病理性近视黄斑裂孔患者黄斑区视网膜前膜的组织学观察

目的 观察病理性近视内界膜表面结构的组织学变化与黄斑裂孔发生发展的关系.方法 同顾分析行玻璃体切割手术的病理性近视黄斑裂孔患者34例34只眼的临床资料.患眼屈光度均超过-6.00 D,眼轴26.00～33.12 mm,平均眼轴长度27.74 mm.5只眼为黄斑裂孔无视网膜脱离(黄斑裂孔组),29只眼为黄斑裂孔合并后极部视网膜浅脱离(视网膜脱离组).对入选患眼行睫状体平坦部三切口的玻璃体切割手术,手术中观察Weiss环以判断玻璃体后脱离程度,获取34只眼的视网膜前膜及19只眼的内界膜组织标本,行苏木精-伊红(HE)及醋酸铀-枸橼酸铅双染色,采用光学及透射电子显微镜观察.结果 玻璃体切割手术中,5只眼出现Weiss环,24只眼的视网膜表面有多层玻璃体组织残留.光学显微镜观察发现,内界膜表面的视网膜前膜主要由玻璃体胶原纤维.星形胶质细胞及细胞外基质组成.透射电子显微镜观察发现,19只眼的内界膜标本中,5只眼可她内界膜一玻璃体胶原纤维-细胞的"三明治"样结构,1只眼可见内界膜损伤、表面组织牵引和星形胶质细胞移行.结论病理性近视玻璃体后界面劈裂、内界膜表面组织结构的变化是黄斑裂孔发生发展直至视网膜脱离的重要原因.     

内界膜剥除对适度高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离视网膜复位及裂孔闭合的影响

目的 比较曲安奈德(TA)玻璃体染色辅助玻璃体切割(PPV)联合与不联合内界膜剥除对适度高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离(MHRD)视网膜复位及黄斑裂孔闭合的影响.方法 屈光度≥6D,增生型玻璃体视网膜病变分级A、B级,眼轴长度≥26 mm但＜29 mm,视网膜色素上皮及脉络膜萎缩轻或不明显,0～1级且深度≤2 mm巩膜后葡萄肿的适度高度近视MHRD患者43例43只眼纳入观察.将43只眼随机分为内界膜剥除组和内界膜保留组.其中,内界膜剥除组24只眼,内界膜保留组19只眼.TA玻璃体染色辅助PPV后,内界膜剥除组行内界膜剥除,内界膜保留组不行内界膜剥除.手术后1周,l、3、6、12个月时随访,比较两组间矫正视力、视网膜复位及黄斑裂孔闭合率的差异.结果 手术后12个月,内界膜剥除组视网膜复位22只眼,视网膜复位率91.67％;内界膜保留组视网膜复位18只眼,视网膜复位率94.74％;两组患者的视网膜复位率比较,差异无统计学意义(Fisher确切概率法,P=1.000).内界膜剥除组黄斑裂孔闭合14只眼,黄斑裂孔闭合率58.33％;内界膜保留组黄斑裂孔闭合11只眼,黄斑裂孔闭合57.89％;两组患者的黄斑裂孔闭合率比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.049,P=0.824).两组患者手术后视力比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.001,P=0.977).结论 采用TA辅助PPV治疗适度高度近视MHRD眼,其视网膜复位、裂孔闭合及视力改变与内界膜是否剥除无明显关系.     

