弥散张量成像与老年人认知功能的相关性

目的：研究老年人认知功能与MRI弥散张量成像（DTI）参数的相关性。方法：年龄〉60岁的老年人43例,按其认知功能量表评分[简易智能状态量表（MMSE）、临床痴呆量表（CDR）、总体衰退量表（GDS）和日常生活活动能力量表（ADL）]分为认知功能正常组、轻度认知功能障碍组和阿尔茨海默病3组,比较各组间头颅MRI部分各向异性（FA）和表观弥散系数（ADC）值是否具有差异,寻找与认知功能相关的颅内结构。结果：左侧颞叶、胼胝体膝部、压部的FA和ADC值,以及右侧额叶、双侧半卵圆中心的ADC值组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。FA值随认知功能减退而降低;而ADC值随认知功能减退而增高。额叶、颞叶、半卵圆中心和胼胝体等部位的DTI参数与常用的MMSE、CDR、GDS、ADL评分显著相关（P〈0.05）。结论：MRIDTI参数与老年人认知功能水平显著相关。     

轻度认知功能障碍与脑白质弥散张量成像的相关性研究

目的通过磁共振弥散张量成像研究不同区域脑白质损害与轻度认知功能(MCI)的关系。方法纳入2015年7月至2016年2月我院的住院患者56例为研究对象,其中MCI组34例,认知功能正常组22例。所有研究对象进行一般情况检查,完成神经心理学量表检测。通过头颅磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)检查对不同脑区白质纤维进行部分各向异性(FA)值测量。结果 MCI组患者与认知功能正常组相比,右侧额叶FA值(0.335±0.068)、左侧颞叶白质FA值(0.391±0.032)及胼胝体膝部FA值(0.658±0.053)降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。将上述FA值和MMSE、Mo CA量表中各认知域进行典型相关分析,结果显示右侧额叶白质FA值与注意与计算力呈正相关,左侧颞叶白质和胼胝体膝部FA值与记忆力呈正相关(P0.05)。结论 MCI患者注意与计算力的障碍可能与右侧额叶白质损害有关,而左侧颞叶白质及胼胝体膝部白质的损害可能导致早期的记忆障碍。DTI可能成为超早期识别与诊断MCI的新方法。     

脑小血管病患者 MR 弥散张量成像的改变及与认知功能障碍的关系

目的：探讨脑小血管病患者MR弥散张量成像的改变以及与认知功能障碍间的关系。方法选取我院接受检查的小脑血管疾病患者70例,根据有无认知障碍分为非痴呆认知功能障碍（VCIND）组39例和认知功能正常（NCI）组31例。对患者进行蒙特利尔认知评估（MoCA）及MRI检查,并对弥散张力成像（DTI）进行处理,显示表观弥散系数图（ADC）以及各向异性分数图（FA）,分析MoCA与DTI的相关性。结果 VCIND组MoCA量表评分（17.54±4.31）分,NCI组为（24.01±2.02）分;VCIND组双侧半卵圆中心、双侧额叶、双侧丘脑以及左侧尾状核 FA 值明显低于 NCI组,VCIND 组左侧尾状核ADC值明显高于NCI组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。双侧半卵圆中心、双侧额叶以及左侧尾状核FA值与MoCA呈正相关（P＜0.05）。结论脑小血管疾病患者认知功能障碍与DTI的FA值呈正相关。     

慢性肾脏病患者的认知障碍与脑白质损伤磁共振弥散张量成像研究

目的探讨慢性肾脏病患者肾功能下降与认知障碍及脑白质损伤的关系。方法选取30例慢性肾脏病(CKD2-5期)患者和30例肾功能正常者,接受磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)检查,同时进行蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)测试。采用SPSS26.0统计软件对数据进行分析。结果CKD组较肾功能正常组双侧额叶,双侧顶叶各向异性分数(fractional anisotropy,FA)值减低,双侧额叶,左侧颞叶,左侧顶叶表观弥散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值升高,患者的MoCA评分随eGFR值的下降而下降。eGFR值与左侧额叶,右侧额叶,左侧颞叶,右侧顶叶FA值,左侧额叶,右侧颞叶,左侧顶叶ADC值存在显著相关性。MocA评分与左侧额叶,左侧颞叶,右侧顶叶FA值,左侧额叶,右侧颞叶ADC值存在显著相关性,差异有统计学意义(P0.05).结论患者的肾功能下降与认知功能损害及脑白质损害具有相关性。肾功能下降可能是患者脑白质病变及认知功能下降的独立危险因素。     

