硬膜外哑铃形神经鞘瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨硬膜外哑铃形神经鞘瘤的显微外科手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2010年8月~2016年12月经显微手术切除的52例硬膜外哑铃形神经鞘瘤的临床资料。根据肿瘤向椎管内外生长的特点指导手术入路的选择,后方选择后正中或旁正中入路,前方在颈部选择侧前方入路,胸部选择胸腔镜辅助,腰部选择腹膜后腹腔镜辅助。于显微镜下用神经外科显微器械行硬膜外神经鞘瘤切除术。后正中全椎板入路且无小关节破坏时行椎板成形术,小关节被破坏时行一期内固定。均严密缝合肌肉及筋膜层。结果采取后正中入路42例(全椎板入路20例,半椎板入路22例),旁正中入路4例,前后路联合手术入路6例。全切除50例,2例因肿瘤包绕同侧椎动脉行次全切除。其中36例行一期脊柱内固定术或椎板成形术。手术时间60~120 min,平均81 min;术后引流1~2 d;术后住院时间7~12 d,平均9.5 d。术后病理均为神经鞘瘤。5例伤口深方积液,术后无感染、脑脊液漏、瘫痪及死亡。术后随访6~60个月,(26.8±6.2)月。33例疼痛患者疼痛均消失;42例肌力下降患者肌力较术前提高Ⅰ~Ⅱ级;44例感觉异常者中,感觉恢复正常33例,感觉减退区域缩小5例,无明显变化4例,新发或感觉障碍区域扩大2例。按Mc Cormick分级,均为Ⅰ级。结论硬膜外哑铃形神经鞘瘤向椎旁生长大多在4 cm以内,可通过单纯后方入路切除;当向椎旁生长4 cm时需联合前方入路切除。通过适当的入路显微手术,可Ⅰ期全切肿瘤。     

远外侧枕下入路切除高颈段椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤(附4例报告)

目的 :探讨经远外侧枕下入路切除高颈段椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的治疗效果及手术技巧。方法 :回顾分析 4例经远外侧枕下入路切除高颈段椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤病人的临床资料及手术治疗结果。结果 :肿瘤全切 3例 ,1例因肿瘤包绕椎动脉而次全切除。所有患者术后恢复良好 ,未出现与手术入路有关的严重并发症。结论 :远外侧枕下入路具有手术路径短、视野宽广、显露硬膜内外病变清楚等优点 ,是治疗高颈段椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的一种实用手术入路     

颈段椎管内肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 报道颈段椎管内肿瘤显微手术的临床疗效. 方法 颈段椎管内肿瘤32例,均采用后正中入路显微手术,术后22例进行颈椎稳定性重建.结果 肿瘤全切26例,占81.25%,肿瘤大部分切除6例(包括3例星形细胞瘤,3例包裹并紧密粘连椎动脉的哑铃形神经鞘瘤),占18.75%.按George的方法 评估,恢复良好23例(71.88%),症状改善6例(18.75%),无明显改善3例(9.38%),无手术死亡.30例随访3个月～3年.26例术后3个月MR检查未见肿瘤残存或复发,1例神经鞘瘤维持术后大小未增大,3例星形细胞瘤复发.术后X线检查其中4例出现颈椎不稳,26例稳定性良好. 结论 早期显微手术是颈段椎管内肿瘤的关键治疗手段,术后重建椎管的稳定性对患者的远期恢复意义重大.     

颈椎哑铃形椎管肿瘤的手术治疗15例报告

目的：总结颈椎哑铃形椎管肿瘤的手术治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析15例颈椎哑铃形椎管肿瘤的临床表现、影像学特征、病理类型、手术治疗方法和预后。结果：15例均采用颈后正中入路，一次手术切除椎管内外肿瘤，9例随访6个月至5年，患者的症状和神经功能均有不同程度的改善，无肿瘤复发病例．结论：颈椎哑铃形椎管肿瘤可经颈后正中入路一次手术切除。     

