深圳地区产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌耐药谱动态观察

目的分析本院2001年7月~2004年12月产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性的变化,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法应用回顾性调查分析方法对该期间临床标本分离的肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌产与非产ESBLs菌株的培养和药敏试验数据进行对比统计分析。结果所分离出的437株肺炎克雷伯菌中,产ESBLs的有187株,占43%;大肠埃希菌754株中ESBLs阳性332株,占44%;产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、单环β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、以及加β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合抗生素,如氨苄西林/舒巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸等抗菌药物呈多重耐药;显著高于非产ESBLs的菌株(P<0.001);但对亚胺培南和美罗培南高度敏感。结论本地区肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的阳性率高,临床治疗中应严格掌握抗菌药物应用指征,并动态监测其耐药性变迁,防止ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌的局部流行。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌的耐药性与基因型分析

目的 分析医院急诊科3年内产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及基因型,以指导临床用药.方法 采用ESBLs表型确证试验筛选产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌,提取产ESBLs菌的质粒DNA,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增产ESBLs株质粒TEM、SHV、CTX-M1、CTX-M9和OXA5种基因,并对其扩增物进行DNA序列分析,测定大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对17种抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 共检出143株大肠埃希菌与77株肺炎克雷伯菌,其中84株为产ESBLs菌,占38.2％;ESBLs研究菌株全部携带TEM型、77.4％携带CTX-M9型基因;同一菌株携带2、3、4个基因的菌株比例分别为44.8％、33.3％和7.1％;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌为多药耐药菌,其中对青霉素类、第一、二、三代头孢菌素类、磺胺类和氟喹诺酮类耐药率高达80.0％～100.0％;碳青霉烯类对产ESBLs细菌仍保持较高的抗菌效果.结论 产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因,以TEM型和CTX-M9型为主,携带＞2个耐药基因的产ESBLs菌株比例较高;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对含酶抑制剂的抗菌药物、碳青霉烯类抗菌药物仍保持较高的敏感性,研究中发现美罗培南耐药菌株,应引起临床重视.     

肿瘤患者感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性分析

[目的]了解肿瘤患者医院和社区感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的检出率,分析二者在医院内感染的产ESBLs(+)和不产ESBLs(-)的耐药性(R)。[方法]调查2007—2008年住院肿瘤病人感染这两菌的分布,分析二者产ESBLs的检出率及对18种药物的耐药性。[结果]不论是医院感染还是社区感染,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌引起感染占据细菌性感染的第1、2位。医院感染的大肠埃希菌ESBLs检出率(59.9%)高于社区感染(23.1%);肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检出率均为21.2%。医院感染的所有菌株对18种抗菌药物中耐药率低于30.0%的有哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢替坦、亚胺培南、厄它培南和阿米卡星;ESBLs(-)的大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林之外的β-内酰胺类、阿米卡星以及酶抑制剂复方抗菌药有较好的敏感性(R30.0%);ESBLs(-)肺炎克雷伯菌除对氨苄西林天然耐药,其余耐药率均低于30.0%。[结论]医院感染的大肠埃希菌高产ESBLs。因产ESBLs导致多重耐药,医院应加强多重耐药菌株的感染监控;多重耐药菌的治疗首选是碳青酶烯类抗菌药物,其次是酶抑制剂复方抗菌药。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌耐药谱动态观察

目的分析本地区2000年1月～2003年6月间产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌耐药性的变化,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据. 方法应用回顾性调查分析方法对该期间临床标本分离的肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌产与非产ESBLs菌株的培养和药敏试验数据进行对比统计分析. 结果所分离出的344株肺炎克雷伯菌中,产ESBLs的有154株,占45.2%;大肠埃希菌454株中ESBLs阳性201株,占43.4%,呈逐年升高的趋势;产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、单环β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、以及加β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合抗生素,如氨苄西林/舒巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、替卡西林/克拉维酸等抗菌药物呈多重耐药;显著高于非产ESBLs的菌株(P<0.001);但对亚胺培南高度敏感. 结论本地区肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的阳性率高,临床治疗中应严格掌握抗菌药物应用指征,并动态监测其耐药性变迁,防止ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌的局部流行.     