亮蓝辅助视网膜内界膜剥离治疗病理性近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的疗效评估

目的 评估亮蓝(BBG)辅助视网膜内界膜(ILM)剥离治疗病理性近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的安全性和有效性.方法 前瞻性非对照研究.27例病理性近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离患者27只眼纳入研究.常规行最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、眼压、裂隙灯显微镜+90 D前置镜眼底检查,A和(或)B型超声、光相干断层扫描(OCT)及视野检查.所有患者行玻璃体切割手术(PPV),手术中采用BBG辅助ILM剥离,手术后采用C3F8气体填充.观察患者有无视网膜或角膜水肿、前房炎症反应、眼压增高等BBG毒性反应.手术后1、7 d,1、3、6个月进行随访,采用手术前相同的仪器设备行相关检查,对比分析手术前后BCVA、眼压、眼底表现、视野变化、黄斑裂孔闭合、视网膜复位等情况.结果 BBG辅助下,所有患者均完整地剥离ILM.无手术后角膜水肿、前房反应、眼压升高、视野缺损等不良反应发生.手术后1个月,27只眼中26只眼黄斑裂孔闭合、视网膜完全复位,占96.3%;1只眼黄斑裂孔未闭合、视网膜再脱离,占3.7%.手术后6个月,27只眼中25只眼视力提高,占92.6%;2只眼视力不变,占7.4%.手术前后BCVA比较,差异有统计学意义(t=6.08,P＜0.05).结论 BBG可充分染色ILM,且无不良反应发生;其辅助ILM剥离治疗病理性近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离安全有效.     

视网膜内界膜剥离手术治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的疗效观察

目的 观察视网膜内界膜剥离治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的疗效. 方法 回顾分析25例25只眼高度近视黄斑裂孔伴视网膜脱离患者的临床资料.根据治疗方法 分为2组,A组为单纯玻璃体切割手术,13例13只眼;B组为玻璃体切割手术加吲哚青绿染色内界膜剥离,12例12只眼.所有患者行惰性气体填充,手术后保持面朝下体位7～15 d.观察最佳矫正分辨角对数(LogMAR)视力,检查眼底,光相干断层扫描(OCT)、B型超声检查视网膜复位及黄斑裂孔闭合情况,比较两组间疗效差异.手术后随访6～18个月,平均随访时间10个月. 结果 A组13只眼中,7只眼手术后视网膜复位,占53.8%;B组12只眼中,11只眼手术后视网膜复位,占91.7%.B组视网膜复位率明显优于A组(X2=4.427,P=0.046);25只眼中,手术后黄斑裂孔闭合者17只眼,占68.0%.其中,A组13只眼中,6只眼黄斑裂孔闭合,占A组患者的46.2%;B组12只眼中,11只眼黄斑裂孔闭合,占B组患者的91.7%.两组患者手术后黄斑裂孔闭合率比较,差异有统计学意义(X2=5.940,P=0.020).A组手术后最佳矫正LogMAR视力提高平均0.32,与手术前比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.045,P=0.041),B组手术后最佳矫正LogMAR视力提高平均0.53,与手术前比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.481,P=0.012).两组间手术后视力差异无统计学意义(U=51.5,P=0.16). 结论玻璃体切割联合视网膜内界膜剥离手术可能通过完全解除玻璃体黄斑牵引、增加视网膜顺应性而提高高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的治疗效果.显著增加视网膜复位率及黄斑裂孔闭合率.     

视网膜内界膜剥离手术治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的疗效观察

目的 观察视网膜内界膜剥离治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的疗效. 方法 回顾分析25例25只眼高度近视黄斑裂孔伴视网膜脱离患者的临床资料.根据治疗方法 分为2组,A组为单纯玻璃体切割手术,13例13只眼;B组为玻璃体切割手术加吲哚青绿染色内界膜剥离,12例12只眼.所有患者行惰性气体填充,手术后保持面朝下体位7～15 d.观察最佳矫正分辨角对数(LogMAR)视力,检查眼底,光相干断层扫描(OCT)、B型超声检查视网膜复位及黄斑裂孔闭合情况,比较两组间疗效差异.手术后随访6～18个月,平均随访时间10个月. 结果 A组13只眼中,7只眼手术后视网膜复位,占53.8%;B组12只眼中,11只眼手术后视网膜复位,占91.7%.B组视网膜复位率明显优于A组(X2=4.427,P=0.046);25只眼中,手术后黄斑裂孔闭合者17只眼,占68.0%.其中,A组13只眼中,6只眼黄斑裂孔闭合,占A组患者的46.2%;B组12只眼中,11只眼黄斑裂孔闭合,占B组患者的91.7%.两组患者手术后黄斑裂孔闭合率比较,差异有统计学意义(X2=5.940,P=0.020).A组手术后最佳矫正LogMAR视力提高平均0.32,与手术前比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.045,P=0.041),B组手术后最佳矫正LogMAR视力提高平均0.53,与手术前比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.481,P=0.012).两组间手术后视力差异无统计学意义(U=51.5,P=0.16). 结论玻璃体切割联合视网膜内界膜剥离手术可能通过完全解除玻璃体黄斑牵引、增加视网膜顺应性而提高高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的治疗效果.显著增加视网膜复位率及黄斑裂孔闭合率.     

