乳腺MRI特征及ADC值预测乳腺影像报告和数据系统4类良恶性病变

目的 探讨乳腺MRI特征及ADC值对乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）4类良恶性病变的预测能力，并尝试建立Logistic回归预测模型。方法 收集MRI诊断为BI-RADS 4类病变、并取得病理结果的79例乳腺病变患者（82个病变）。采用单因素二元Logistic回归及两独立样本t检验分析各MRI特征和ADC值鉴别良恶性乳腺病变的统计学意义，并建立多因素Logistic回归预测模型，绘制ROC曲线评价回归模型预测BI-RADS 4类病变良恶性的效能。结果 肿块型病变中，将边缘、内部强化及ADC值纳入Logistic回归预测模型中（P均<0.05，伪R²=0.62），其诊断良恶性乳腺病变的ROC曲线AUC为0.981，敏感度为87.80%，特异度为100%。非肿块型病变中，无预测变量纳入建立Logistic回归预测模型（P均>0.1）。结论 乳腺MRI特征（边缘、内部强化）及ADC值对预测肿块型BI-RADS 4类病变的良恶性具有一定意义；Logistic回归预测模型可有效鉴别BI-RADS 4类肿块型病变性质。     

MR脂肪抑制T2WI联合弥散加权成像与增强MRI鉴别乳腺黏液癌与黏液样纤维腺瘤

目的 对比观察MR脂肪抑制（FS）-T2WI （FS-T2WI）联合弥散加权成像（DWI）与增强MRI鉴别乳腺黏液癌（MBC）与乳腺黏液样纤维腺瘤（MFA）的价值。方法 回顾性分析经术后病理证实的14例MBC （MBC组）与22例乳腺MFA （MFA组）,比较组间FS-T2WI信号强度（SI）指数、DWI-表观弥散系数（ADC）、强化特点及时间信号强度曲线（TIC）等MRI表现差异。针对FS-T2WI联合DWI及增强MRI参数以二元logistic回归分析拟合回归方程,绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,计算曲线下面积（AUC）,评估2种回归方程鉴别MBC与乳腺MFA的效能。结果 组间FS-T2WI信号SI指数（Z=3.780,P<0.001）、DWI-ADC （t=4.230,P<0.001）、强化均匀与否（P=0.006）、早期强化方式（P<0.001）、强化填充方式（P<0.001）及TIC类型（P=0.001）差异均有统计学意义,延迟期强化方式差异无统计学意义（P=0.062）。基于FS-T2WI联合DWI参数建立回归方程如下：Logit （P）=－10.434+0.003×ADC+0.748×FS-T2WI SI指数;基于增强MRI参数建立回归方程Logit （P）=31.666+0.287×强化均匀与否-18.319×早期强化方式+19.945×强化填充方式-36.591×延迟期强化方式+20.225×TIC类型。上述2个回归方程鉴别MBC与乳腺MFA的AUC （Z=1.890,P=0.059）、敏感度（χ²=1.050,P=0.305）、特异度（χ²=1.100,P=0.294）和准确率（χ²=0.660,P=0.416）差异均无统计学意义。结论 FS-T2WI联合DWI可鉴别诊断MBC与乳腺MFA,其诊断效能与增强MRI相当。     

3.0T MRI预测三阴性乳腺癌

目的 探讨3.0T MR影像特征中能够预测三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）的危险因素。方法 收集接受3.0T MR检查并经病理证实的乳腺癌病例191例,其中三阴型乳腺癌25例（TNBC组）,非三阴性乳腺癌166例（非TNBC组）,比较2组年龄、病灶形态、肿块数目、大小、形状、边缘、强化特征、T2WI信号、时间-信号强度曲线（TIC）、ADC值、瘤周血管的差异,并采用单因素及多因素分析法进行统计学分析。结果 与非TNBC组比较,TNBC组病灶多表现为边缘光滑（P=0.023）、圆形（P=0.001）肿块,增强扫描多呈环形强化（P<0.001）,病灶T2WI多呈高信号（P=0.003）,ADC值相对较高（P=0.022）,瘤周血管增多（P=0.046）。其中肿块强化特征、T2WI信号、ADC值及瘤周血管纳入Logistic回归模型,为预测TNBC的独立危险因素（P均<0.05）,4个因素联合预测TNBC的ROC曲线下面积为0.840。结论 肿块环形强化、T2WI高信号、ADC值相对较高、瘤周血管增多是预测TNBC的独立危险因素。     

