:研究背阔肌肌皮穿支血管在皮肤内的走行和分布面积,探索背阔肌穿支皮瓣的切取范围和预测该穿支皮瓣的成活面积。方法:(1)选用10具新鲜尸体,采用改良氧化铅-明胶灌注技术进行动脉灌注。解剖胸背动脉穿支血管(口径大于0.5mm)。分别拍摄X线片以显示胸背动脉在背阔肌内和其穿支血管皮肤内的形态和分布。测定穿支血管的数量、口径及其供应区域的面积。(2)在解剖研究基础上应用了游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣修复肢体和躯干皮肤缺损共6例。结果:发现胸背动脉发出3～6支肌皮穿支胸背动脉血管供应皮肤。其中最大的胸背动脉穿支起自外侧支,位于腋后襞下6～8cm。其以下从外侧支发出的穿支数可多达3个,每间隔1.5～4cm发出穿支。每个穿支斜行3～5cm穿过肌肉达皮肤。穿支动脉口径约为0.3～0.6mm,均有两条伴行静脉。临床应用胸背动脉穿支皮瓣6例,皮瓣最大面积为20cm×12cm,最小为15cm×8cm。皮瓣全部成活,随访8～14个月,皮瓣外形均满意,无需二次手术修薄皮瓣。供区隐蔽,无背阔肌功能障碍。结论:本研究为预测胸背动脉穿支皮瓣的成活面积及安全可靠地切取该穿支皮瓣提供解剖依据。     

胎儿输卵管的形态学研究

目的：对胎儿输卵管进行了形态这观察和测量，为国人胚胎学的教学和科研提供参考资料，方法：选用泰安市的９～３８周胎儿标本３７３例，观察输卵管的形态特征，测量其长度和重量，结果和结论：胎儿早期输卵管管径近似，１５周始三段形态特征十分明显，２０周后壶腹部常发生弯曲，测量的各数值均随胎儿的发育而增大，长度每月增加３～５ｍｍ，重量４个月前每月增加２～３ｍｇ，５个月始每月增加４０～５０ｍｇ。     

游离骨间后动脉3叶皮瓣设计的解剖学研究

目的　为临床设计以骨间后血管为蒂的游离3叶皮瓣提供解剖学依据。 方法　新鲜前臂标本8侧,以肱骨外上髁至尺骨茎突桡侧连线为轴线,将前臂划分为4个均等区间,解剖观察远端3个区间中骨间后动脉发出的穿支的位置、走形和分支数,在深筋膜浅层和深层的穿支蒂长度。选取1例标本进行3叶皮瓣设计切取模拟手术。 结果　骨间后动脉在前臂平均发出4~7个穿支,其中区间I穿支数为2~4个,区间II穿支数为2~3个,区间III穿支数平均为1~3个;区间I、II、III穿支起点到深筋膜的蒂长分别为0~0.6、0.2~1.2、0.5~1.8 cm, 穿支起点到浅筋膜层的蒂长分别为1.2~2.7、1.2~4.5、1.8~4.5 cm。 结论　以骨间后动脉为蒂,利用其不同部位的穿支组合,设计游离3叶皮瓣具有临床可行性。     

小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣的应用研究

目的探讨小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损的效果。方法成人尸体23具（46侧下肢），股动脉红色乳胶灌注，肉眼解剖观察小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣范围内动脉及其吻合支的分布及关系。在解剖学研究的基础上，于1995年1月至2006年12月间，应用小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣移植修复足部组织缺损16例。皮瓣最大面积为16cm×42cm，最小为8cm×12cm。其中皮瓣远端超过小腿中下1／3段的小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣4例。修复皮肤缺损范围最大面积为15cm×30cm，最小为5cm×8cm，术中将隐神经与受区神经吻合或在皮瓣断蒂时将隐神经与受区神经吻合。术后对皮瓣范围超过小腿中下1／3段的小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣常规使用皮瓣助活仪，19-28d断蒂。结果小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣范围内主要以皮下筋膜血管和肌间隙血管供血，多个节段性筋膜皮支相互间存在吻合接力，形成在浅、深筋膜的“纵行血管桥接”。移植皮瓣全部成活，无花斑，皮瓣皮肤感觉断蒂2-4周有痛温触觉，但不灵敏，或有感觉过敏现象。16-24周痛温触觉逐渐灵敏，感觉接近或恢复正常，感觉过敏消失。随访6-12月患者能正常行走，未发生破溃，外观及功能满意。结论小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣修复下肢巨大组织缺损安全可靠，效果好。皮瓣范围超过小腿中下1／3段的小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣需使用皮瓣助活仪保障皮瓣远端血运。     

An aberrant muscular nerve to the latissimus dorsi muscle from the posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm]