皮质下缺血性血管性痴呆患者认知功能与脑白质弥散张量成像的关系

目的探讨皮质下缺血性血管性痴呆(SIVD)患者认知功能与脑白质弥散张量成像(DTI)的关系。方法采用MMSE、蒙特利尔认知测评量表(Mo CA)及临床痴呆量表(CDR)评价60例SIVD患者(SIVD组)和45名正常对照者(正常对照组)。应用DTI技术测量患者脑白质不同感兴趣区(ROI)各向异性分数(FA)和表观弥散系数(ADC)。SIVD组用常规头颅MRI采用年龄相关白质改变(ARWMC)评分方法对侧脑室周围脑白质高信号严重程度进行评分。结果与SIVD组比较,正常对照组MMSE及Mo CA评分显著增高,CDR评分显著降低(均P0.01)。与正常对照组比较,SIVD组双侧额叶前部、双侧侧脑室前角区及后角区的FA值显著下降,ADC值显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。其余各区FA及ADC值差异无统计学意义。SIVD组ARWMC评分为1分11例(18.3%),2分31例(51.7%),3分18例(30.0%)。正常对照组中5人(11.1%)为1分。Spearman相关性分析显示,SIVD组ARWMC评分与双侧侧脑室前角区及后角区FA值呈负相关(r=-0.912,P0.01),与ADC值呈正相关(r=0.891,P0.01)。双侧额叶前部皮质下白质及海马区FA值与MMSE及Mo CA评分呈正相关(P0.05~0.01)。结论 SIVD患者多个ROI的FA值降低及ADC值的增高程度,可以反映认知功能障碍的程度。     

磁共振弥散张量成像与急性脑梗死患者认知功能的关系

目的 利用磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)评估急性脑梗死患者的认知功能.方法 分别对30例急性脑梗死患者及30名健康志愿者进行DTI检查,观察兴趣区(ROIs)表观扩散系数(ADC)及部分各向异性(FA)的变化,同时评定患者的认知功能及神经功能缺损评分,分析内在的相关性.结果 脑梗死患者组梗死区FA值、ADC值(×10-3 mm2/s)明显下降,平均FA值、ADC值分别为0.12±0.01、1.08±0.11,其对侧相应部位平均FA值、ADC值为0.35±0.08、3.46±0.26,两者相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);脑梗死患者健侧ADC、FA值与对照组相应部位对比差异无统计学意义.脑梗死同侧内囊后肢、大脑脚、皮质脊髓束与健侧相应部位相比,平均FA值明显下降(P＜0.05).脑梗死患者梗死区FA值、ADC值与认知功能呈正相关,与EDSS评分具有负相关性.结论 DTI与急性脑梗死患者认知功能具有一定的相关性,可为脑梗死患者认知功能障碍的早期诊断及早期治疗提供一些依据.     

脑小血管病患者MR弥散张量成像的改变及其与认知功能障碍的关系

目的探讨脑小血管病(SVD)患者脑部MR弥散张量成像(DTI)的改变及其与认知功能障碍的关系。方法给55例SVD患者进行神经心理学量表检查,评定认知功能状态,以及行常规MRI和DTI检查,观察感兴趣区的各向异性分数(FA)、表观弥散系数(ADC)。对DTI FA值与蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)量表评分的相关性用Pearson相关分析。结果本组SVD患者中认知功能正常(NCI)的患者25例,非痴呆认知功能障碍(VCIND)患者30例。与NCI组比较,VCIND组双侧半卵圆中心、丘脑、额叶及左侧尾状核的FA值显著降低(P0.05~0.001);双侧豆状核、右侧尾状核FA值的差异无统计学意义;左侧尾状核ADC值显著增高(P0.05),其他部位ADC值的差异均无统计学意义。Pearson相关分析示,双侧半卵圆中心、额叶及左侧尾状核的FA值与MoCA量表评分呈正相关(r=0.279~0.375,P0.05~0.005)。结论有认知功能障碍的SVD患者额叶及脑白质DTI的FA值明显降低,并与其认知功能障碍程度有密切的关系。     