颈椎管哑铃形神经鞘瘤显微外科手术29例临床分析

目的 报道颈椎管哑铃形神经鞘瘤显微外科手术治疗的临床疗效. 方法 回顾性分析29例颈椎管哑铃形神经鞘瘤临床和随访资料.对其手术入路和显微外科手术技巧进行探讨. 结果 颈椎管哑铃形神经鞘瘤显微手术29例,其中经颈后入路手术23例,经颈前和颈后联合入路手术6例.手术全切除肿瘤28例,次全切除肿瘤1例.手术后神经功能改善21例,神经功能与术前相同8例.术后随访36.5个月,肿瘤全切除病例无肿瘤复发,全部病例颈椎稳定性良好. 结论 采用显微外科手术技术,选择合适的手术入路,在全切除颈椎管哑铃形神经鞘瘤的同时尽可能保留神经功能和颈椎自身的稳定性,能够取得较好的临床疗效.     

显微手术切除及椎管固定融合治疗高颈段椎管哑铃型肿瘤

目的探讨显微手术切除高颈段椎管哑铃型肿瘤及椎管固定融合的方法及效果。方法回顾性分析11例高颈段椎管哑铃型肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中ToyamaⅡ型6例,Ⅲ型4例,Ⅴ型1例。均行显微手术切除,其中远外侧入路3例,颈后正中入路8例。同时行椎管固定融合6例。结果本组全切10例,次全切除1例。术后病理学诊断为神经纤维瘤9例,脊膜瘤2例。术后症状明显改善9例,改善2例,无感染及死亡病例。随访10例,平均时间27个月（3个月～3年）,患者的症状和神经功能均有不同程度的改善,无颈椎不稳及后凸畸形。结论高颈段椎管哑铃型肿瘤显微手术切除并椎管固定融合能明显改善症状,安全性好,并发症少。     

颈椎管肿瘤Asazuma分型对手术入路选择的意义

目的探讨颈椎管哑铃形神经鞘瘤的手术治疗方法及Asazuma分型在手术入路选择中的临床价值。方法总结我院2004年2月至2007年3月收治的13例颈椎管哑铃形肿瘤患者的临床表现、影像学特征、手术方式及手术前后患者脊髓神经功能改善情况,术前按照Asazuma分型进行评估,选择合适的手术入路,观察临床疗效,评估其临床应用价值。结果13例患者术前均经CT和MRI检查作出临床诊断,2例Ⅰ型,1例Ⅱa型,2例Ⅲa型,2例Ⅲb型,1例Ⅴ型,1例Ⅵ型采用后方入路,2例Ⅱc型采用前方入路,2例型采用前后联合入路。其中肿瘤完全切除11例（84.6%）,大部切除2例（15.4%）。3例患者术中同时切除宿主神经根。10例行内固定和植骨融合术。13例随访3个月至3年,平均16个月。所有患者术后临床症状及神经功能均有明显恢复。结论颈椎哑铃形椎管内肿瘤有较高的误诊、漏诊率,MRI检查对明确病变性质和位置有重要意义。Asazuma分型对颈椎管哑铃形神经鞘瘤的手术入路选择具有指导意义。     

寰枢椎后路"三点式"经椎弓根固定治疗C1、2层面椎管哑铃形肿瘤

[目的]探讨后正中入路切除C1、2层面椎管哑铃形肿瘤并使用寰枢椎后路三点式经椎弓根固定的治疗效果及手术技巧。[方法]回顾性分析16例经后正中入路切除C1、2层面椎管哑铃形肿瘤并使用寰枢椎后路三点式经椎弓根固定的病人的临床资料及手术治疗效果。[结果]16例均一次手术切除椎管内外肿瘤,16例随访12～15个月,患者的症状和神经功能均有不同程度的改善,随访期间无肿瘤复发、无内固定松动和后凸畸形发生。[结论]C1、2层面哑铃形椎管肿瘤可经颈后正中入路一次切除,寰枢椎后路三点式经椎弓根固定可维持肿瘤切除后寰枢椎的稳定性。     

