学龄期儿童先天性肌性斜颈的治疗

目的探讨学龄期儿童先天性肌性斜颈的治疗方法。方法采用胸锁乳突肌单极切断术加术后胸颈联合斜颈矫形支具固定4~6个月,治疗学龄期儿童先天性肌性斜颈65例,男23例,女42例;手术平均年龄8岁(6~14岁)。结果本组65例,随访时间1~4年,平均2.7年。参考Cheng的疗效分级法,其中优42例(64.6%),良15例(23.1%),可5例(7.7%),差3例(4.6%)。结论胸锁乳突肌单极切断术加术后胸颈联合斜颈矫形支具,创伤小、疗效好、并发症少,是学龄期儿童先天性肌性斜颈首选的治疗方式。     

年龄大于5岁儿童先天性肌性斜颈的手术治疗

目的观察大年龄儿童（年龄大于5岁）先天性肌性斜颈的手术治疗效果。方法手术治疗大年龄肌性斜颈患儿37例,切断胸锁乳突肌锁骨头、胸骨头,于乳突处切断胸锁乳突肌止点腱,并充分松解挛缩组织,术后均作枕颌牵引。结果所有病例均获随访,随访时间2～5年,平均随访2．6年,所有患儿的功能和外观均有改善,其中优28例（75．7％）,良9例（24．3％）。结论胸锁乳突肌上、下端切断术加术后牵引是治疗大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈的首选手术治疗方式。     

29例先天性肌性斜颈的手术治疗

[目的]探讨先天性肌性斜颈的手术治疗方法。[方法]对29例患者采用胸锁乳突肌切断松解术，使胸锁乳突肌充分回缩，术后采用包扎、固定及侧卧式训练方法。[结果]29例经2～5a随访，效果较好，优19例（65．51％）；良9例（31．03％）；劣1例（3．45％）。[结论]2～5岁为先天性肌性斜颈最佳手术年龄，胸锁乳突肌切断松解术可作为首选术式。     

大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈的手术治疗

目的:探讨大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈的手术治疗方法。方法:采用胸锁乳突肌上、下端切断术加术后牵引治疗大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈32例,手术平均年龄12.3岁(10￣14岁)。结果:本组32例中随访29例,随访时间1～8年,平均4.8年。从功能和美容两方面进行了术后评估:其中优23例(73.3%),良6例(26.7%),无劣级。结论:胸锁乳突肌上、下端切断术加术后牵引是治疗大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈的首选手术治疗方式。     

内镜下胸锁乳突肌切断松解术治疗先天性肌性斜颈4例报告

目的探讨内镜下胸锁乳突肌切断松解术治疗先天性肌性斜颈的方法和疗效。方法2005年1~8月,我院应用内镜下胸锁乳突肌切断松解术治疗先天性肌性斜颈4例,年龄5~11岁,平均8.5岁。患侧腋窝前缘置入10 mm trocar,在颈阔肌筋膜下、胸锁乳突肌胸骨头与锁骨头浅面钝性分离,注入CO2气体(压力6 mm Hg),建立颈前皮下间隙,置入30°内镜。分别在患侧颈后近锁骨上缘处及对侧胸壁近锁骨下缘处置入5 mm trocar至颈前皮下间隙,置入分离钳与电凝钩,距胸锁骨附着处1 cm电凝横断胸锁乳突肌胸骨头与锁骨头的肌纤维束,并松解胸锁乳突肌周围紧张的纤维组织。结果4例手术均获成功,手术时间分别为90、75、70、45 m in。术中出血均<1 m l。术后第1天开始功能锻炼,第2天出院。第1例颈部皮肤轻微电灼伤,2周后痊愈。1例术后出现面部皮下气肿,次日自行吸收。随访2、4、6、10个月,斜颈均矫正,切口小且隐蔽,瘢痕不明显,颈部皮肤弹性良好,对面部表情活动无影响。结论内镜下胸锁乳突肌切断松解术疗效确切,且具有微创的特点,值得临床推广。     

颈阔肌旋转肌瓣在先天性斜颈治疗中的应用

作者设计了颈阔肌旋转肌瓣加胸锁乳突肌离断术矫正小儿先天性肌性斜颈,通过29例临床总结,认为此手术方式采用单纯性胸锁乳突肌离断术往往难以达到理想效果的年龄偏大儿童先天性肌性斜颈的一种较好的治疗方法。     

胸锁乳突肌双极松解治疗大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈

先天性肌性斜颈是由于一侧胸锁乳突肌纤维化和挛缩而引起头颈部姿势异常 ,临床上较常见。多数学者认为经过婴儿期 6个月～ 1年的保守治疗失败后 ,在 1～ 12岁采取手术治疗均可取得较好效果 ,而对于年龄较大的患者胸锁乳突肌挛缩严重 ,手术矫正畸形效果往往不理想。 1997年 2月～ 2 0 0 2年 5月 ,我院应用胸锁乳突肌双极松解术治疗大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈 13例 ,效果满意。1　材料与方法1.1　病例资料　本组 13例 ,男 7例 ,女6例 ,年龄 12～ 16岁。病患位于左侧 2例 ,右侧 11例 ,所有病例均有不同程度的患侧面部和头颅因发育缓慢所致的变形 ,…     

