猪门静脉回流阻断模型内毒素的移位

【目的】拟在猪的肠血管阻断模型中探讨门静脉回流阻断肠淤血可能造成的内毒素移位和肿瘤坏死因子释放。【方法】采用种群相近体质量22～25kg雌性小猪8只,无感染症状。分离门静脉和肝后下腔静脉分别阻断、然后开放各60min,观察血压、心率,阻断前和开放60min各取回肠末端小肠全层行光镜、电镜检查,测定门、颈静脉血内毒素及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)含量。【结果】门静脉和肝后下腔静脉阻断后,肠淤血、水肿,并随时间延长而加重,光镜检查表明实验后肠粘膜和腺体明显损伤,电镜检查表明细胞超微结构轻微异常。阻断前后的血内毒素、TNF-α含量元显著性差异。【结论】①肠静脉回流阻断60min引起的肠道淤血可导致肠粘膜屏障损伤。②在60min内肠淤血性的损伤不会引起肠腔内内毒素的大量移位及TNF-α的释放。     

淤血预处理对大鼠小肠淤血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:研究淤血预处理对大鼠小肠淤血再灌注损伤的保护作用.方法:30只大鼠随机分为3组:淤血再灌注组、淤血预处理组和假手术组.通过阻断门静脉45 min、再灌注60 min制作小肠淤血再灌注模型.淤血预处理组在门静脉夹闭前先短暂夹闭门静脉5 min,开放5 min,并重复1次.假手术组不夹闭门静脉.于夹闭门静脉前、开放后15、30、45和60 min分别测定门静脉的血流量,再灌注后60 min取末端回肠组织分别作病理学检查、MPO和免疫组化ICAM-1测定.结果:淤血预处理组肠黏膜损伤较淤血再灌注组明显减轻,且肠组织MPO活性和ICAM-1表达均低于淤血再灌注组,开放血流后门静脉血流量均明显升高.结论:淤血预处理对肠道淤血再灌注损伤具有保护作用.     

还原型谷胱甘肽预处理对大鼠小肠淤血性损伤的影响

目的:探讨还原型谷胱甘肽(reduced glutathione tablets,GSH)预处理对小肠淤血性损伤的影响。方法:Wistar大鼠分为:淤血组(CG组)、实验组(PG组)和假手术组(SG组)各10只。CG组、PG组阻断门静脉35 min建立小肠淤血性损伤模型;SG组不阻断门静脉。于门静脉阻断前,PG组泵入0.15 g/kg GSH溶液1 ml,CG组和SG组各泵入生理盐水1 ml。各组于建模后24 h分别取门静脉血测定内毒素,心脏取血做丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)测定,取末端回肠组织做肠黏膜病理检测。另取10只正常Wistar大鼠的血液及小肠标本作为各组0 h时间点的数值。结果:CG组肠黏膜出现明显损伤,内毒素、MDA及TNF-α浓度均显著升高,SOD活性显著降低;与CG组比较,PG组肠黏膜损伤显著减轻,内毒素、MDA及TNF-α浓度均显著降低,而SOD活性显著升高(P<0.01)。结论:GSH预处理对小肠黏膜淤血性损伤可产生显著的保护作用。     

长时间门静脉阻断对肝脏肠道结构影响及门体侧枝分流观察

目的观察常温下长时间门静脉阻断再通后对肝脏、肠道的影响及与阻断时间的关系，明确有无门体侧枝开放及与门静脉阻断耐受性的关系。方法40只家兔随机均分成4组：A组（假手术组）、B组（单纯门静脉阻断30min）、C组（单纯门静脉组断60min）和D组（单纯门静脉阻断90min）。分别于阻断前、复流前行门静脉测压，比较各组间门静脉压力差值。于复流前行直接门静脉造影观察门体侧枝循环分流情况，6h后取肝脏，空、回肠组织观察组织形态学变化，取下腔静脉血测肝肾功能。结果B、C、D组肝脏、肠黏膜结构及肝功能与A组相比均有不同程度损伤，肾功能各组间无差异，门静脉阻断后胃肠道淤血可不同程度通过门体侧枝回流，门静脉压在60min内逐渐升高，60min后有下降趋势。结论常温下门静脉阻断再通后可导致肝脏、肠道功能结构损伤，且随时间延长而加重，门脉淤血可以不同程度通过门体侧枝回流，从而减轻肠道损伤。     

