KNN-KSR建模方法及其在卷烟主流烟气预测中的应用

提出在自变量空间寻找与未知样本最接近的K个已知样本,然后根据K个最近邻样本（KNN）与未知样本在自变量空间的关系去预测未知样本因变量的最优化保形映射方法（简称KNN—KSR）。以卷烟的稀释率、闭式吸阻、单支重、圆周、开式吸阻、硬度等6个物理指标及总糖、还原糖、总氮、总植物碱、氯等5个化学指标为自变量,以企业生产的595批卷烟测试数据为基础,采用KNN—KSR方法预测卷烟主流烟气中的焦油、CO、烟气烟碱,并将有关结果与传统多元线性回归（MLR）、主成分回归（PCR）及偏最小二乘（PLS）的结果进行了比较。留1/4样本检验结果表明：KNN—KSR方法各指标预测平均残差、平均相对误差（绝对值）、相关系数和准确率均优于传统的MLR、PCR及PLS的方法。以GB5606．5-2005所规定的误差范围为标准,用KNN—KSR方法对3个卷烟主流烟气指标的同时预测准确率可以达到94％。     

草酸钾添加量对卷烟纸热解性能及主流烟气的影响

通过在卷烟纸上添加不同量的草酸钾,采用常规烟气分析、同步热分析,研究其对卷烟纸热解性能及主流烟气的影响.结果表明：在卷烟纸上添加草酸钾后对卷烟主流烟气中的焦油和CO有一定的降低作用,随着添加量的继续增加,抽吸口数、CO和焦油释放量均呈先下降后缓慢上升趋势;在草酸钾添加量为1.5%时,其降焦及降CO效率最高;随着草酸钾添加量的增加,卷烟纸热解起始温度降低,在200～300℃时反应活化能降低.     

“双得乐”新混合型卷烟通过鉴定

<正> 由山东中医学院与荷泽卷烟厂共同研制的“双得乐”新混合型卷烟,于1992年11月7日在济南通过省级鉴定。该卷烟以活血化瘀中药精提取物为添加剂,可以降低血液粘度、降血脂、改善机体血液流变和微循环,对心血管疾病、脑供血不足、高血压病等有一定的辅助治疗作用,同时不改变主流烟气的吸味标准。该课题由张兆旺副教授为主研究的。     

3R4F参比卷烟主流烟气总粒相物的Ames试验

目的:研究3R4F参比卷烟主流烟气总粒相物(TPM)的致突变作用。方法:采用4种鼠伤寒沙门氏菌菌株TA97、TA98、TA100和TA102,对3R4F参比卷烟的TPM进行Ames试验;筛选出对TPM较敏感的菌株为研究对象,比较体积分数5%和10%的S9混合液的活化能力及不同预培养时间(0、20、40和60min)的致突变作用。结果:在加S9的情况下,TA98和TA100对TPM较为敏感。体积分数5%和10%的S9混合液的致突变作用无明显差异,37℃下预培养20min效果更佳。结论:以TA98和TA100为研究对象,选择体积分数5%的S9混合液,采用预培养改良的Ames试验可有效测定卷烟烟气TPM的致突变作用。     

老年眩晕证型临床分布特征研究

目的:探求老年眩晕证候分布规律及主要临床证型。方法:532例老年眩晕患者填写《老年眩晕临床信息调查表》,根据其临床表现共收集40条症状条目。以40条症状建立数据集,以0或1来表示症状的有无,归纳成532×40数据表。证候分型构成采用聚类分析,症状间的相关程度采用因子分析,在此基础上采用聚类分析依症状相关程度进行归类。结果:经聚类及因子分析,老年眩晕患者群体基础证型为:痰瘀阻络型、肝阳上亢型、痰湿中阻型、阴虚阳亢型、气血亏虚型、肾精亏虚型。各症状之间的相关程度有明显的差别,这与中医临床经验判断的结果基本一致。结论:结合主诉,主要症状信息可以基本代表老年眩晕证型的主要诊断指标。     