肌延长术治疗先天性肌性斜颈

先天性肌性斜颈是小儿常见疾病，手术方法常采用胸锁乳突肌切断松解术式。Ferkel首先报道了胸锁乳突肌延长成形的改良术式，自1992年6月至1996年4月作者等采用该术式治疗28例。获得良好的效果，现报道如下。     

先天性肌性斜颈手术治疗的美学探讨

治疗先天性肌性斜颈的手术方法甚多，虽然在功能上得到了恢复，但考虑到术后有损于胸锁乳突肌解剖的体表投影的美学形态。1990年9月以来，我们按自行设计的胸锁乳突肌胸、锁两头Z成形延长术，治疗先天性肌性斜颈154例，对其中85例进行随访3个月至3年，获得满意的功能与外形效果。[第一段]     

胸锁乳突肌多头切断术治疗成人先天性肌性斜颈

目的探讨胸锁乳突肌多头切断术治疗成人先天性肌性斜颈的方法及效果。方法 2009年3月—2011年2月,收治19例成人先天性肌性斜颈患者。男13例,女6例;年龄16～32岁,平均23.5岁。X线片检查示,12例伴不同程度颈椎侧弯及楔形改变。10例伴患侧面部发育迟缓。4例既往曾行胸锁乳突肌单侧头切断术。患者均采用胸锁乳突肌多头切断术,联合术后石膏托及颈托外固定3～6个月。结果术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染及血肿发生。16例患者获随访,随访时间5个月～2年,平均8个月。患者头颈部畸形均较术前明显改善。术后2周疗效评定:7例无颈椎畸形患者为优;12例伴颈椎畸形患者优1例,良7例,一般4例。术后2周测量患侧胸锁乳突肌乳突尖至胸锁关节距离,无颈椎畸形患者较术前延长(1.88±0.30)cm,手术前后差异有统计学意义(t=6.24,P=0.00),且术后测量值与正常值比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.87,P=0.11);伴颈椎畸形患者术后较术前延长(3.38±0.30)cm,差异有统计学意义(t=11.37,P=0.00),但术后测量值仍低于正常值(t=12.19,P=0.00)。结论采用胸锁乳突肌多头切断术治疗成人先天性肌性斜颈,能明显改善症状,恢复颈部活动功能。     

Outcome of treatment for congenital muscular torticollis: a study on ages for treatment, treatment methods, and postoperative therapy

The objective of this study is to review the clinical course after surgical treatment of congenital muscular torticollis and investigate the problems. Based on the treatment strategy of our institution for patients with congenital muscular torticollis, we treated young children with unipolar tenotomy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, with postoperative use of our original brace, and school age or older children with bipolar tenotomy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and postoperative use of a simple immobilizing brace, mainly a Philadelphia collar. This study included nine patients who underwent unipolar or bipolar tenotomy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in our department between November 1990 and April 2006. Of these, four were boys and five were girls. Seven had right and two had left torticollis. The age at surgery ranged from 1 year 6 months to 24 years. Five underwent unipolar tenotomy and four underwent bipolar tenotomy. The study period from the first visit to the present ranged from 1 year 6 months to 18 years 9 months. The evaluation was based on the presence of recurrence and the assessment criteria described by Tanabe (Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 122:489–493, 2002). Three of five patients treated with unipolar tenotomy had a second surgery due to recurrence. None of those treated with bipolar tenotomy experienced recurrence. According to Tanabe’s criteria, among the five patients treated with unipolar tenotomy, two were graded as excellent, two fair, and one poor. And among the four treated with bipolar tenotomy, three were graded as excellent and one fair. Although this study included only nine patients treated and followed-up, more than half of those treated with unipolar tenotomy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle experienced recurrence requiring further surgery. Among those treated with bipolar tenotomy, the outcomes were generally good, and no recurrence was observed. Unipolar tenotomy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in young children requires special attention with regard to recurrence. We decided to conduct bipolar tenotomy in young children and investigate future outcomes.     

Transaxillary endoscopic release of restricting bands in congenital muscular torticollis--a novel technique.

Congenital muscular torticollis is due to fibrosis of one or both the heads of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This may also involve the platysma, scalene muscles, and the carotid sheath and may be associated with cervical scoliosis. Conventional surgical procedures leave visible scars. Ramirez, who used the posterior part of the traditional face-lift incision, made perhaps the first attempt at concealing scars. Burstein et al. reported a large series of subcutaneous endoscopic release of torticollis through a hairline approach. Sasaki described an endoscopic two-incision, posterior auricular fold and hairline approach. A technique of transaxillary subcutaneous endoscopy for the release of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in congenital muscular torticollis is described here. This procedure provides direct access to the fibrous bands, enables release without risk of damage to the spinal accessory nerve, external jugular vein, or greater auricular nerve, and leaves no visible neck scars. Two cases of congenital muscular torticollis presenting in adulthood were managed successfully by this technique. The fibrotic part of sternocleidomastoid muscle was released and the normal range of head motion was restored. There were no surgical complications encountered and the patients achieved complete pain free range of movement in six weeks. This technique provides direct and quick access, perpendicular to the line of the fibrotic bands, avoids injury to neurovascular structures and does not leave visible neck scars.     