In the 1987 student course on gross anatomy dissection of cadavers at Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, an aberrant muscular nerve to the latissimus dorsi muscle arising from the posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm was found bilaterally in a 65-year-old female who had died of acute pneumonia. The case was investigated anatomically. The posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm arose from the radial nerve approximately at the lateral axial border as the first branch independently on the right, and by forming a trunk with the nerve to the long head of the triceps brachii muscle on the left. The aberrant muscular nerve originated from the posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm about 3 cm distally to the point of the branching of the cutaneous nerve from the radial nerve. This aberrant nerve entered the latissimus dorsi muscle near the transitional area from the muscular part to the tendinous part while dividing into three on the right, and without dividing on the left. The side into which the aberrant nerve entered was just the reverse of the side into which the thoracodorsal nerve and artery supplied. The muscular part innervated by the aberrant nerve was bounded by a tendinous intersection for the most part of the latissimus dorsi muscle innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve. The intramuscular nerve distribution of the aberrant nerve was investigated under a binocular dissecting microscope. It was revealed that there was no communication between the ramification of the aberrant nerve and that of the thoracodorsal nerve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

带蒂筋膜瓣和骨膜瓣肘关节成形术的应用解剖

目的：为肘关节成形术填充物的选用提供解剖学基础。方法：在４０侧经动脉灌注颜料的上肢标本上,解剖观测了臂内、外侧筋膜,前臂后筋膜和尺、桡骨前部骨膜的血管来源、分支分布;血管蒂长度及筋膜瓣、骨膜瓣的切取面积等。结果：观测了以尺、桡侧返动脉为蒂的臂内、外侧筋膜瓣;以骨间后动脉为蒂的前臂后筋膜瓣;以骨间前动脉为蒂的尺、桡骨前部骨膜瓣。这些瓣膜的血管蒂长,血供丰富,可取面积大,质地坚韧致密。结论：上述带血管蒂的筋膜瓣和骨膜瓣可作为肘关节成形术的填充物,讨论了临床应用解剖学要点     

Anatomic study of the superficial sural artery and its implication in the neurocutaneous vascularized sural nerve free flap

Combined extended nerve and soft tissue defects of the upper extremity require nerve reconstruction and adequate soft tissue coverage. This study focuses on the reliability of the free vascularized sural nerve graft combined with a fasciocutaneous posterior calf flap within this indication. An anatomical study was performed on 26 cadaveric lower extremities that had been Thiel fixated and color silicone injected. Dissection of the fasciocutaneous posterior calf flap involved the medial sural nerve and superficial sural artery (SSA) with its septocutaneous perforators, extended laterally to include the lateral cutaneous branch of the sural nerve and continued to the popliteal origin of the vascular pedicle and the nerves. The vessel and nerves diameter were measured with an eyepiece reticle at 4.5× magnification. Length and diameter of the nerves and vessels were carefully assessed and reported in the dissection book. A total of 26 flaps were dissected. The SSA originated from the medial sural artery (13 cases), the popliteal artery (12 cases), or the lateral sural artery (one case). The average size of the SSA was 1.4 ± 0.4 mm. The mean pedicle length before the artery joined the sural nerve was 4.5 ± 1.9 cm. A comitant vein was present in 21 cases with an average diameter of 2.0 ± 0.8 mm, in 5 cases a separate vein needed to be dissected with an average diameter of 3.5 ± 0.4 mm. The mean medial vascularized sural nerve length was 21.2 ± 8.9 cm. Because of inclusion of the vascularized part of the lateral branch of the sural nerve (mean length of 16.7 ± 4.8 cm), a total of 35.0 ± 9.6 cm mean length of vascularized nerve could be gained from each extremity. The free vascularized sural nerve graft combined with a fasciocutaneous posterior calf flap pedicled on the SSA offers a reliable solution for complex tissue and nerve defect. Clin. Anat. 26:903–910, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

腓动脉穿支远端蒂保留腓肠神经的筋膜皮瓣临床应用

目的:探讨以腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓肠神经筋膜皮瓣逆行修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法:临床应用该皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损创面18例,其中保留腓肠神经主干3例,腓肠外侧皮神经l例.结果:18例皮瓣面积9 cm×6cm～18 cm×10 cm.最远修复达足中部皮肤缺损创面.17例随访8个月～27个月.有3例皮瓣远端坏死2.5 cm×2.5 cm～1.7 cm×3 cm游离植皮修复.6例水疱经换药后其余完全成活.足底承重受压后未见异常.10例患者诉外踝及足背外侧皮肤感觉不同程度缺失.结论:腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜皮瓣血供可靠,转位更灵活方便是修复足踝部软组织刨面的较好方法.如能实现保留腓肠神经对足背外侧皮肤感觉可有积极意义.     