基于因子分析的疲劳性亚健康人群中医证候及证候要素特点的研究

目的：探讨疲劳性亚健康人群的中医证候及证候要素特点。方法：根据疲劳性亚健康状态中医证候研究调查表收集的资料,对四诊信息进行因子分析,提取符合要求的公因子,并对其进行中医证候诠释。结果：对64个四诊信息变量进行因子分析,共获得64个公因子,提取其中特征根值〉1的18个公因子,根据中医理论对各公因子的症状组合进行初步诠释。提示的证候要素有15个,其中病位类为肝、心、脾、肺、肾、胃、胆;病性类为气滞、热（火）、痰、湿、阴虚、阳虚、气虚、血虚。提示的常见证候有16个,虚证类为肝阴虚、心血虚、心胆气虚、肾阴虚、脾气虚、肺气虚、肾气不固;实证类为肝气郁结、肝郁化火、脾胃气滞、胃火炽盛、湿热内阻、气郁痰阻、痰湿中阻;虚实夹杂类为脾虚湿阻、肝郁脾虚。结论：基于因子分析初步提取的疲劳性亚健康人群的常见证候与证候要素,为今后进一步研究其辨证规范提供一定依据。     

苹果脆粒加工工艺研究

目的 研究苹果脆粒加工工艺.方法 采用单因素实验、正交试验以感官评价为指标获得香味、色泽、口感最佳的苹果脆粒,并通过理化检验检测苹果脆粒的水分.结果 最佳工艺条件为:苹果粒护色采用1％的柠檬酸和3％的氯化钠混合液浸泡的方法,果粒大小为10 mm×10 mm×10 mm,130℃烤箱烘烤25 min,鼓风干燥4h.结论 在此工艺下制得的苹果脆粒,颜色美观,酥脆可口,具有苹果的风味,是很好的休闲食品.     

17种治疗风湿类疾病中药材中微量元素含量与其功效相关性研究

目的探讨治疗风湿类疾病中药材中的微量元素含量与其功效间的相关性。方法利用因子分析法对17种祛风湿类中药材中5种微量元素的数据进行分析。结果利用因子分析法得到5个变量的相关矩阵,进而得出3个主因子模型,3个主因子即可包含原始数据93.432%以上的信息,这表明以上17种中药材中5种微量元素主要受3个主因子控制、在治疗风湿类疾病的17种中药材中起主导作用。结论利用因子分析法初步得出17种治疗风湿类疾病中药材中5种微量元素与其功效存在相关性。     

改良胸腔闭式引流与中心静脉导管胸腔闭式引流在自发性气胸治疗中的疗效

目的比较在自发性气胸治疗中应用改良胸腔闭式引流与中心静脉导管胸腔闭式引流的不同效果。方法选取2018年4月至2019年4月本院收治的68例自发性气胸患者为研究对象,按照入院顺序分为两组,各34例。对照组接受中心静脉导管胸腔闭式引流,观察组接受改良胸腔闭式引流,比较两组治疗效果、手术相关指标以及不良反应发生情况。结果两组肺复张时间、导管拔除时间、住院时间比较差异无统计学意义;观察组术后并发症发生率为11.76%,低于对照组的32.35%(P<0.05);观察组治疗总有效率为91.19%,对照组总有效率为85.29%,组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论改良胸腔闭式引流与中心静脉导管胸腔闭式引流治疗自发性气胸效果相近,可明显减少并发症,值得临床推广。     

类风湿性关节炎的病理生理特点与中医四诊信息的相关性分析

【目的】运用多元统计分析的方法分析中医四诊信息与类风湿性关节炎(RA)细胞因子[白细胞介素8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)]、临床炎性检查指标[血沉(ESR)和C反应蛋白(CRP)]和临床免疫学检查指标[免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、类风湿因子(RF)、补体C3]的相关性。【方法】随机选取符合纳入标准的早期RA女性患者70例,按RA证候问卷表采集患者各项证候信息,参照相应标准进行寒、热证候判断和活动性判断。同时,取患者晨起空腹血样,检测细胞因子(IL-8、TNF-α、IL-10)、临床炎性检查指标(ESR、CRP) 和临床免疫学检查指标(IgA、Ign、IgG、RF、C3)。采用因子分析方法对患者证候信息进行降维处理,然后采用典型相关分析方法探索各公因子与客观指标之间的相关性。【结果】将收集的中医四诊信息用因子分析得到5个公因子,他们分别能较好地反映关节局部病情以及中医寒证、热证、虚证的症状;除CRP外,早期女性RA患者各公因子的细胞因子(IL-8、 TNF-α、IL-10)、临床炎性检查指标(ESR)及各免疫学指标(IgA、IgM、IgG、RF、C3)均未见显著性差异。【结论】因子分析能够对症状进行分类研究,因子分析结果与传统证候分型有一致性;代表寒热证候的公因子CRP在早期RA患者之间有显著性差异,寒证的CRP低于热证,提示CRP可以作为RA寒热主观症状分类的微观指标之一;联合运用因子分析和典型相关分析方法分析主观症状与客观指标之间的相关性是可行的。     