玻璃体视网膜手术治疗病理性近视黄斑劈裂的疗效观察及视力预后影响因素分析

目的 观察玻璃体视网膜手术治疗病理性近视黄斑劈裂的临床效果,分析视力预后的影响因素.方法 临床确诊为病理性近视黄斑劈裂并接受玻璃体视网膜手术治疗的23例患者27只眼纳入研究.患者均行最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、眼压、裂隙灯显微镜、直接检眼镜、双目间接检眼镜、眼底照相、A型超声、B型超声及光相干断层扫描等检查并行23G或25G经结膜无缝合微创玻璃体切割手术治疗.手术后随访6.00～36.00个月,平均随访时间(19.40±10.03)个月.观察视网膜劈裂复位、视力预后以及手术并发症发生情况.采用多因素Logistic回归分析法分析患者年龄、性别、病程、屈光度、眼轴长度、手术前BCVA、是否合并黄斑前膜、周边视网膜裂孔以及手术中是否注气、是否剥除内界膜和手术后末次随访时光感受器内外节连接(IS/OS)是否连续与视力预后的关系.结果 27只眼中,首次手术后视网膜解剖复位成功21只眼,占77.78％;未完全解剖复位6只眼,占22.22％.视力提高24只眼,占88.89％;未提高3只眼,占11.11％.随访期间,所有患者均未发生眼底出血、低眼压、高眼压、眼内炎等并发症.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,手术前BCVA(OR=9.11,P=0.007)、眼轴长度(OR=0.31,P=0.038)及末次随访IS/OS层连续性(OR=4.32,P=0.001)与视力预后密切相关.结论 玻璃体视网膜手术治疗病理性近视黄斑劈裂,能使大部分患者视网膜解剖复位成功,视力提高.手术前BCVA、眼轴长度及末次随访IS/OS连续性是影响视力预后的重要因素.     

表面麻醉下25G经结膜无缝合玻璃体视网膜手术的临床应用

目的 观察表面麻醉下行25G经结膜无缝合玻璃体视网膜手术的疗效、适应证和并发症。 方法 回顾分析22例爱尔卡因滴眼液表面麻醉下采用25G经结膜无缝合玻璃体切割手术系统（TSV25G）行玻璃体视网膜手术患者的临床及随访资料。22例患者均为单眼患病接受治疗。其中特发性黄斑裂孔10只眼，特发性黄斑前膜6只眼，玻璃体黄斑牵引综合征4只眼，视网膜分支静脉阻塞玻璃体积血2只眼。根据病情行视网膜前膜、黄斑前膜和（或）内界膜剥离，气液交换和全氟丙烷（C₃F₈）气体眼内充填 。手术后随访1~11个月，平均随访时间6.4个月。主要观察分析手术中的镇痛效果、患者合作程度、手术效果以及手术中和手术后并发症。 结果 所有手术眼均可在表面麻醉下顺利完成手术操作。手术时间20~25min，平均手术时间约22min。手术中患者无特别不适，能配合手术；手术后2d内手术创口结膜轻度水肿，7d后已无明显痕迹。1个月时仅在巩膜表面见一浅的色素沉着点。手术后一过性眼压升高2只眼，晶状体后囊羽毛状混浊5只眼，玻璃体积血1只眼，结膜下气泡2只眼。未发生感染性眼内炎、医源性视网膜裂孔及视网膜脱离、脉络膜脱离以及其他与切口相关的并发症。特发性黄斑裂孔患者9只眼裂孔闭合，1只眼裂孔缩小但未闭合，特发性黄斑前膜、玻璃体黄斑牵引综合征、视网膜分支静脉阻塞玻璃体积血均治愈。 结论 表面麻醉下的25G经结膜无缝合玻璃体视网膜手术具有手术操作简单、时间短、创伤小、并发症少、手术后恢复快等优点，主要适用于特发性黄斑裂孔、特发性黄斑前膜、玻璃体黄斑牵引综合征、单纯玻璃体积血等手术操作相对简单的疾病的玻璃体视网膜手术治疗。 （中华眼底病杂志，2004，20：133-136）     