缺血后处理抗缺血-再灌注损伤大鼠肠粘膜屏障的作用

目的探讨缺血后处理（ischemic postconditioning,Ⅰ-post）抗缺血-再灌注（ischemia-reperfusion,I/R）损伤大鼠肠粘膜屏障的作用.方法SD大鼠96只随机被分为4组（n=24）：假手术（S）组、缺血-再灌注（I/R）组、缺血预处理（IPC）组、缺血后处理（Ⅰ-post）组;观测小肠病理组织形态学变化、小肠组织湿/干比值、肠道细菌移位频率、门静脉与腔静脉血清内毒素含量、腔静脉血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）含量和肝功能变化.结果与缺血-再灌注组相比,缺血后处理组和缺血预处理组大鼠小肠粘膜形态损伤减轻,小肠湿/干比值下降,肠道细菌移位频率、门、腔静脉内毒素含量明显减少,腔静脉TNF-α含量和肝功能指标明显降低（P〈0.05）,两组相比,各项指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.结论缺血后处理具有明显抗缺血-再灌注损伤大鼠肠粘膜屏障的作用.     

门静脉和下腔静脉阻断与开放后门脉高压模型犬肺组织和肺动脉的病变特征

【目的】观察门静脉和下腔静脉阻断与开放后门脉高压模型犬肺组织与肺动脉的病理学特点，从病理学角度初步探讨终末期肝硬化肝移植围术期急性肺高压和肺损伤的发生机制。【方法】正常家犬18只，随机均分为阴性对照组（仅用于取肺组织和肺动脉标本）、对照组和门脉高压模型组（采用部分结扎门静脉的方法建立门脉高压症犬的模型并饲养12周），进行门静脉和肝后下腔静脉阻断与开放实验，在术毕后取右下肺动脉和肺组织，观察其病理形态学特征。【结果】模型组与对照组肺组织在经历门静脉和肝后下腔静脉阻断与开放后均存在不同程度病理形态学改变，但以模型组改变更为显著。门脉高压症犬肺小动脉密度、肺小动脉中膜厚度和血管壁面积，血管总面积（WA/TA）均显著大于阴性对照组和对照组；模型组的肺血管发生了以中膜增厚、动脉管壁肥厚为主要特征的血管重构现象。【结论】模型组犬易发生急性肺高压及肺损伤的特殊的病理学改变与存在门脉高压密切相关。     

门静脉和下腔静脉阻断与开放后门脉高压模型犬肺组织和肺动脉的病变特征

 【目的】 观察门静脉和下腔静脉阻断与开放后门脉高压模型犬肺组织与肺动脉的病理学特点，从病理学角度初步探讨终末期肝硬化肝移植围术期急性肺高压和肺损伤的发生机制。【方法】 正常家犬18只，随机均分为阴性对照组（仅用于取肺组织和肺动脉标本）、对照组和门脉高压模型组（采用部分结扎门静脉的方法建立门脉高压症犬的模型并饲养12周），进行门静脉和肝后下腔静脉阻断与开放实验，在术毕后取右下肺动脉和肺组织，观察其病理形态学特征。【结果】 模型组与对照组肺组织在经历门静脉和肝后下腔静脉阻断与开放后均存在不同程度病理形态学改变，但以模型组改变更为显著。门脉高压症犬门脉高压犬肺小动脉密度、肺小动脉中膜厚度和血管壁面积/血管总面积（WA/TA）均显著大于阴性对照组和对照组；模型组的肺血管发生了以中膜增厚、动脉管壁肥厚为主要特征的血管重构现象。【结论】 模型组犬易发生急性肺高压及肺损伤的特殊的病理学改变与存在门脉高压密切相关。     

血小板激活因子拮抗剂对急性重症胰腺炎肠粘膜损伤的影响

目的 :观察血小板激活因子拮抗剂对急性重症胰腺炎 (SAP)时肠粘膜损伤以及细菌和内毒素移位的影响。　方法 :采用胰管内注射牛磺胆酸钠 胰蛋白酶的方法诱导猪SAP ,对照组用等渗盐水代替牛磺胆酸钠 胰蛋白酶进行胰管内注射。为了解血小板激活因子 (PAF)的特异性拮抗剂BN5 0 739对SAP肠粘膜损伤的影响 ,在诱导SAP之前 30min静脉注射BN5 0 739。测定肠粘膜血流量、肠粘膜内髓过氧化酶 (MPO)和丙二醛 (MDA)含量 ,观察肠粘膜的病理改变 ,并测定门静脉血的内毒素含量和门静脉血、肠系膜淋巴结、胰腺的细菌数量。　结果 :诱导SAP以前给予BN5 0 739能够增加肠粘膜血流量 ,减少肠粘膜MPO和MDA含量 ,降低门静脉血的内毒素浓度和移位细菌数量。　结论 :SAP时合并有肠粘膜损伤 ,用BN5 0 739拮抗PAF能够增加肠粘膜血流量、改善肠粘膜微循环、减轻肠粘膜的炎性细胞浸润和降低MDA和MPO含量 ,减轻肠粘膜损伤的严重程度 ,减少内毒素和细菌移位的数量     