Reduced tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide exposure while smoking ultralow- but not low-yield cigarettes

An unresolved public health issue is whether some modern cigarettes are less hazardous than others and whether patients who cannot stop smoking should be advised to switch to lower-yield cigarettes. We studied "tar" (estimated by urine mutagenicity), nicotine, and carbon monoxide exposure in habitual smokers switched from their usual brand to high- (15 mg of tar), low- (5 mg of tar), or ultralow-yield (1 mg of tar) cigarettes. There were no differences in exposure comparing high- or low-yield cigarettes, but tar and nicotine exposures were reduced by 49% and 56%, respectively, and carbon monoxide exposure by 36% while smoking ultralow-yield cigarettes. Similarly, in 248 subjects smoking their self-selected brand, nicotine intake, estimated by blood concentrations of its metabolite cotinine, was 40% lower in those who smoked ultralow but no different in those smoking higher yields of cigarettes. Our data indicate that ultralow-yield cigarettes do deliver substantial doses of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide, but that exposures are considerably less than for other cigarettes.     

Toward less hazardous cigarettes. Current advances.

Critical levels of selected cigarette smoke constituents have been expressed in terms of maximum numbers of pre-1960 cigarettes that a smoker may consume daily without increasing his mortality risk substantially above that of a nonsmoker. This could still imply an important risk, although it may be difficult to detect. We relate these levels to the yields of 27 current low tar and nicotine commercial cigarettes, as measured at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In addition, the yields of these selected constituents concomitant with the yield of 1 mg of nicotine are provided as a guide for the smoker who titrates or adjusts his smoking pattern to accommodate a fixed daily intake of nicotine.     

Trends in tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields of UK cigarettes manufactured since 1934

The tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields of cigarettes manufactured in the United Kingdom between 1934 and 1979 were studied. Over this period the average tar yield decreased by 49%, the nicotine yield by 31%, the carbon monoxide yield by 11%, all estimated on a sales-weighted basis. The average tar yield decreased progressively after the second world war, owing both to the introduction of filter cigarettes and to changes in the manufacture of plain cigarettes. The average nicotine yield increased initially, decreased by 43% from about 1950 to 1974, but increased again by 9% between 1974 and 1979. The average carbon monoxide yield started to decrease after about 1961; while it decreased substantially in plain cigarettes, the rapid increase in sales of filter cigarettes at this time, at the expense of plain cigarettes, largely offset the reduction in carbon monoxide yield that would otherwise have occurred. As with nicotine, carbon monoxide yield showed a small rise in later years (4% between 1976 and 1979). The trends in tar yield may well explain the reduction in lung cancer in the UK better than has been suspected hitherto. The trends in nicotine and carbon monoxide yields are probably not sufficiently different to distinguish which of them might be the more likely cause of cardiovascular disease.     

甲壳素衍生物对烟草抗菌活性影响的研究

研究了不同浓度，不同种类酸溶解和不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖以及水溶解羧甲基壳聚糖对烟草中主要霉菌的抑菌活性，以及它们对烟丝内在质量，焦油，烟碱等的影响。结果表明：酸溶解壳聚糖和水溶解羧甲基壳聚糖对烟草霉变微生物均具有抑制作用，醋酸溶解的壳聚糖较水溶解的羧甲基壳聚糖效果好，水溶解的羧甲基壳聚糖较柠檬酸溶解的壳聚糖效果好，且随壳聚糖脱乙酰度的升高，抑菌作用增强，使烟草内在品质有所改善，其主流烟气焦油，烟碱释放量也略有降低。     

Health risks associated with cigar smoking

This article summarizes principal findings from a conference convened by the American Cancer Society in June 1998 to examine the health risks of cigar smoking. State-of-the-science reports were presented and 120 attendees (representing government and private agencies, academia, health educators, and tobacco control experts) participated in panels and summary development discussions. The following conclusions were reached by consensus: (1) rates of cigar smoking are rising among both adults and adolescents; (2) smoking cigars instead of cigarettes does not reduce the risk of nicotine addiction; (3) as the number of cigars smoked and the amount of smoke inhaled increases, the risk of death related to cigar smoking approaches that of cigarette smoking; (4) cigar smoke contains higher concentrations of toxic and carcinogenic compounds than cigarettes and is a major source of fine-particle and carbon monoxide indoor air pollution; and (5) cigar smoking is known to cause cancers of the lung and upper aerodigestive tract. JAMA. 2000;284:735-740     