不同程度高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离玻璃体切割手术后疗效比较

目的 比较适度与极端高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离(MHRD)曲安奈德(TA)染色辅助玻璃体切割及内界膜剥除联合长效气体眼内填充手术后的疗效.方法 41例高度近视MHRD住院患者41只眼纳入研究.其中,眼轴长度＜ 29 mm,视网膜色素上皮(RPE)及脉络膜萎缩轻,0～1级且深度≤2 mm的巩膜后葡萄肿者24只眼(适度组);眼轴长度≥29 mm,RPE及脉络膜明显萎缩,2～3级且深度＞2 mm的巩膜后葡萄肿者17只眼(极端组).两组患者均行TA染色辅助玻璃体切割手术联合内界膜剥除手术治疗,手术完毕时行C3F8眼内填充.对手术后发生视网膜再脱离者行再次手术.以手术后12个月为疗效判定时间点,比较两组患者视网膜复位率、黄斑裂孔闭合率及视力情况.结果 第1次手术后,适度组、极端组视网膜复位率分别为91.67％、64.71％,黄斑裂孔闭合率分别为58.33％、17.65％.两组第1次手术后视网膜复位率(P=0.049)、黄斑裂孔闭合率(x2=6.787,P=0.009)比较,差异均有统计学意义.第2次手术后,适度组、极端组视网膜复位率分别为95.83％％、88.24％,黄斑裂孔闭合率分别为58.33％、23.53％.两组比较,视网膜复位率间差异无统计学意义(P=0.560),黄斑裂孔闭合率间差异有统计学意义(x2=4.894,P=0.027).手术后12个月,适度组视力提高14只眼,视力不变9只眼,视力下降1只眼;极端组视力提高6只眼,视力不变8只眼,视力下降3只眼.两组视力情况比较,差异无统计学意义(x2 =0.209,P=0.647).结论 TA染色辅助玻璃体切割及内界膜剥除联合长效气体眼内填充手术后,适度高度近视MHRD患者视网膜复位率及黄斑孔闭合率较极端高度近视MHRD患者更高,但视力预后无明显差异.     

高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离的再次手术

目的 评价高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离再次手术的治疗效果。方法 对需再次手术的黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离17例17眼，其中11例是第1次经玻璃体切割联合膨胀气体填充后黄斑裂孔未闭合，6例是黄斑裂孔闭合后晚期复发的患者行玻璃体切割，彻底黄斑前膜剥离，2例行视网膜内界膜剥离，全部病例联合硅油内填充，11例术后补充氩激光光凝。结果 17例17眼黄斑裂孔闭合，视网膜全部复位，最终视力较术前提高。随访3—24个月，视网膜复位良好，无1眼复发。结论 黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离再次手术中彻底剥离黄斑前膜，剥离视网膜内界膜，硅油填充和激光光凝可有效封闭黄斑裂孔。     

特发性黄斑孔手术内界膜的超微结构特点

目的 对老年特发性黄斑孔手术所取组织进行组织学鉴定和比较。方法 6例老年特发黄斑孔患者行玻璃体切割，内界膜剥除，SF6填充手术时取出的标本，以及3例尸体眼的后极部视网膜组织，2例黄斑前膜患者手术中取出的视网膜前膜，用透射电镜进行组织学研究。结果 黄斑孔手术的取材在电镜下表现为一层连续起伏的基底膜组织，上附疏松的玻璃体胶原纤维，未见细胞和视网膜神经层成分，与尸体眼玻璃体视网膜交界的形态相似。而黄斑前膜可见纤维星形细胞，巨噬样细胞及间断的基底膜组织。结论 确证了老年特发黄斑孔手术时用吲哚菁绿染色后撕除的组织是视网膜内界膜。内界膜的剥除在多种黄斑手术中具有重要意义。     