弥散张量成像在继发全面性发作癫痫患者中的应用研究

目的 评价弥散张量成像(DTI)对于常规MRI未发现病灶的部分性继发全面性发作癫痫患者的病灶检出能力.方法 使用Siemens 3.0T磁共振成像系统对30例成年继发全面性发作癫痫患者和30例正常对照者进行扫描,得到弥散加权成像,采用基于体素的分析方法对癫痫患者和正常对照组的数据进行分析.结果 癫痫组右侧梭状回和楔前叶、右侧额内侧回和钩回、左侧扣带回、左侧颞下回、左侧小脑扁桃体和左侧中央前回的脑区FA值较正常对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);癫痫组右侧海马旁回、右侧颞下回、右侧胼胝体、右侧额内侧回、右侧额下回、扣带回、右侧前扣带回、右侧舌回、右侧梭状回和枕中回,左侧颞中回、左侧钩回和左侧中央前回的脑区ADC值较正常对照组升高,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.001);左侧直回的脑区ADC值较正常对照组降低,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论 DTI检查可发现常规MRI检查为阴性的部分性继发全面性发作癫痫患者存在的广泛脑白质微结构异常.     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在轻度认知功能障碍筛查中的应用

目的 探讨蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)在轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者筛查中的应用.方法 应用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、MoCA对32例MCI患者和50例健康对照者进行神经心理评估,比较二者筛查MCI的效果.结果 以26分为分界值,MoCA筛查MCI的敏感性为96.87%、特异性为76%,MMSE筛查MCI的敏感性为56.25%、特异性为96%;MoCA中除抽象思维、地点定向两项外,其余各亚项的评分在MCI组和对照组间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05):MMSE中仅计算与注意力、延迟回忆两项在MCI组和对照组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其余各项差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 MoCA为高敏感性的MCI筛查工具,能全面评估MCI患者的认知功能.且可用于筛查MMSE得分正常的MCI患者.     

轻度认知障碍的海马、内嗅体积变化研究

目的研究轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)和阿尔兹海默病(AD)患者的海马、内嗅体积萎缩情况,评价利用高分辨影像学测定海马、内嗅体积对MCI、AD的诊断及预测价值。方法应用西门子3.0T磁共振分别对32例MCI患者,25例AD患者,32例正常的对照者进行3D T1WI扫描,并用freesurfer软件计算三组海马、内嗅体积,后用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行资料的统计学处理,比较三组之间灰质体积的差异。评价在判断MIC中的价值。结果与对照组比较,MCI组[左侧(3.07±0.56)cm3,右侧(3.24±0.61)cm3]、AD组[左侧(2.81±0.64)cm3,右侧(3.01±0.67)cm3]的海马体积萎缩,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),且AD组比MCI组在海马体积(左侧0.26 cm3,右侧0.23cm3)均值上有更明显的萎缩;海马体积减小的程度与简易智能检查量表(MMSE)积分呈正相关性,而内嗅的体积变化在三组间的比较无统计学差异。结论通过Freesurfer测量的MRI形态学研究能够客观揭示AD早期阶段海马体积的萎缩改变,且海马体积萎缩与MMSE积分相结合对轻度认知障碍的诊断更准确。     

Clinical application of the Polish adaptation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test in screening for cognitive impairment

Background and purposeThe Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test is a brief cognitive screening tool with high sensitivity and specificity for detecting mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of MoCA and compare it with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the early detection of cognitive decline in MCI.Material and methodsA group of 115 subjects (36 meeting DSM-IV criteria for Alzheimer disease (AD) [Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) = 1], 42 meeting Petersen's criteria for MCI [CDR = 0.5], and 37 cognitively intact controls [CDR = 0]) was recruited for the study in the university-based Alzheimer out-patient clinic. All participants underwent general medical, neurological, and psychiatric examinations. The MoCA, the MMSE, CDR and the short (15-item) version of the Geriatric Depression Scale were also applied.ResultsBoth MCI and AD groups exhibited impaired performance on MoCA compared to controls. Polish versions of the MMSE and MoCA tests were comparable in discriminating mild dementia from both MCI and control groups. The Polish version of the MoCA test performed marginally better than MMSE in discriminating MCI from controls. We propose to use the MoCA test to screen for MCI using an optimal cut-off score of 24 and to screen for dementia using a cut-off score of 19.ConclusionsThe Polish version of the MoCA seems effective in the detection of deteriorated cognitive performance and appropriate for differentiating impaired from preserved cognitive function in a Polish population.     

