眼科规范化培训护士加强针刺伤职业防护培训效果分析

目的 探讨眼科规范化培训护士加强针刺伤职业防护培训效果.方法 收集2009年眼科规范化陪训护士针刺伤案例资料和加强针刺伤职业防护培训后2010年眼科规范化陪训护士针刺伤资料.结果 2009年眼科规范化陪训护士针刺伤发生率是20.1％;通过加强针刺伤职业防护培训,2010年眼科规范化陪训护士针刺伤发生率降到0％.结论 加强眼科规范化培训护士针刺伤职业防护培训,可有效控制针刺伤的发生.     

预防医学本科生公共卫生执业医师技能和知识培训需求及必要性分析

目的了解预防医学本科生毕业离校前公共卫生执业医师技能和知识培训需求及必要性,为开展毕业前专业技能和知识培训提供参考依据。方法采用自行设计的问卷对右江民族医学院2016和2017届预防医学专业毕业班本科生131人进行调查,内容主要分成2部分,第1部分主要是学生的基本信息;第2部分为学校安排的公共卫生执业医师技能和知识的培训内容和培训必要性的相关选项。结果右江民族医学院2016和2017届预防医学专业毕业班本科生共131人。80.15%(105人)以上的学生均认为各培训内容的学时安排较合理,但分别有17.56%(23人)、15.27%(20人)认为卫生统计学(6学时)、流行病学(6学时)的学时量安排过少;10.69%(14人)、10.69%(14人)认为职业卫生与职业医学(5学时)、环境卫生学(5学时)的学时量安排过多。80.15%(105人)认为应该开展相关内容的培训,19.85%(26人)、19.85%(26人)、15.27%(20人)和15.27%(20人)认为没有必要开展职业卫生与职业医学、社会医学、营养与食品卫生学和环境卫生学方面的技能和知识培训。认为不必要培训的最主要原因是距离执业医师考试时间还比较长,现在培训意义不大(73人次、占52.14%)。结论预防医学本科毕业生离校前公共卫生执业医师技能和知识培训是有必要的,但在培训学时和内容的安排上应紧扣考试相关规定和考试大纲要求。     

四川省县乡农村卫生人员继续医学教育现状调查

目的了解四川省农村卫生人员继续医学教育现状,为评估和改善现有农村继续医学教育体制提供依据。方法采用文献调研、专家咨询、问卷调查和小组访谈等方法,对四川省射洪县和仪陇县的12个乡镇卫生院163名卫生技术人员和224个村卫生站的230名乡村医生进行调查。结果大多数乡村卫生人员参与了继续医学教育培训,主要的培训方式是在职学习,其平均每周参与培训的时间在4h左右。58.9%的乡村卫生人员未主动制定过个人继续医学教育计划,70%以上的人认为参加了在职培训后对实际工作有指导作用;参与继教培训的费用80%以上由个人支付。结论农村卫生人员继教需求大,但应选择适合的培训内容和方式。国家及相关单位应加大对农村卫生人员继续医学教育培训的资金投入,采用多种方式改进农村卫生人员继续医学教育的状况,完善继教的评估和管理体制。     

上海市全科医生继续医学教育现状与需求探讨

目的调查上海市全科医生继续医学教育现状,探寻需求重点。为今后培训教学计划的制定、培训实施及教材的编写提供合理有益的依据。方法采取整群随机抽样,在上海市五个区共抽取10家社区卫生服务中心作为样本单位,对其全科医师220人进行问卷调查。整理数据资料,采用卡方检验,对继续医学教育的现状及需求进行分析。结果回收有效问卷212份,有效回收率为96．4％。87．3％的被调查者觉得参加继续医学教育对工作有帮助,但是仅有55．2％的被调查者对继续教育的现状感到满意。不满意的原因、再次参加继续医学教育的意愿、希望的部分培训方式及内容与职称和年龄相关。96．7％的被调查者认为检验在职培训水平的考核方式应包括临床能力考核。结论目前上海的继续医学教育与全科医生的实际情况和需求存在一定差距。继续医学教育应兼顾不同层次全科医生的需求,有针对性的多渠道培养合格的全科医生;努力提升全科医生的学历职称层次,并重视临床实践应用能力的培养与考核。     

四川省农村卫生人员继续医学教育需求调查

目的 了解四川省农村卫生人员继续医学教育的需求,为制定适合农村的继续医学教育学习方案提供依据.方法 采用文献调研、专家咨询、问卷调查和小组访谈等方法 ,对四川省射洪县和仪陇县的12个乡镇卫生院163名卫技人员和224个村卫生站的240名乡村医生进行调查.结果 被调查对象的学历、职称、收入均偏低;认为最适合的继续医学教育活动方式分别为单位组织自学、临床病例讨论和参加学术会议;最喜欢的继续医学教育内容是学习新技术、新知识和新进展、新业务、基础医学理论和人际沟通;最需要的继续医学教育保障条件是解决学习培训经费;85.7%的乡卫技人员和96.1%的乡村医生都认为建立继续医学教育效果的定期评价制度可行.结论 四川省农村卫生人员素质偏低,应加强继续医学教育工作;农村继续医学教育要注重学习方式的可及性和学习内容的实用性;应加大国家对农村继续医学教育的投入;尽快建立科学的继续医学教育考评制度和指标体系.     