先天性肌性斜颈治疗25例报告

先天性肌性斜颈是一种常见的颈部畸形。本文通过对３０例肌性斜颈治疗的随访及回顾性分析，全部病例颈部畸形均矫正。故认为：婴儿时期可行按摩，扳正治疗，四岁以上患儿可行手术矫治，严重病例或十岁以上者需同时作止点切断术。强调术后功能锻炼，传统的石膏固定可以免除。     

Tenotomy and postoperative brace treatment for muscular torticollis

A postoperative corrective brace for congenital muscular torticollis is introduced and the results and indications for its use are presented. Thirty-three of 55 patients who underwent open tenotomy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle with application of the brace following surgery were evaluated in follow-up. Tenotomy was performed at the sternoclavicular origin of the muscle. The mean age at operation was six years; the mean follow-up period was seven years. The results were good in 21 patients (64%), fair in seven (21%), and poor in five (15%). Facial asymmetry remained in all patients over the age of ten who underwent operation. Alopecia, one of the complications of the brace, was found only in patients under age five. This combined treatment with tenotomy and postoperative brace is considered best indicated for patients between six and ten years of age.     

内镜下胸锁乳突肌切断治疗肌性斜颈的疗效观察

目的探讨内镜下离断胸锁乳突肌治疗肌性斜颈的效果。方法23例肌性斜颈患儿,年龄1个月～12岁,中位数2岁6个月。右侧腋窝皮纹线内置入5mm trocar,手持镜头将胸锁乳突肌下端胸骨头和锁骨头表面的肌膜钝性分离,充入CO2气体加压至6mmHg,形成皮下空间。在外侧颈下横纹内和前胸横纹处切开3mm分别置入3mm弯钳和电刀尖。电凝或电切横断胸锁乳突肌纤维束,松解胸锁乳突肌周围的纤维组织。结果23例均在内镜下完成手术。平均手术时间51．2min（35～135min）,术中出血量均〈1ml。无损伤周围大血管和神经。1例颈部切口处皮肤轻微电灼伤,2周后自愈。术后行颈部舒展活动训练,术后第1天出院。23例随访3个月～4年,中位时间6个月,斜颈均矫正,疗效优18例,良5例,切口瘢痕不明显,皮肤弹性好,随表情无异常活动现象,无复发。结论内镜下胸锁乳突肌切断治疗肌性斜颈具有微创、恢复快、效果好的优点,瘢痕不明显,美观且不损伤颈阔肌,对表情活动无影响。     

Congenital muscular torticollis in infants: ultrasound-assisted diagnosis and evaluation

Ultrasonography is considered the modality of choice for differentiating congenital muscular torticollis from other pathologies in the neck. The authors present their experience with ultrasound examination for the evaluation and management of congenital muscular torticollis. Twenty-six infants, 14 boys and 12 girls, age ranging from 1 to 16 weeks, with torticollis and a palpable mass were examined. Ultrasound showed a well-defined mass in the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The lesions ranged in size from 8 to 15.8 mm on maximal transverse diameter, with length ranging from 13.7 to 45.8 mm. Clinically the torticollis disappeared between 1 to 6 weeks, with complete clinical reduction of the palpated mass between 2 and 8.5 weeks. The ultrasonographic disappearance of the mass was delayed by an average of 2 weeks in comparison to the clinical disappearance of the mass. Ultrasound is advocated for the diagnosis and follow-up of congenital muscular torticollis because it noninvasively provides reliable and dynamic information without sedation.     

Treatment of congenital muscular torticollis in patients older than 8 years

The authors treated congenital muscular torticollis by sternocleidomastoid muscle release in 32 patients over 8 years of age who had not received any prior medical treatment or in whom torticollis had recurred since initial treatment. The results were analyzed to compare clinical results after an average of 39 months (range 24-74 months) by dividing the patients into two groups: patients who were still in the growing period (group 1, n=19) and patients who had finished growth (group 2, n = 13) at surgery. According to the total score table by Cheng et al (which includes motion deficits, craniofacial asymmetry, scar, band, head tilt, and subjective assessment), there were 13 excellent and 6 good results in group 1 and 2 excellent, 8 good, and 3 fair results in group 2. The clinical results were statistically less successful in group 2 than in group 1 by Cheng's score table (P <0.05). However, most patients showed marked improvement in neck motion and head tilt, with satisfactory functional and cosmetic results. Thus, in patients older than school age, even for those who have finished growth, sufficient unipolar or bipolar release of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and intensive postoperative care are expected to yield satisfactory treatment results.