Validity of the montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) as a screening test for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a cardiovascular population

While rates of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are relatively high in populations with cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, screening tests for MCI have not been evaluated in this patient group. This study investigated the sensitivity and specificity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) tool for detecting MCI in 110 patients (mean age 67.9 + 11.7 years; 60% female) recruited from hospital cardiovascular outpatient clinics. Mean MoCA performance was relatively low (22.8 + 3.8) in this group, with 72.1% of participants scoring below the recommended cutoff for cognitive impairment (<26). The presence of MCI was determined using the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Screening Module (NAB-SM). Both amnestic MCI and multiple-domain MCI were identified. The optimum MoCA cutoff for detecting MCI in this group was <24. At this cutoff, the MoCA's sensitivity for detecting amnestic MCI was 100% and for multiple-domain MCI it was 83.3%. Specificity rates for amnestic MCI and multiple-domain MCI were 50.0% and 52% respectively. The poor specificity of the MoCA suggests that it will have limited value as a screening test for MCI in settings where the overall prevalence of MCI is low.     

Clinical correlates of functional performance in community-dwelling Chinese older persons with mild cognitive impairment

ABSTRACTBackground: Increasing evidence suggests that functional impairment can be detected in older persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study explores the functional profiles and the clinical correlates of a population-based sample of Chinese older persons with MCI in Hong Kong.Methods: A random sample of 765 Chinese elderly subjects without dementia was recruited, of which 389 were elderly normal controls (Clinical Dementia Rating = 0), and 376 had questionable dementia (CDR = 0.5). The latter were categorized into an MCI group (n = 291) and a very mild dementia (VMD) group (n = 85). Their functional performances were measured and compared with the normal controls (NC). Multiple regression analyses investigated the associations between functional scores (Disability Assessment in Dementia) and clinical correlates (cognitive test scores, neuropsychiatric symptoms and motor signs) in the NC subjects and cognitively impaired subjects.Results: Subjects with MCI had intermediate functional performance between the NC and those with VMD. Regression analyses revealed that lower scores of cognitive tests (delayed recall and categorical verbal fluency tests), apathy, aberrant motor symptoms and parkinsonism features were associated with lower functional scores in clinically non-demented subjects. Functional scores had no correlation with age, education and medical illness burden.Conclusion: Neuropsychiatric symptoms and parkinsonism features were associated with functional impairment in the clinically non-demented elderly in the community. Assessment of these should be incorporated in the evaluation of older persons for early cognitive impairment.     

Japanese version of the Test Your Memory as a screening test in a Japanese memory clinic

A self-administered cognitive test (Test Your Memory, TYM) is designed as a screening test for the detection of Alzheimer disease (AD). We compared the diagnostic utility of the Japanese version of the TYM (TYM-J) in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with that of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale—Cognitive Subscale Japanese version (ADAS-Jcog). We studied 79 patients with mild AD, 46 with MCI and 34 normal controls. The sensitivity and specificity of each test in the diagnosis of AD and MCI were compared. The average total TYM-J scores were 45.7 in controls, 41.7 in MCI, and 35.7 in AD. The TYM-J scores showed good correlations with other neuropsychological tests. The receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that the TYM-J could better discriminate AD from controls and MCI from controls than the other tests. With each optimal cut-off score of the TYM-J, the sensitivity and specificity were 96% and 91% for diagnosing AD, and 76% and 74% for diagnosing MCI, respectively. The TYM-J is useful for the diagnosis of AD and MCI, and can be applied as a screening test in a Japanese memory clinic.     

Mild parkinsonian signs and psycho-behavioral symptoms in subjects with mild cognitive impairment

BACKGROUND: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may be accompanied by extra pyramidal signs (EPS), which are related to the severity and type of cognitive impairment. We aimed to elucidate further the relationship between MCI and EPS, analyzing the correlation between the severity of EPS and cognitive functions, and the presence of EPS and neuro-psychiatric features. METHODS: Data were obtained from a longitudinal study of 150 MCI outpatients. Participants underwent a clinical assessment including the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, the Tinetti Scale, and a standardized neuropsychological battery. Mild EPS could be defined as being present (MCI with mild EPS) using a subscale of UPDRS, based on three specific symptoms: bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor. RESULTS: The two groups, one with mild EPS (24%) and one without EPS (76%), differed in gait abnormalities and presence of extrapyramidal symptoms. Groups did not differ in terms of general cognitive functions evaluated using the Mini-mental State Examination, while subjects with MCI with mild EPS performed significantly worse than those with MCI without EPS in total global score and in non-memory items of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale. Moreover, severity of EPS was significantly correlated with low performance on executive functions and with high performance on episodic memory. The group with MCI with mild EPS were observed to have a greater prevalence of patients with anxiety, depression, apathy and sleep disturbances than in MCI without EPS. CONCLUSION: MCI may be associated with mild parkinsonian signs, the severity of which are related to the severity of cognitive impairment, in particular of non-memory functions, and to a differential pattern of psycho-behavioral symptoms.     