Triamcinolone acetonide facilitates removal of the epiretinal membrane and separation of the residual vitreous cortex in highly myopic eyes with retinal detachment due to a macular hole

PURPOSE: To study the usefulness of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection during vitrectomy in highly myopic eyes with retinal detachment due to a macular hole. METHODS: Pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 6 patients with retinal detachment resulting from a highly myopic eye with a macular hole. After separation of the posterior hyaloid and removal of any visible epiretinal membrane, triamcinolone acetonide was injected over the posterior pole. Excised specimens were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Upon injection of triamcinolone acetonide, the entire epiretinal membrane and residual vitreous cortex could be visualized in all patients. The epiretinal membrane and residual posterior vitreous cortex were completely removed. Successful reattachment was performed without retinal damage in all cases. Electron microscopy revealed a cellular epiretinal membrane within a collagenous matrix lining the smooth internal surface of the internal limiting membrane. No complications related to the use of triamcinolone acetonide were encountered. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative visualization of the epiretinal membrane and residual posterior vitreous cortex with triamcinolone acetonide was found to be a useful adjunct to vitrectomy. Using triamcinolone acetonide during vitrectomy may facilitate both removal of the epiretinal membrane around the macular hole and separation of the residual vitreous cortex from the retina in highly myopic eyes with retinal detachment.     

Efficacy of internal limiting membrane removal for retinal detachments resulting from a myopic macular hole

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of internal limiting membrane (ILM) or epiretinal membrane removal during pars plana vitrectomy for a retinal detachment resulting from a macular hole in myopic eyes. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in a single institution. Twenty-six highly myopic eyes with a retinal detachment resulting from a macular hole were studied. During pars plana vitrectomy, ILM peeling (ILM-peeled group) was performed on 13 eyes, and the ILM was not removed (ILM-preserved group) in 12 eyes. Main outcome measures were anatomic reattachment, optical coherence tomography-determined macular hole closure, and visual acuity. Follow-up periods were longer than 12 months in all cases. RESULTS: The anatomic reattachment rate after the initial surgery was significantly higher in the ILM-peeled group (92.3%) than in the ILM-preserved group (50%). The macular holes of 8 (72.7%) of the 11 ILM-peeled and reattached eyes and 2 (50%) of the 4 ILM-preserved and reattached eyes were successfully closed by the initial surgery. No significant difference was found in the postoperative visual acuity and the improvement of visual acuity between the ILM-peeled group and the ILM-preserved group. There was also no significant difference of the postoperative visual acuity and improvement of the visual acuity between the two groups in cases with an initial anatomic success. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that removal of the ILM contributes to a successful reattachment and is an effective treatment for macular hole and retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes. The authors suggest that the higher success rate after ILM peeling resulted from the release of the traction of the prefoveal vitreous and the epiretinal membrane over the detached retina.     

The role of vitreoretinal surgery in the management of myopic macular hole without retinal detachment

PURPOSE: To evaluate the anatomic and functional outcome of vitreoretinal surgery in eyes with pathologic myopia and macular hole and to determine if surgery improves visual acuity. METHODS: Twenty-four consecutive highly myopic eyes with full-thickness macular hole without posterior retinal detachment were treated by vitrectomy. Posterior hyaloid dissection, removal of epiretinal and internal limiting membranes (ILM) if thickened, instillation of platelet concentrate, and flushing with 25% sulfur hexafluoride were performed. RESULTS: Patients' refractive error ranged between -8.0 and -17.5 diopters, and axial length ranged from 27.1 to 31.4 mm. Two epimacular membranes and 10 macular ILM were removed. Ten patients also underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation at the same procedure. Mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 20/200. Successful anatomic macular hole closure occurred 6 months postoperatively in 100% of eyes after one (21 eyes, 87.5%) or two surgeries (3 eyes, 12.5%). Visual acuity improved three or more lines in 83.3% of patients. Mean postoperative visual acuity was 20/70. No retinal detachment was observed during the follow-up period, which ranged from 12 to 45 months. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that vitreoretinal surgery may effectively manage myopic macular holes, thus improving anatomic and visual outcomes. By closing the hole, vitreoretinal surgery may decrease the risk of posterior retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes.     

