客观结构化临床考试在五年制医学生毕业考试中的应用

目的探讨客观结构化临床考试在五年制医学生临床操作技能考试中的作用。方法对江汉大学医学院2005届和2006届五年制临床医学专业458名学生进行客观结构化临床考试,考试共设5站,包括标准化病人站和非标准化病人站,考试结束后对部分考生进行了有关客观结构化临床考试的问卷调查。结果客观结构化临床操作技能考试的难度、区分度较好;经过模拟训练的2006届学生总体成绩更好,两届学生得分最低的考站均为辅助检查站;客观结构化临床考试形式已经获得大部分学生的认可。结论客观结构化临床考试对学生的考核较为客观、公正,可以对学生的临床能力进行客观的和多方面的评估。     

客观结构化临床考试在实习学生出科考试中的应用

客观结构化临床考试是一种客观、有序的考核模式.辽宁医学院附属第一医院选择2011届五年制临床医学专业实习学生为研究对象,实施客观结构化出科考试.考试结果和学生问卷调查结果显示,在出科考试中应用客观结构化临床考试客观、可行,能够对医学生的临床综合能力进行全面的评估,能够调动医学生在整个实习过程中的积极性.     

临床医学生客观结构化临床考试情况的调查分析

为了进一步提高临床医学生毕业综合考试的质量,探索OSCE考试实践中的问题,不断提高客观结构化临床考试的信度与效度,对参加本次考试的学生进行调查问卷和结果分析,研究临床客观结构化考试中的质量控制和学生的认可情况,为今后考试提供指导和建议。     

眼科学客观结构化临床考试合理性和有效性的初步探究

选择在北京大学第三医院眼科实习的2002级和2003级八年制临床医学专业95名学生进行客观结构化临床考试,并在考试后进行问卷调查,比较客观结构化临床考试和传统笔试对学生学习、生活、心理状态等方面的影响.调查结果表明,客观结构化临床考试可以优化学生的时间安排,且不影响学生对知识的理解;同时,能够提高学生的学习兴趣,降低学习压力和考试焦虑,对学生生活的影响低于传统笔试;客观结构化临床考试较传统笔试难度小、知识覆盖范围广.实践证明,客观结构化临床考试在眼科学教学中的应用具有一定的合理性和有效性.

Abstract：

The aim of this research is to evaluate the strength and weakness of objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) as an assessment method in the course of ophthalmology. 95 Students from the Health Science Center of Peking University took ophthalmology OSCE and were given a questionnaire comparing OSCE and traditional written-test. The results showed that students spent their time quite differently in these two situations with a more rational time allocation in OSCE. No significant knowledge comprehension difference was found between them. Also, students felt more interested in study and less stressed under OSCE. Lastly, students thought OSCE covered more knowledge and felt the test was less difficult than written-test. OSCE is a rational and reliable evaluation tool in medical education.     

医学生对标准化病人多站考试评价的研究

标准化病人的使用为现代临床考试开辟了新的途径,被广泛地应用于教学和客观结构化临床考试。本文着重研究了学生对标准化病人的满意度和客观结构化临床考试的支持程度,旨在为其推广和实施提供理论依据。     

临床专业毕业生客观结构化临床考试的设计与实践

通过临床专业毕业生客观结构化临床考试（OSCE）的设计与实施,不断完善和提高OSCE考试的科学性、客观性、实用性,建立了符合实际情况的客观结构化临床考试体系,并通过考试结果分析和对学生的问卷调查,探究OSCE考试对临床实践教学、临床实习、执业医师考试的指导作用。     

医学生对标准化病人多站考试评价的研究

标准化病人的使用为现代临床考试开辟了新的途径,被广泛地应用于教学和客观结构化临床考试.本文着重研究了学生对标准化病人的满意度和客观结构化临床考试的支持程度,旨在为其推广和实施提供理论依据.     