侧胸带蒂胸外侧动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖观察及其在保乳术乳房重建中的临床应用

目的 探讨带蒂胸外侧动脉穿支皮瓣在乳腺癌保乳术后部分乳房重建中临床应用的解剖学基础及效果。方法 (1)取新鲜成人尸体标本8具,其中男6具、女2具,年龄28~71岁,平均39.5岁。标本经股动脉灌注加入氧化铅的红色凝胶后,在上至锁骨、下至第五肋、外至腋前线、内至胸骨旁的区域内,解剖观察两侧胸外侧动脉的位置、走行、分支以及与周围血管的吻合情况,对胸外侧穿支血管的来源进行系统分型,并测量胸外侧动脉穿支起始处外径及血管蒂长度。(2)纳入湖南省肿瘤医院2015年8月—2019年2月收治的12例Ⅰ期乳腺癌患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,患者均为女性,年龄14～52岁,平均43.2岁。其中浸润性导管癌8例,浸润性小叶癌4例;均为单侧发病,肿瘤位于乳房外上区域9例、外下区域3例。12例均行保乳术,术中于肿瘤切除后应用带蒂胸外侧动脉穿支皮瓣行部分乳房重建,术后观察皮瓣成活情况及重建后的乳房外形。结果 (1)8具16侧标本中,有15侧出现胸外侧动脉,从胸大肌和背阔肌之间穿出,其起始处外径0.7~0.9 mm,平均0.80 mm;血管蒂长6.8～10.4 cm,平均8.15 cm,与胸肩峰动脉、胸廓内动脉、胸背动脉和肋间动脉形成丰富的血管吻合。15侧胸外侧动脉按照其来源分为6型,分别来自胸肩峰动脉(8/15,Ⅰ型)、腋血管(4/15,Ⅱ型)、胸背血管(2/15,Ⅲ型)、肩胛下血管(1/15,Ⅳ型)、多源型(1/15,Ⅴ型);另有1侧胸外侧动脉缺如(Ⅵ型)。(2)本组12例患者切除肿瘤及乳腺组织质量为70～95 (80.0±5.7)g,切取的侧胸带蒂胸外侧动脉穿支皮瓣长10.5～13.5 (11.2±0.4) cm、宽4.5～7.5 (6.3±0.5)cm、厚3.0～4.5 (3.4±0.4) cm。术后2例发生皮瓣脂肪液化,1例伤口裂开,经过换药治疗均愈合。12例患者术后随访6～20个月,平均11.5个月。所有皮瓣均顺利成活,重建乳房外形可,质地柔软,侧胸皮瓣供区仅遗留线性瘢痕,肩关节功能无明显异常;无一例出现乳腺癌复发。结论 胸外侧动脉穿支来源多样,解剖位置较恒定,且供血范围大,带蒂胸外侧动脉穿支皮瓣对于乳腺癌保乳术后乳房外侧区域重建是一个有价值的选择方案。     

Distal variations of the neurovascular pedicle of the serratus anterior muscle as a flap

The serratus anterior muscle has recently been suggested as a versatile and reliable flap for reconstruction of complex craniofacial and neck lesions, extremity and sacroiliac region injuries, as well as intrathoracic and extrathoracic reconstruction procedures. The muscle has been used as a microvascular flap or a pedicled transfer and has been transferred in combination with other muscles, bones, and skin. We performed 15 dissections of adult axilla regions that were examined under ×3.5 loupe magnification to collect anatomic data regarding the neurovascular pedicle of the serratus anterior muscle. The serratus muscle and fascia were found to have a dual blood supply, with the upper part supplied by the lateral thoracic artery and the lower part by terminal branches of the thoracodorsal artery. The lateral thoracic artery was noted to supply the upper four slips but it extended into the lower serratus anterior muscle in two cases. Seven branching patterns were found in the lower serratus anterior muscle. In type I, the only branch of serrati proceeded over the long thoracic nerve. Type II had the only branch of serrati proceeding under the long thoracic nerve. In type III, double branches of serrati proceeded over the long thoracic nerve; while in type IV branches of serrati ran with a double branch under the long thoracic nerve. In type V, three serrati branches proceeded over the long thoracic nerve. Type VI serrati branches were branches of thoracodorsalis, which was hypoplastic, and the supply was maintained from the lateral thoracic artery. In type VII, one serrati branch ran over the long thoracic nerve. There was no connection between the branches of serrati and the branches of the lateral thoracic artery. The length of the long thoracic nerve, the number of motor axons and the vascular network in anatomic proximity to this nerve make it an expendable but powerful source of reconstructions of head, neck, chest wall and extremity defects. Results of this study provide an anatomic framework to improve current reconstructive or aesthetic procedures on the serratus anterior neurovascular structures.