高度近视眼黄斑孔玻璃体视网膜界面的超微结构研究

目的 探讨高度近视眼并发的黄斑孔源性视网膜脱离患者的玻璃体视网膜界面特征。方法 12例高度近视眼黄斑孔视网膜脱离患者，玻璃体切割术中剥离黄斑区内界膜及黏附的玻璃体组织。其中8例标本应用透射电镜观察，4例采用免疫胶体金技术进行层粘连蛋白、纤维连接蛋白标记。2例正常尸体眼作对照。结果 透射电镜显示除l例玻璃体皮质和内界膜部分脱离外，7例标本均发现有成片的玻璃体后皮质粘附于内界膜表面。6例标本发现有上皮样细胞，其胞浆中含色素颗粒，表面有较多足突。免疫电镜显示其界面的层粘连蛋白、纤维连接蛋白数量明显多于正常人（P〈0．001）。结论 高度近视眼并发的黄斑孔源性视网膜脱离患者，黄斑区形成玻璃体劈裂。其视网膜表面膜组织中，以上皮样细胞为主介导胶原纤维的收缩。纤维连接蛋白和层粘连蛋白参与了膜收缩。     

Current concepts and cutting-edge techniques in myopic macular surgeries

Myopic foveoschisis and macular hole with a retinal detachment are two major diseases associated with posterior staphyloma that are specific to high myopia. The pathogenesis is a combination of various types of traction from the vitreous cortex, epiretinal membrane (ERM), internal limiting membrane (ILM), and microvessels. Foveoschisis typically starts with retinoschisis, and a retinal detachment subsequently develops as a result of traction on the inner retina. The stress on the fovea eventually opens a small hole and leads to retinal detachment from a macular hole; thus, both are closely related. These two pathologies can be treated with vitrectomy. A foveal detachment is the best indication for surgery because of the greatest visual improvement. The routine surgical procedures are vitreous cortex removal with triamcinolone acetonide, ERM peeling, ILM peeling stained with Brilliant Blue G, and gas tamponade. The necessity for ILM peeling and gas tamponade for myopic foveoschisis remains controversial. A postoperative macular hole is a severe complication in foveoschisis, and a photoreceptor inner/outer segment defect seen on optical coherence tomography images obtained preoperatively is a risk factor for macular hole. A foveal nonpeeling can be considered to avoid foveal trauma. The inverted ILM peeling technique is a new option to enhance macular hole closure. Both techniques seem to enhance retinal restoration; however, the visual benefit has not been confirmed. A long-shaft forceps facilitates precise maneuvers. Vitrectomy for highly myopic macular diseases remains challenging; however, an understanding of the pathogeneses and innovations in vitreous surgical instruments and techniques will facilitate safer surgeries.     

Macular hole retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes: ultrastructure of surgically removed epiretinal membrane and clinicopathologic correlation

PURPOSE: To elucidate the pathogenesis of macular hole retinal detachment (RD) in highly myopic eyes by investigating the ultrastructure of surgically removed epiretinal membranes (ERM). METHODS: Five consecutive Japanese patients with macular hole RD in highly myopic eyes underwent vitrectomy with attempted removal of the ERM around the hole. The surgical specimens were examined by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Extremely thin, translucent sheets of epiretinal tissue were harvested from all patients during surgery, resulting in successful retinal reattachment. Ultrastructural examination revealed that the ERM consisted of cortical vitreous and various cellular components. Fibrous astrocytes were the major cell population and extended cytoplasmic processes with membrane-associated vesicles onto the cortical vitreous. Gap junctions were observed between the interdigitating processes of fibrous astrocytes. The cortical vitreous contained abundant newly formed collagen, including fibrous long-spacing collagen, surrounded by sparsely distributed native vitreous collagen. CONCLUSIONS: Active synthesis of new collagen may be regulated by fibrous astrocytes by means of transmission of metabolic substances through gap junctions and cytoplasmic vesicles. The frequent occurrence of newly formed collagen aggregates may subsequently lead to a diffusely condensed posterior cortical vitreous that exerts tangential traction on the posterior retina, causing macular hole RD.     