基层全科医生继续医学教育现状调查研究

目的：通过对南通市某县基层全科医生继续医学教育现状的调查及分析,为基层全科医生继续医学教育工作的开展提供依据。方法：采用随机抽样的方法,于2021年12月以南通市某县172名基层全科医生为调查对象,自行设计调查问卷,对其继续医学教育现状进行调查,采用Excle 2020表格录入数据并核对,采用R语言软件分析数据。结果：172名调查对象中,本科及以上学历占91.86%;选择院内培训作为参加继续医学教育途径的占88.37%;参加继续医学教育的主要目的是为了自我提升（76.74%）;影响参加继续医学教育的因素主要是工学矛盾（69.19%）以及内容不适用（66.28%）;希望通过继续医学教育提升本专业的实践能力（88.95%）以及本专业的新理论（81.40%）;希望参加继续医学教育的途径主要是院内培训（78.49%）以及外出参加学术类活动（75.00%）;大部分调查对象认为参加继续医学教育有必要或很有必要（84.88%）;不同学历的基层全科医生对于参加继续医学教育的态度差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：要完善相关政策,加强基层全科医生师资队伍建设,根据基层全科医生继续医学教育不同需求,采取灵活的教学方式,针对性地安排继续医学教育学习内容。     

眼科护士工作压力现况调查

目的 了解眼科护士的工作压力现况及其来源,并提出应对措施.方法 采用横断面调查法对某眼科医院60名在职护理人员进行问卷调查.结果 54人(90.0％)觉得工作压力大;42人(70.0％)在工作和生活的时间分配方面感到不合理;25人(41.7％)为护理过多患者忙得焦头烂额;30人(50.0％)对薪资不满意.工作中的困惑主要体现于协调难度大、护患关系、医护关系及与上级的关系不好处理;工作压力对护士影响作用包括情绪不好、降低工作效率、失眠、影响家庭生活;目前护士缓解压力的应对方式是向家人或朋友倾诉、自己默默承受.结论 针对眼科医院护理职业的工作压力来源,采取应对措施减轻工作压力负荷,促进护理人员身心健康,从而提高护理质量.     

卫生防病人员业务培训与继续医学教育

为了进一步适应卫生防病工作需要 ,提高卫技人员业务素质 ,推动继续医学教育深入开展 ,我们于 1997、1999年对本单位的卫技人员培训时间与学分情况作了调查。1　对象与方法1.1　对象主要是上海市卫生局卫生监督所和上海市疾病预防控制中心业务科室 (含业务职能科室 )的卫技人员 ,1997年为 3 17人 ,1999年为 42 7人。1.2　方法采用登记的形式。内容主要包括卫技人员参加培训的时间 ,包括单位外、单位内和科室培训 3档 ,具体填写培训时间 ,求3者之和即为每人参加培训的时间 ;中级及以上职称 (以下简称中级以上职称或继教对象 )在 1999年还包括…     

供应室护士发生意外职业伤害的危险因素分析

目的探讨供应室护士发生意外职业伤害的影响因素。方法随机抽取100名供应室护士作为研究对象,于2013年1—12月对供应室护士发生职业伤害的影响因素用统计学方法进行分析总结,计数资料采用χ2检验,多因素分析采用Logistic回归,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果单因素分析结果显示,3年以下工龄、初级职称、满意度低、相关培训时间少、外向性格的护士职业伤害发生率较高;多因素分析结果显示,工龄和满意度及培训时间是影响其的主要因素,对比差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论工龄、满意度及培训时间是影响供应室护士发生意外职业伤害主要因素,可针对影响因素确定有效的干预方法,以减少意外职业伤害的发生。     

手术室护士职业危害现状调查

目的 了解湖北省某县级综合医院手术室护士职业危害发生的状况.方法 通过问卷调查和查阅登记本的方式,对3所县级综合性医院手术室护士在2010年1月至2011年1月发生的职业危害进行调查分析.结果 在60名手术室护士中,有46人发生职业危害,发生率为76.67％.发生职业伤害132例次,其中锐器伤的构成比最高(57.57％,76/132),消毒剂灼伤构成比为13.64％(18/132),锐器伤和消毒剂灼伤占全部伤害例次的71.21％(94/132).低职称、低工龄护士发生职业伤害的构成比较高,分别为74.35％( 98/132)和68.18(90/132).发生职业伤害的主要原因以技术不熟练占的比例最高(37.13％,49/132).结论 锐器伤和消毒剂灼伤发生水平较高,对低工龄手术室护士应加强培训.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.