MRI鉴别诊断乳腺髓样癌与纤维腺瘤

目的 探讨MRI在乳腺髓样癌与纤维腺瘤鉴别诊断中的价值。方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的11例乳腺髓样癌（髓样癌组）及36例乳腺纤维腺瘤（纤维腺瘤组）资料,分析并比较2组MRI特征。结果 髓样癌组患者年龄大于纤维腺瘤组（t=2.791,P=0.008）。2组间病灶最大径、病灶内部强化特征、坏死及囊变征象、平扫T2WI病灶信号强度、DWI病灶信号强度及时间-信号强度曲线（TIC）类型差异均有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）,而病灶数目、形态、边缘差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）。结论 MRI特征有助于鉴别诊断乳腺髓样癌与纤维腺瘤。     

高分辨MRI观察复发脑梗死患者颅内动脉粥样硬化斑块及其危险因素

目的 以高分辨MRI（HR-MRI）观察初发脑梗死（PCI）与复发脑梗死（RCI）颅内动脉粥样硬化斑块特征，并分析RCI危险因素。方法 收集75例大脑中动脉或基底动脉狭窄并接受HR-MR检查的脑梗死患者，根据既往有无脑梗死病史分为PCI组（n=41）和RCI组（n=34），比较2组动脉粥样硬化斑块HR-MRI特征及临床资料，并分析脑RCI危险因素。结果 RCI组吸烟史占比、同型半胱氨酸（HCY）及尿酸（UA）水平高于PCI组（P均<0.05），组间其余临床资料及实验室结果差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。HR-MRI示RCI组责任血管重度狭窄占比及斑块负荷高于PCI组，斑块较易出现T2WI、T1WI高信号，且强化程度高（P均<0.05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示斑块T2WI高信号、管腔重度狭窄、高HCY及高UA均为RCI的危险因素（P均<0.05）。结论 RCI的HR-MRI表现具有一定特征性，斑块呈T2WI高信号及管腔重度狭窄为脑梗死复发危险因素；联合临床相关危险因素有助于对患者进行分层管理。     

酰胺质子转移成像和扩散加权成像鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变

目的 观察MR酰胺质子转移成像（APTWI）和扩散加权成像（DWI）鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值，并分析不同参数间的相关性。方法 对65例乳腺病变患者行APTWI及DWI，测量并比较乳腺良恶性病变间平均ADC（ADC_mean）、最小ADC（ADC_min）及非对称磁化转移率[MTRasym（3.5 ppm）]值的差异；采用ROC曲线评估各参数鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的诊断效能，并分析良恶性病变中各参数间的相关性。结果 共70个病灶纳入研究，包括32个良性（良性组）和38个恶性病灶（恶性组）。良性组ADC_mean、ADC_min及MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值均高于恶性组（t=－5.63、－5.94、－0.24，P均<0.05）；ADC_min、ADC_mean及MTRasym（3.5 ppm）鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的AUC分别为0.850、0.827及0.729（P均<0.01）；ADC_min的AUC大于MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值（Z=1.990，P=0.046），其余各参数AUC差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。恶性组MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值与ADC_mean（r=－0.325，P=0.046）和ADC_min值（r=－0.384，P=0.017）均呈负相关；良性组MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值与ADC_min值呈负相关（r=－0.357，P=0.045）。结论 APTWI及DWI均可用于鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变；相比DWI，APTWI的诊断效能有待进一步提高。     

不同方法测量扩散峰度成像和体素内不相干运动模型DWI参数诊断乳腺肿块性病变

目的 探讨不同方法测量扩散峰度成像（DKI）及体素内不相干运动（IVIM）模型DWI参数鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性肿块性病变的价值。方法 收集经病理或随访证实的59例乳腺肿块性病变患者（62个病变）。MR检查包括动态增强MRI、IVIM DWI和DKI。分别于动态增强MRI强化最明显处设置ROI,测量其标准扩散系数（ADC_stand）、慢速扩散系数（ADC_slow）、平均峰度值（mean kurtosis,MK）和平均扩散系数（mean diffusion,MD）;于病灶实性部分最大层面沿病变边缘勾画ROI,测量病灶整体的ADC_stand-max、ADC_slow-max、ADC_fast-max、MK-max、MD-max,比较乳腺良恶性病变间各参数的差异,并绘制ROC曲线,比较AUC。结果 62个病变中,良性36个,恶性26个。良恶性病变间ADC_stand、ADC_stand-max、ADC_slow、ADC_slow-max、MK、MK-max、MD、MD-max差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。ROC曲线结果显示ADC_slow联合MK的AUC最大（0.915）,诊断乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度和特异度分别为88.9%和84.6%。ADC_stand与ADC_stand-max（Z=1.465,P=0.143）、ADC_slow与ADC_slow-max（Z=1.013,P=0.311）、MK与MK-max（Z=1.021,P=0.307）、MD与MD-max（Z=1.428,P=0.153）间AUC差异均无统计学意义。结论 各DKI和IVIM DWI参数对鉴别乳腺良恶性肿块具有较高诊断价值,不同测量方法之间鉴别诊断效能无明显差异。     