乌鲁木齐地区超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株调查及耐药性分析

目的：了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌分布及不产ESBLs菌株的耐药性、耐药特点，指导临床合理用药。方法：采用VITEK-32自动微生物分析仪及GNI^ 卡鉴定到种，药敏卡GNS/506进行药敏及ESBLs检测。结果：分离革兰阴性杆菌715株。其中大肠埃希菌128株，产ESBLs占22%；肺炎克雷伯菌69株，产ESBLs占14.5%。分离的38株均为高耐三代头孢菌素的ESBLs；从痰标本中分离的肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs占14.5%，大肠埃希菌产ESBLs占7%；尿中分离以大肠埃希菌为主，其中产ESBLs占14.8%；耐药性显示38株产ESBLs菌除对亚胺培南100%敏感，对其他护一素耐药率在50%-100%。结论：不产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对第三代头孢菌素和头孢西丁的耐药率相对较低。肺炎克雷伯菌对氮基糖苷类和喹诺酮类的敏感率明显高于大肠埃希菌，对产ESBLs菌株治疗以亚胺培南最佳 。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌耐药谱3年的变迁

目的 了解我院主要产超广谱β—内酰胺酶菌(ESBLs)耐药谱的变化，指导临床合理用药。方法 应用回顾性调查分析方法对我院自2000年1月～2002年12月临床标本中分离的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的产超广谱β—内酰胺酶株(ESBLs )的药敏试验进行统计分析。结果 检出389株大肠埃希菌、其中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌占41．9％；检出295株肺炎克雷伯菌、其中产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌占45．8％；亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢西丁、头孢他啶对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌有较高的活性，亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、头孢吡肟对产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌有较高的活性；药敏结果显示产ESBLs菌对10种抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于非产ESBLs菌。结论 大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的产超广谱β—内酰胺酶株(ESBLs )在医院中的感染正日益增多，尤其多见于应用广谱抗菌药物的病例；亚胺培南是目前少数对ESBLs高度稳定的品种之一。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

目的了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用法国生物梅里埃公司ATB细菌鉴定仪对ESBLs菌进行检测,药敏试验用K-B纸片法,根据2005年美国临床实验室标准化委员会（NCCLS）标准判断结果,应用WHONET5软件对临床分离细菌的药敏结果进行数据统计分析。结果检出产ESBLs细菌431株,检出率42.05%,其中大肠埃希菌330株,检出率49.03%,肺炎克雷伯菌101株,检出率28.69%;产ESBLs对碳青酶烯类（美罗培南、亚胺培南）、头孢西丁及β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合物、阿米卡星耐药性较低在0～28.4%,其余抗菌药物都产生较高的耐药性。结论重视产ESBLs细菌检测,根据药敏试验结果合理用药,碳青酶烯类、头孢西丁及β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合物、阿米卡星是目前治疗ESBLs细菌有效抗菌药物。     

100株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株的药敏试验结果比较分析

目的了解我院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株的耐药情况.方法用纸片扩散法检测了100株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对16种抗生素的耐药性.结果 66株产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌对16种抗生素的敏感性排在前三位的是:亚胺培南(100%),头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(100%),哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(94.1%);34株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对16种抗生素的敏感性排在前三位的是:亚胺培南(97.0%),哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(84.6%),头孢吡肟(73.7%).结论治疗产ESBLs大肠埃希菌引起的感染的首选药物为亚胺培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,其次为哌拉西林/他唑巴坦;治疗产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌引起的感染的首选药物是亚胺培南,其次是哌拉西林/他唑巴坦;产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对常见药物的敏感性普遍低于产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌的检测及药敏分析

目的 了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的发生率及耐药特点，指导临床用药。方法 采用表型确证试验检测ESBLs，用K-B法作药敏试验。结果 ESBLs总阳性率为33．3％，其中大肠埃希菌的检出率为36．3％，肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率为28．6％，产ESBLs的菌株对亚胺培南100％敏感，对头孢西丁、阿米卡星的耐药率较低。结论 治疗ESBLs引起的感染最佳药物为亚胺培南。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌的检测及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药特点,以指导临床用药.方法 用纸片扩散法做药敏试验,按NCCLS(1999年)标准进行确证试验来检测确认ESBLs.结果 医院产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌从2005年的28.6%和29.2%上升为2007年的48.5%和49.2%;产ESBLs菌株对一、二、三代头孢菌素、青霉素类、氨曲南高度耐药,对亚胺培南全部敏感.结论 肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的产ESBLs发生率逐年上升,亚胺培南是治疗产ESBLs菌株的首选药物.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.