前后联合入路切除胸腰段椎管巨大哑铃形肿瘤的疗效观察

目的探讨前后联合入路切除胸腰段椎管巨大哑铃形肿瘤的临床疗效。方法 2009年1月-2015年3月,采用经后正中入路联合侧前方经膈肌脚、胸膜外腹膜后入路切除胸腰段椎管巨大哑铃形肿瘤12例。男9例,女3例;年龄30~65岁,平均45岁。病程8~64周,平均12.7周。椎管外肿瘤部分位于T12、L1 6例,L1、25例,L2、3 1例;肿瘤大小范围为4.3 cm×4.0 cm×3.5 cm~7.5 cm×6.3 cm×6.0 cm。根据椎管外肿瘤累及的范围与部位,在Eden分型基础上对胸腰段Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型肿瘤在纵向和横向的侵犯范围进行二次评估,横向为b型5例,d型2例,e型4例,f型1例;纵向累及2个节段椎体8例,2个以上节段椎体4例。术后定期随访观察肿瘤切除情况、是否复发及脊柱稳定性等;采用语言疼痛程度分级法(VRS)评价术后疼痛改善情况。结果手术时间150~230 min,平均170 min;术中失血量270~600 m L,平均350 m L。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无切口及胸腔感染等并发症发生。术后组织病理学确诊为神经鞘瘤10例,神经纤维瘤2例。12例均获随访,随访时间6个月~6年,平均31个月。神经症状均明显改善,腰背部无异常酸痛感。复查胸腰段X线片、MRI未见肿瘤残留,随访期间无病变复发及内固定物松动、断裂,脊柱侧弯等并发症发生。患者术前VRS分级为Ⅰ级2例、Ⅱ级8例、Ⅲ级2例,末次随访时恢复至0级10例、Ⅰ级2例,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(Z=—3.217,P=0.001)。结论经后正中入路联合侧前方经膈肌脚、胸膜外腹膜后入路可安全、完整地切除胸腰段椎管巨大哑铃形肿瘤,并可较好地保护胸腰段脊柱稳定性及椎旁肌肉功能,对于复杂分型的胸腰段椎管哑铃形肿瘤可取得较好疗效。     

颈椎哑铃形肿瘤MRI分型探讨

目的探讨颈椎哑铃形肿瘤MRI分型及其意义。方法回顾性分析1998年~2003年颈椎哑铃形肿瘤患者34例。根据患者术前MRI设计颈椎哑铃形肿瘤的MRI分型。将颈椎哑铃形肿瘤按MRI分型设计分为4型,Ⅰ型:肿瘤跨椎间孔生长,主体位于椎管内;Ⅱ型:肿瘤向后方结构破坏性生长;Ⅲ型:肿瘤跨椎间孔生长,主体位于椎管外,其中Ⅲa型为椎动脉被推挤移位但未被肿瘤包绕,Ⅲb型为椎动脉被肿瘤包绕;Ⅳ型:肿瘤侵及前方椎体,其中Ⅳa型为肿瘤侵及椎体<1/3,Ⅳb型为肿瘤侵及椎体≥1/3。结果依据MRI分型,本组患者中I型7例,Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ型13例,Ⅳ型5例。行单纯扩大后正中入路手术治疗27例,行前后联合入路手术治疗7例。结论颈椎哑铃形肿瘤MRI分型有助于制定有效的外科手术治疗策略。     

Surgical Management of Solitary Nerve Sheath Tumors of the Cervical Spine: A Retrospective Case Analysis Based on Tumor Location and Extension

Complete resection of spinal nerve sheath tumors (NSTs) does not always result in significant neurological deficit. The purpose of this retrospective case analysis was to discuss the optimal surgical strategy for spinal NST of the cervical spine. Twenty-four patients who underwent surgery for solitary cervical NST over the past decade were included in this retrospective study. Patients with neurofibromatosis or schwannomatosis were excluded. Seventeen of the 24 cases (70.8%) showed extradural dumbbell extension, most frequently at the C1 or C2 vertebral level. Neurological condition was assessed using the modified McCormick functional schema and sensory pain scale. Total removal of the tumor was achieved in 20 of 24 cases (83.3%). Staged surgery using combined anterior and posterior approaches was applied for 2 of 17 cases with extradural dumbbell extension. Tumor involvement with nerve root fibers critical for upper extremity function (C5–C8) was recognized in 6 of 24 cases (25.0%), with complete resection in all 6 cases. Final assessment of neurological function revealed satisfactory or acceptable recovery in all 6 patients. Spinal NSTs with extradural dumbbell extension are a common condition in the cervical spine. Complete removal of spinal NST of the cervical spine may carry a risk of permanent neurological deficit, but such sequelae appeared to be the exception in the present case analysis. A radical and safe surgical strategy, including staged surgery combining anterior and posterior approaches, should be tailored to the individual case.     