重组人生长激素对烧伤大鼠肠道细菌/内毒素移位的影响

目的观察早期应用重组人生长激素（recombinant human growth hormone， rhGH）对严重烧伤大鼠肠道细菌/内毒素移位的影响。方法30只成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、烧伤组和rhGH 3组。后2组造成25%总体表面积（TBSA）Ⅲ度烫伤，立即腹腔注射地塞米松80mg/kg，伤后2h分别给予等渗盐水和rhGH 1.33 IU/kg。伤后8、24h，观察肠道细菌移位频率、门静脉与腔静脉血清内毒素含量、腔静脉血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）α含量和肝功能变化。结果rhGH组肠道细菌移位频率和组织细菌含量均明显低于烧伤组（P<0.05），与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；rhGH组门、腔静脉内毒素含量明显低于烧伤组（P<0.01）；腔静脉TNFα含量和肝功能指标明显低于烧伤组（P<0.01，P＜0.05）。结论早期应用大剂量rhGH能有效减轻严重烧伤后肠道细菌/内毒素移位，减少炎性介质释放，保护脏器功能。     

猪单纯门静脉血流阻断安全时限的研究猪单纯门静脉血流阻断安全时限的研究

目的 通过对猪单纯门静脉血流阻断,全面评估猪耐受门静脉血流阻断的安全时限。方法 将18只健康荣昌种猪随机分为假手术组（SO）、单纯门静脉阻断45min（PVC－45′）、60min（PVC－60′）组,通过对门静脉血流阻断,了解其存活情况、血流动力学改变、肝脏及肠道病理改变等。结果 ①SO、PVC－45′、PVC－60′组长期存活率分别为100％、100％、66．7％;②PVC组阻断前后血流动力学参数波动较大;③PVC－45′、60′组均有肝脏缺血灌注损伤,但PVC－60′组病理损害比45′组重;④PVC组肠粘膜的病理损伤是随门静脉阻断时间延长而加重;⑤PVC组肠粘膜通透性明显升高,肠系膜淋巴结肠道菌属培养阳性率及门静脉血内毒素随阻断时间延长而上升。结论 在本实验条件下正常猪耐受单纯门静脉阻断的安全时限为45min。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

Development on Adjustable Calibration Marker for Shock Wave Focus

Shock wave lithotripsy （SWL） is a treatment of choice for upper urinary stones. However, this procedure is inappropriate for obese patients because the focus is often unable to reach the target owing to the limited focal distance in shock wave source. Although treating such patients in a blast path may increase the application length of shock wave source, it＇s difficult to find this path on the lithotripter monitor. For this reason, we invented an adjustable calibration marker in order to set an effective focus in the shock wave hath.     

Study on the TCM Pathogenesis of Angiopathic Complications of Type II Diabetes

Excess production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)of mitochondrion mediated by hyperglycemia is the common pathogenesis of angiopathic complications of diabetes.TCM holds that the damp from the dysfunction of spleen.kidney and liver is the causative factor of complications of diabetes.This is similar to the mechanism of Ros resulting in angiopathic complications of diabetes.When the angiopathic complications of type II diabetes mellitus(T2DM)are difierentiated as caused by turbid damp in TCM can be explained as ROS.Since the obstruction of pathogenic damp in channels and collaterals is said to be the main pathogenesis,the treating principle should be dissolving the damp to remove the obstruction.     

Leptin, Ghrelin and TNF-α before and after Hypo-caloric Traditional Chinese Diet and Auricular Acupuncture

INTRODUCTION Obesity is a complex emergent problem, which can be possibly solved not only by the diet but also by the life style and promotion of a constant physical exercise. 1, 2 No doubt careful attentions must be given to the nutritional condition of obese people, the dietary habits, the somatic build (i.e. distribution of fat mass) and the organic functions linked to formation of the fat mass. All the parameters should be constantly monitored before, during and after a diet treatment. 3, 4, 5     

Relationship between Dysglycemia and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Tibetan Population

People with dysglycemia are at high risk for atherosclerotic diseases. This study aims at investigating the atherosclerotic vascular damage in dysglycemia and its metabolic origin in Tibetan population.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.