香烟主流烟雾颗粒物质对人末梢血淋巴细胞毒性和UDS的影响

用香烟主流烟雾颗粒物质(TPM),即香烟焦油(Tar)作受试物,用不同放射比活度的~3H-TdR和不同浓度的羟基脲观察TPM对人末梢血淋巴细胞存活率和非程序DNA合成(UDS)的影响。结果表明,TPM能使~3H-TdR的掺入明显增加,10～100μg/ml范围内呈剂量-反应关系。本文还对人外周血淋巴细胞UDS液闪计数的试验方法进行了探讨。     

Nicotine replacement in smoking cessation. Absorption of nicotine vapor from smoke-free cigarettes

Nicotine replacement is a promising new approach to aid smoking cessation, and various methods of delivery are being developed. One new device is a smoke-free cigarette (Favor) that has been test-marketed in several US states. Without lighting up, it delivers nicotine vapor and is free of other harmful products of tobacco smoke. To examine its therapeutic potential, we measured plasma nicotine concentrations before, during, and after its use in eight male subjects. Very little nicotine was absorbed when it was puffed like a conventional cigarette. However, with an intensive schedule of puffing at four further smoke-free cigarettes over a 20-minute period, plasma nicotine concentrations were increased by an average of 17.3 ng/mL (107.3 nmol/L) (range, 10.9 to 30.4 ng/mL [67.6 to 188.5 nmol/L]). Heart rate and blood pressure also increased significantly. The rate of nicotine absorption was slow and resembled that obtained from nicotine chewing gum, suggesting that most of the nicotine was deposited in the mouth, throat, and large airways and did not reach the lung alveoli. Despite the slow absorption, the plasma nicotine levels produced could be of therapeutic value as an aid to smoking cessation.     

Smokers' understandings of cigarette yield labels

An important part of public health policy on the control of smoking is the promotion of a reduction in intake of tar by persons who continue to smoke. One method that may contribute towards such a reduction is to encourage smokers to choose cigarette brands that contain low tar levels. This in turn might be promoted by the comprehensible labelling of cigarette packets with tar yields. We tested our hypothesis that the current information about tar yield on cigarette packets is incomprehensible to smokers on a sample of 498 persons (original sample, 500) who smoked. Only 10 (2%) smokers were able to state the correct tar content of their cigarette. On a scaled range of tar levels in all cigarette brands that are available in Australia, 344 (69.1%) smokers underestimated the level in their cigarette brand. On this scale, 280 (56%) smokers placed randomly chosen tar levels in the wrong category. It was agreed by 360 (72%) smokers that comparative tar yields should be displayed at all points of tobacco sale. It is recommended that a condition of issuing a licence to retail tobacco should be that the tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yield information for all cigarette brands that are available in a national market should be displayed prominently to the consumer by the retailer.     

Carbon monoxide yield of cigarettes and its relation to cardiorespiratory disease

Estimates of the carbon monoxide yield of their cigarettes have been obtained for 4910 smokers (68% of all smokers) in the Whitehall study of men aged 40 to 64. In the 10 years after examination 635 men died. When men smoking cigarettes with high carbon monoxide yield were compared with those smoking cigarettes with a low yield, and after adjusting for age, employment grade, amount smoked, and tar yield, the risk of death was 32% lower for coronary heart disease, 49% higher for lung cancer, and 10% lower for total mortality; these differences were not statistically significant. Among men who said that they inhaled the risk of fatal coronary heart disease was 51% lower in the high carbon monoxide group (p less than 0.01), while the risk of lung cancer was 75% higher. These results provide no evidence that a smoker can reduce his risk of death by smoking a brand with a low carbon monoxide yield; he might even increase it. The complex interactions between characteristics of the smoker, smoking behaviour, constituents of tobacco smoke, and health are again demonstrated.     

The excretion of nicotine in breast milk and urine from cigarette smoking: its effect on lactation and the nursing

A study was conducted to determine the effects of nicotine on lactation and the nurslings. 55 white volunteers between 18-36 years of age, both multiparas and primiparas, who smoke habitually were studied. Nicotine was found to be present in all milk and urine specimens obtained from smoking mothers. Comparison with nonsmoking mothers showed that no specimen of their urine or milk contained nicotine. 11-17 times more nicotine was contained in the urine than in the milk samples. There was a correlation between the amount of nicotine in either the urine or the milk and the number of cigarettes smoked. 20% of the mothers in the study had insufficient milk to continue lactation, but this was no higher than the usual percentage of women who fail to sustain lactation. The nurslings were apparently unaffected by the nicotine they ingested with their breast milk. It is suggested that a tolerance to nicotine may prevent the nicotine from affecting either the mothers' ability to nurse or the infants.