Posterior transpedicular corpectomy for malignant cervical spine tumors

The goal of this study was to assess surgical clinical and radiographic outcomes of using a posterior transpedicular approach (posterolateral) for ventral malignant tumors of the cervical spine. Access to ventral lesions of the cervical spine can be challenging in patients with malignant tumors. Anterior approaches are the gold standard for ventral pathology in the cervical spine, however, there are cases, where a posterior approach is indicated due to multilevel disease, previous radiation, swallowing difficulty with difficulty in retraction of trachea and esophagus, and in cases where circumferential fusion cannot be done due to patients’ poor medical condition. A single approach could provide spinal stabilization and removal of tumor. Eight cases of ventral cervical spine malignant tumors (7 metastatic and 1 chordoma) underwent corpectomy through a posterior transpedicular (posterolateral) approach. Tumors involved C2 (5), C3 (1), C5 (1), and C7 (1). Six cases had anterior reconstruction and three column fusion, and two cases had posterior fusion alone. Gross total resection was achieved in all cases. No hardware failure or worsening of neurological condition was seen (4 patient were neurologically intact and remained intact after surgery and 4 patients improved in their Frankel grade). Pain improved in all patients, mean visual analog scale preoperative was 86 and improved to 22 after surgery. In two patients the vertebral artery was ligated without sequelae. We conclude that cervical spine transpedicular (posterolateral) approach is useful in cases where an anterior approach or a circumferential approach is not an option. It avoids the morbidity of anterior transcervical, transternal, and transoral procedures while providing decompression of neural elements and allowing three column stabilization when needed.     

上颈段哑铃形肿瘤的外科治疗策略

目的探讨上颈段哑铃形肿瘤的外科治疗策略及预后。方法回顾2000年1月至2009年12月收治的46例上颈段哑铃形肿瘤患者,分析其临床特点、外科分期、手术入路、切除方法、内固定重建技术及疗效。肿瘤性质包括神经鞘瘤33例,神经纤维瘤9例,恶性神经鞘瘤4例。依据前期设计的颈椎管哑铃形肿瘤的外科分期方法,Ⅰ期8例,Ⅱ期24例,Ⅲ期9例,Ⅳ期3例,Ⅴ期2例。经后外侧入路行肿瘤切除36例,前后联合入路行肿瘤切除10例。39例采用颈椎后路钉棒内固定系统重建,3例采用前后联合固定,4例未行内固定。结果 1例术中发生椎动脉损伤,压迫止血。术后发生脑脊液漏19例,2例继发颅内感染,经相关处理后痊愈。术后随访6～125个月,2例恶性神经鞘瘤患者于术后8个月、14个月出现局部复发,再次行手术治疗,分别于术后21个月、38个月因肺部转移导致全身衰竭死亡。其余患者未见复发,随访仍在持续进行中。结论上颈段哑铃形肿瘤的外科治疗具有相当的难度与风险,外科分期系统有助于合理制定手术方案。经后外侧入路或联合前方入路可实现肿瘤切除与重建,应注意相关并发症的处理与预防,以提高疗效。     