客观结构化临床考试在精神病学临床技能考核中的应用

尝试在精神病学临床技能考核中采用客观结构化临床考试。结果显示,客观结构化临床考试质量控制良好,考试结果公平,分布合理,客观地反映出学生的临床技能水平,是一种较科学的临床技能考核模式,值得在以后的临床技能教学与考核中推广。     

中医类专业临床技能考核中应用结构化临床考试（OSCE）的探索

客观结构化临床考试（OSCE）,是一种以客观的方式评估医学生临床能力的考核方法,即在模拟临床场景下,使用模型、标准化病人来测试医学生的临床综合能力。同时也是一种知识、技能和态度并重的临床综合能力评估的方法。江西中医学院临床技能中心于2007～2008年对2004、2005级1 239名中医类专业学生实习前进行临床技能统一培训及考试;2008～2009年对2003、2004级598名中医类专业毕业生进行多站式临床技能考核即客观结构化临床考试（OSCE）。通过这种考试的实施,对学生临床综合能力的评价更客观全面,取得了很好的效果。     

客观结构化临床考试在医学生临床技能考试中的实践研究

客观结构化临床考试在临床技能评估中为医学生提供了一种逼真、全面的考试氛围,已经被国内外医学院校广泛应用,具有真实、有效、可靠等特点和广阔的发展前景。为了强化临床医学专业学生的实践技能方法,提高医学生临床应用能力和技能操作水平,提高医院带教教师和病人对医学生的满意度,第三军医大学西南医院选择2003级临床医学专业303名学生为研究对象,对其实施客观结构化临床考试。实践证明,客观结构化临床考试是提高医学生临床应用能力及实践技能水平的有效方法,具有一定的实用价值。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

Development on Adjustable Calibration Marker for Shock Wave Focus

Shock wave lithotripsy （SWL） is a treatment of choice for upper urinary stones. However, this procedure is inappropriate for obese patients because the focus is often unable to reach the target owing to the limited focal distance in shock wave source. Although treating such patients in a blast path may increase the application length of shock wave source, it＇s difficult to find this path on the lithotripter monitor. For this reason, we invented an adjustable calibration marker in order to set an effective focus in the shock wave hath.     

Study on the TCM Pathogenesis of Angiopathic Complications of Type II Diabetes

Excess production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)of mitochondrion mediated by hyperglycemia is the common pathogenesis of angiopathic complications of diabetes.TCM holds that the damp from the dysfunction of spleen.kidney and liver is the causative factor of complications of diabetes.This is similar to the mechanism of Ros resulting in angiopathic complications of diabetes.When the angiopathic complications of type II diabetes mellitus(T2DM)are difierentiated as caused by turbid damp in TCM can be explained as ROS.Since the obstruction of pathogenic damp in channels and collaterals is said to be the main pathogenesis,the treating principle should be dissolving the damp to remove the obstruction.     

Leptin, Ghrelin and TNF-α before and after Hypo-caloric Traditional Chinese Diet and Auricular Acupuncture

INTRODUCTION Obesity is a complex emergent problem, which can be possibly solved not only by the diet but also by the life style and promotion of a constant physical exercise. 1, 2 No doubt careful attentions must be given to the nutritional condition of obese people, the dietary habits, the somatic build (i.e. distribution of fat mass) and the organic functions linked to formation of the fat mass. All the parameters should be constantly monitored before, during and after a diet treatment. 3, 4, 5     

Relationship between Dysglycemia and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Tibetan Population

People with dysglycemia are at high risk for atherosclerotic diseases. This study aims at investigating the atherosclerotic vascular damage in dysglycemia and its metabolic origin in Tibetan population.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SERUM CYTOKINES IL-1β,sIL-2R,IL-6,TNF-α,AND IFN-v IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Objectives To explore serum cytokines levels (including IL-1 β, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-v) and their significance in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and the subsequent follow-ups, with attempt to estimate the role of various serum inflammatory markers in the diagnosis and assessment of ACS.Methods The study population include 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 40 patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP), and 40 controls. Among the 80 patients, 60 patients attended a follow up 4 months later. Serum inflammatory markers including IL-1 β, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-v were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results Serum IL- 1 β, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α were significantly higher in AMI group or UAP group compared to the control group and became significantly lower 4 months later in the follow-up patients. Serum levels of IFN-v shows no significant difference between AMI group or UAP group and controls, also showing no significant change when measured in follow up patients. There was no correlation between serum creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme levels and serum inflammatory markers either in UAP or AMI group. Furthermore, when divided into two subgroups using Wagner's QRS scoring system in the AMI group, there is no difference of each serum inflammatory marker between ≤ 6 scores group and ＞ 6 scores group.Conclusion Serum levels of certain inflammatory markers may have some diagnostic value for ACS, and can be a useful marker reflecting disease stability.