玻璃体手术治疗高度近视眼黄斑裂孔引起的原发性视网膜脱离

目的 报告一组高度近视眼由黄斑裂孔引起的原发性视网膜脱离经玻璃体手术治疗的结果。 方法 回顾性分析自1996年3月至2004年3月连续进行的一组病例，纳入标准为原有屈光不正≥－6.00 D，或眼轴≥26 mm，未发现周边视网膜裂孔，且经玻璃体手术治疗、由黄斑裂孔引起的原发性视网膜脱离。 结果 本组患者83例， 其中女63例，男20例，85只眼，平均年龄54.1岁。手术前视力光感~数指49只眼，0.01~0.1者33只眼，0.12~0.2者3只眼。视网膜脱离范围仅限于黄斑部15只眼，1~2个象限11只眼，3 ~4个象限59只眼。手术中同时做晶状体切除或超声粉碎62只眼（72.9%），黄斑前膜切除37只眼，注入C3F829只眼（34.1%），注入硅油56只眼（65.9%）。手术后视网膜复位77只 眼（90.6%），未复位8只眼。手术后视力改善47只眼（55.3%），不变25只眼（29.4%），下降13只眼（15.3%）。 结论 由于黄斑裂孔引起的原发性视网膜脱离多发生在年龄较大、女性高度近视眼，玻璃体手术具有同时进行玻璃体后皮质和黄斑前膜切除、晶状体摘除和眼内填充的优势，手术后大多数眼能改善或保持视力。 （中华眼底病杂志， 2006，22：287-290）     

Scleral resection technique combined with vitrectomy for a macular hole retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes

PURPOSE: To evaluate scleral resection technique combined with vitrectomy for macular hole retinal detachment of highly myopic eyes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeencases (17 eyes) of macular hole retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes, in which the patient underwent vitrectomy combined with scleral resection technique formacular hole retinal detachment between January 1996 and December 2003 at Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, were studied.Following pars plana vitrectomy, as much as possible of the residual vitreous and/or epiretinal membrane was removed. A scleral resection was performed in 2 quadrants of the equatorial region of the temporal sclera. Finally, a fluid-air exchange with SF(6) gas injection was performed to achieve retinal attachment. Pre- and postoperative axial length of the eyeballs were measured by B-scan ultrasonography. RESULTS: All cases had the retina reattached at the initial surgery, and visual acuities were stabilized or improved after the surgery. The posterior staphyloma became obscure in 13 out of 17 eyes (76.8%). The macular hole closed in 14 of 17 eyes (82.4%) ophthalmoscopically. There were no cases in which retinal redetachment occurred during follow-up periods of more than 6 months. CONCLUSION: In cases of macular hole retinal detachment of a highly myopic eye, scleral resection technique combined with vitrectomy changed the shape of the eyeballs and allowed successful retinal reattachment at the initial surgery.     

Visual outcome and electron microscopic features of indocyanine green-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling from macular hole of various aetiologies

PURPOSE: To describe the visual outcome of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for macular hole of various aetiologies and ultrastructural features of the ILM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 40 eyes of 38 patients. Thirty eyes with full thickness macular hole were treated with vitrectomy and removal of ILM. Ten eyes with retinal detachment served as negative controls and these patients underwent vitrectomy and ILM removal. The surgical specimens were examined by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: The anatomical success rate of the first operation was 90% in idiopathic and myopic groups, whereas it was 100% in traumatic macular hole group. Visual improvement of (3) two lines was noted in 80% of the cases. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of ILM in all surgical specimens. Proliferation of astrocytes and synthesis of new collagen along the inner surface of ILM was noted in the surgical specimens. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the ILM removal helps in closure of the macular hole and retinal reattachment. Vitrectomy with ILM peeling is a reasonable surgical approach to treat macular holes of idiopathic, myopic and traumatic aetiology.