Upper cervical spinal cord tumors: review of 13 cases

Background  Clinical features of upper cervical spinal cord tumors are not clear because there have been too few published reports. The purpose of this study was to review the clinical features of these tumors. Methods  We reviewed 13 patients who underwent surgery for an upper cervical spinal cord tumor. Data regarding age, sex, duration and type of symptoms, levels, topographical locations, surgical results, and histological features were investigated retrospectively. Results  Of the 13 tumors, 5 were at C1/2, 7 at C2/3 and 1 at C1-3. Topographically, 9 of the 13 tumors were dumbbell shaped, and all 5 at C1/2 had this shape. The initial symptom was occipital pain in three patients, numbness or pain of the extremity in nine, and clumsiness of the upper extremity in one. The average duration from initial symptom to surgery was 14.9 months. There were no major surgical complications, but there were three cases of postoperative cervical kyphosis. These three patients underwent tumorectomy with total laminectomy of C2. Tumor recurrence was seen in three patients for reasons thought to be the same as tumors at other levels, being residual meningiomas lying ventral to the cord and extraforaminal neurinomas. Conclusions Spinal cord tumors in the upper cervical region tend to progress as dumbbell tumors. As all the neurinomas had this shape (Eden type 2 or 3) at C1/2, this anatomy might favor progression to the extradural and extraforaminal spaces. However, it also allows total removal of the tumor via a posterior approach. To maintain postoperative cervical alignment, the surgeon should select the least invasive approach to the paraspinal muscles attached to the spinous process of C2       

颈椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤Tovama分型及手术治疗策略

目的:探讨颈椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的临床特点、Toyama分型及手术治疗策略.方法:回顾分析我院2004年1月～2008年1月期间治疗的21例颈椎哑铃形肿瘤患者,肿瘤节段位于C1/2 6例,C2/3 4例,C3/4 3例,C4/5 3例,C5/6 2例,C6/7 1例,C1/2伴C2/3 1例,C4/5伴C5/6 1例.神经鞘瘤14例,神经纤维瘤4例,多发性神经纤维瘤2例,恶性神经鞘瘤1例.采用Toyama方法分型,Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ a型4例,Ⅱ b型2例,ⅡC型1例,Ⅲa型10例,Ⅲb型2例,日Ⅴ型1例;IF分期Ⅰ期19例,Ⅱ期2例;TF分期Ⅰ期19例,Ⅱ期2例.术前JOA评分4～15分,平均8.7分;ASIA分级B级1例,C级5例,D级11例,E级4例.对15例肿瘤主要位于后方和椎管内且向前生长不超过椎问孔的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ a型、Ⅴ型及几乎所有Ⅲa型肿瘤选择后路手术;早期有1例C1/2Ⅲa型肿瘤行寰枢椎侧方入路;对4例肿瘤侵及椎管内并且在颈前方存在肿块的Ⅱb型和Ⅲb型选择前后路联合手术;对1例瘤体位于颈椎前方的Ⅱ C型肿瘤选择单纯前方入路.1例Ⅲb型及3例TF或IF分期Ⅱ期者因切除较多骨质而行内固定重建,单侧固定3例,双侧固定1例.术后行JOA评分及ASIA残损分级评估神经功能.结果:手术均顺利完成,术中肿瘤均完全切除,无椎动脉损伤,无神经功能障碍加重.患者局部疼痛和神经症状均有明显改善或缓解,术后即刻出现单侧上肢-过性瘫痪1例,经激素及脱水药物治疗3d后缓解;脑脊液漏1例,保守治疗后闭合;术后颅内感染1例,经持续腰大池引流和抗感染治疗后治愈;未见颈椎反屈畸形.随访6个月～4年,平均23个月.所有患者神经功能均有不同程度恢复,其中14例患者神经功能完全恢复.术后半年时JOA评分10～17分,平均13.2分,ASIA分级C级1例,D级2例,E级18例.1例Ⅲa型患者后路手术后1年椎间孔外部分局部复发,其余病例均未见局部复发.结论:Toyama分型较完善,对于手术方式和入路的选择具有较大的指导意义,有助于提高肿瘤切除率,降低术后局部复发率.     