DCE-MRI联合IVIM-DWI鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变

目的 探讨动态增强MRI(DCE-MRI)联合体素内不相干运动DWI(IVIM-DWI)鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值.方法 收集因乳腺病变接受DCE-MRI及IVIM-DWI检查的患者87例,经术后病理证实共93个病灶,其中良性病灶42个(良性组),恶性病灶51个(恶性组).对两组的DCE-MRI参数(病变形态、强化特点、峰值时间、最大增强斜率和TIC类型)及IVIM-DWI参数(f、D和D^*值)进行比较.采用多因素Logistic回归分析确定DCE-MRI、IVIM-DWI及二者联合鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的独立影响因素.以病理诊断结果为金标准,绘制ROC曲线,并计算曲线下面积(AUC).结果 DCE-MRI、IVIM-DWI及二者联合诊断乳腺良恶性病变,纳入Logistic回归方程的独立影响因素分别为形态、TIC类型,D值,形态、TIC类型及D值.DCE-MRI、IVIM-DWI及二者联合鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为78.43%、71.43%、75.27%,70.59%、66.67%、68.82%,84.31%、78.57%、81.72%.3种方法的AUC分别为0.75、0.69、0.81.结论 DCE-MRI联合IVIM-DWI可提高鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的效能.     

超声造影定性及定量分析鉴别乳腺良恶性非肿块型病变

目的 观察超声造影（CEUS）定性及定量分析鉴别乳腺良恶性非肿块型病变（NML）的价值。方法 回顾性分析57例乳腺NML患者（57个病灶），根据病理结果分为良性与恶性病变组，对比组间CEUS定性及定量指标差异，选择差异有统计学意义的参数建立回归方程，采用ROC曲线评估3个方程对恶性病变的诊断效能。结果 57个乳腺NML中，经病理确诊良性病变31例（良性组），恶性病变26例（恶性组），2组NMLs增强强度、病变范围、周边血管和峰值强度（PI）、曲线下面积（AUC）及平均渡越时间（MTT）差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）；多因素分析结果显示，定性参数中的增强强度、病变范围，定量参数中的PI、AUC以及二者联合分析所示病变范围和PI均为鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性NMLs的独立因子（P均<0.05）。据此分别建立定性、定量及二者联合分析的回归方程预测恶性病变的AUC分别为0.80、0.63和0.71，定性分析优于定量分析（Z=－3.02，P<0.01），而与二者联合分析差异无统计学意义（Z=－0.10，P=0.54）。结论 CEUS定性和定量分析均对鉴别乳腺良恶性NMLs有一定价值，定性参数的诊断效能优于定量参数。     

比较超声与数字乳腺断层摄影在致密型乳腺中的应用价值

目的 比较超声与数字乳腺断层摄影（DBT）在女性致密型乳腺中的应用价值。方法 收集同时接受超声和DBT检查的148例致密型乳腺病变患者（148个病灶）,按照乳腺成分、年龄、病灶大小及有无钙化进行分组;以病理结果为金标准,绘制ROC曲线,获得并比较超声和DBT诊断致密型乳腺良恶性病变的AUC和敏感度、特异度。结果 超声与DBT诊断致密型乳腺良恶性病变的AUC分别为0.956和0.815（Z=3.866,P<0.001）。在不均匀致密型乳腺（0.967 vs 0.821,P<0.001）、病灶最大径 ≤ 1 cm （0.935 vs 0.680,P=0.022）及年龄 ≤ 40岁（0.973 vs 0.817,P=0.030）和>40~55岁患者（0.946 vs 0.801,P=0.013）中,超声与DBT诊断良恶性病变的AUC均有统计学意义。根据临床诊断标准,超声和DBT诊断致密型乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度为94.32%（83/88）和93.18%（82/88,χ²=0.096,P=1.000）;特异度为83.33%（50/60）和61.67%（37/60,χ²=7.060,P=0.007）。结论 超声对致密型乳腺病灶的整体诊断效能优于DBT。对于病灶较小、不均匀致密型乳腺及年龄 ≤ 55岁的患者,更适宜以超声作为首选检查方法。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.