蒙特利尔认知评估中文计算机软件的临床应用

目的 编制蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）中文计算机软件并观察其临床应用效果。方法 根据MoCA的操作和记分思想将其转换为中文计算机操作系统,软件生成后以69例轻度认知功能受损患者（MCI组）及80名健康体检者（对照组）为对象进行测试。结果 共有144例（96．64％）患者顺利完成软件版MoCA测试,两组MoCA评分除命名条目外（t=0．56,P=0．571）其余各条目得分及总分差异均有统计学意义（t=3．19～22．10,P〈0．01）。以26分为截断值,软件版MoCA诊断MCI的灵敏度为92．54％,特异度为89．61％,Youden指数为0．82。结论 本次研究生成的MoCA中文应用软件可用于临床筛查MCI,其较纸质版量表的优势值得探讨。     

Measuring mild cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease

We examined the frequency of Parkinson disease with mild cognitive impairment (PD‐MCI) and its subtypes and the accuracy of 3 cognitive scales for detecting PD‐MCI using the new criteria for PD‐MCI proposed by the Movement Disorders Society. Nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease completed a clinical visit with the 3 screening tests followed 1 to 3 weeks later by neuropsychological testing. Of 139 patients, 46 met Level 2 Task Force criteria for PD‐MCI when impaired performance was based on comparisons with normative scores. Forty‐two patients (93%) had multi‐domain MCI. At the lowest cutoff levels that provided at least 80% sensitivity, specificity was 44% for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and 33% for the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease‐Cognition. The Mini‐Mental State Examination could not achieve 80% sensitivity at any cutoff score. At the highest cutoff levels that provided specificity of at least 80%, sensitivities were low (≤44%) for all tests. When decline from estimated premorbid levels was considered evidence of cognitive impairment, 110 of 139 patients were classified with PD‐MCI, and 103 (94%) had multi‐domain MCI. We observed dramatic differences in the proportion of patients who had PD‐MCI using the new Level 2 criteria, depending on whether or not decline from premorbid level of intellectual function was considered. Recommendations for methods of operationalizing decline from premorbid levels constitute an unmet need. Among the 3 screening tests examined, none of the instruments provided good combined sensitivity and specificity for PD‐MCI. Other tests recommended by the Task Force Level 1 criteria may represent better choices, and these should be the subject of future research. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society     

A clinical memory battery for screening for amnestic mild cognitive impairment in an elderly chinese population

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) might be more likely to progress to Alzheimer’s disease than single non-memory MCI and multiple domain MCI. After excluding those who did not conform to the inclusion criteria of amnestic MCI or healthy controls, a neuropsychologic battery that included the Mini-Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating, Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale and Auditory Verbal Learning Test was performed on 150 amnestic MCI and 150 normal control patients. The Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment was measured for its test-retest reliability, sensitivity and specificity. Blood was collected for apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping. Compared with the control group, the amnestic MCI group performed significantly worse on all neuropsychological tests, and non-APOE-??4 carriers in the amnestic MCI group performed better than APOE-??4 carriers in the amnestic MCI group. The set of neuropsychological tests in our study could distinguish amnestic MCI participants from normal elderly participants accurately. APOE did have a role in amnestic MCI patients, but the magnitude and mechanism of its influence are not fully understood.     

Different perception of cognitive impairment, behavioral disturbances, and functional disabilities between persons with mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers

Insight in dementia is a multifaceted concept and ability, which includes the persons' perception of their behavioral and cognitive symptoms and functional disability. This ability seems to deteriorate as dementia progresses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of insight in the cognitive, behavioral, and functional disorders in a group of persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild AD (Alzheimer's disease) and to compare their perception of their illness with that of their caregivers. The study involved a group of 121 persons with MCI and mild AD and their caregivers. The persons with MCI and mild AD were administered the tests Mini-Mental State Examination, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Activities of Daily Living, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Schedule for the Assessment of Insight, Clinical Insight Rating Scale, and a short interview. Major differences were identified between how the persons with MCI or mild AD and their caregivers perceived the persons' cognitive and behavioral disorders. The group with MCI or mild AD underestimated their deficits, which were considered serious and disabling by their caregivers.