Surgical treatment of metastatic lesion of the spine. A review of 51 consecutive cases operated

Abstract Metastatic lesions of the spine have recently become a debated topic in orthopaedics, because more and more patients survive long enough to require surgical treatment. The aim of this study is to review a series of 51 patients affected by metastatic lesions of the spine. Fifty-one patients affected by metastatic lesions of the spine were treated between 1987 and 2000. In 5 cases the cervical spine was involved, in 27 the thoracic and in 19 the lumbar spine. Surgery was planned according to the following labelling factors: type of malignancy, life expectancy, neurological involvement, pain, site of lesion, lesion extension and spine stability. Surgical treatment consisted of: minimally invasive cord decompression in 3 cases, posterior stabilization in 21, posterior stabilization and cord decompression in 13 cases, anterior resection and reconstruction of anterior column associated or not at posterior stabilization in 14 cases. Two patients died due to complications related to surgery. At the last available follow-up of 4 (±2.5) years, 29 patients had excellent results, 16 had good results, 2 fair and 2 poor results. One fair and 1 poor result had recurrence of the metastatic lesions of the spine and needed another operation. We believe that surgical treatment of metastatic lesion of the spine has a positive cost/benefit ratio for the patient's condition; in fact most of our patients had improvement of quality of life. The labelling factors of each lesion have to be carefully studied together with the oncologist to decide the correct surgical option because unsatisfactory results could be sometimes related to incorrect evaluation of the evolution of the neoplasm.     

Spinal dumbbell tumors: an analysis of a series of 118 cases

OBJECT: The authors analyzed a series of 118 cases of spinal dumbbell tumors to elucidate the feature of the tumors. METHODS: Of 674 cases of spinal cord tumors, the incidence of dumbbell tumors was studied. The tumors were analyzed, and the authors focus on the distribution of age and sex, the pathological diagnoses, their locations, Eden classification, and the surgical methods used. RESULTS: The incidence of dumbbell tumors was 18%. The mean patient age was 43 years, which was younger than that for all spinal cord tumors (mean 50 years). There were 11 patients younger than 10 years of age. The rate of dumbbell tumors in the cervical spine was significantly higher than that of all spinal cord tumors. Fifteen (18%) of the 81 schwannomas were observed in the C-2 nerve root, thus having a higher incidence than those in the other nerve roots. In 99 cases (84%), the tumors were removed through a hemilaminectomy with or without a facetectomy and posterior fusion. Of 118 cases, 69% of the tumors were schwannomas, and malignant tumors were found in 10 cases (8.5%). Seven (64%) of 11 patients younger than 10 years of age had malignant tumors. Three patients older than 10 years of age had malignant tumors, thus accounting for 2.8% of the 107 older patients. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of dumbbell tumors was 18%, and they are not uncommon. Malignant dumbbell tumors were more common in children younger than 10 years of age than in older patients.     

Dumbbell Type Jugular Foramen Meningioma Extending Both into the Posterior Cranial Fossa and into the Parapharyngeal Space: Report of 2 Cases with Vascular Reconstruction

Summary Two cases with huge dumbbell type jugular foramen meningioma with extension into the parapharyngeal space are reported. A well co-ordinated surgical strategy for total resection to this high risk tumour with neurosurgeons, otolaryngologists and plastic surgeons is mandatory to minimise operative complications. Both of our patients presented with a cervical mass and lower cranial nerve palsies, and had huge dumbbell type masses extending from the posterior cranial fossa through the jugular foramen to the parapharyngeal space, encasing the cervical internal carotid artery. Gross total resection of the tumours was successfully achieved by basically a 2-stage operation. In the first stage, posterior fossa tumours were removed by the transjugular approach, combined with the petrosal approach in one case. In the second stage, cervical tumours were removed along with the cervical carotid artery by the transcervical and/or transmandibular approach, followed by vascular reconstruction from the ipsilateral carotid artery to the middle cerebral artery using saphenous vein graft. From these experiences, we recommend this 2-stage operation for large dumbbell type meningiomas extending to the infratemporal/parapharyngeal space. The intracranial tumour is removed at the first operation. The extracranial portion is resected at the second, and if necessary, the involved cervical carotid artery is resected and simultaneous revascularisation using saphenous vein graft is performed with a vascularised free muscle graft. This strategy could maximise the functional preservation on the one hand, and minimise the surgical risk, such as postoperative infection, on the other.