地方病

2000～2004年全国克山病病情监测5年汇总分析，陕西省黄陵克山病病区儿童发中有关元素含量的8年动态观察，GSH-Px活性与云南省地方性猝死关系的研究，2004年全国大骨节病病情监测总结报告，陕西省麟游县大骨节病病情下降特点的流行病学调查……     

大骨节病病区与非病区小麦中无机元素比较分析

目的 :探讨无机元素在大骨节病发病中的可能作用。方法 :对大骨节病病区与非病区小麦中Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ca、Se、As、Pb、Cd等 10种无机元素的含量进行对比分析。Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg用等离子发射光谱法 (ICP)测定 ,Se、As、Pb、Cd用原子吸收法测定。结果 :病区小麦与非病区相比 ,人体必需微量元素Zn、Cu、Se明显低于非病区小麦 ,尤其硒的含量特别低 ,而Ca含量偏高。结论 :大骨节病病区主食小麦中Se含量均明显低于非病区 ,而Ca含量均明显偏高 ,进一步验证了大骨节病与硒等无机元素有关 ,与必需微量元素锌和铜的缺乏也可能有一定的关系。     

Analysis of investigating results on epidemic factors of Kashin-BeckDisease in Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province

目的 掌握淳化县大骨节病流行因素,为今后开展防治工作提供依据.方法 将淳化县大骨节病历史病区按地理类型划分为原区、河道和山区3个类型,分别从3个类型病区中随机抽取2个病区村进行调查.采用问卷的形式调查病区地形、住房类型、卫生条件、主食品种、人均收入、病区改水、药物防治共7个方面的情况.结果 7个方面条件的改善对大骨节病流行有降低的作用.结论 影响淳化县大骨节病发生和流行的因素在逐步改善,目前淳化县已达到国家控制标准.继续加强防治措施的落实和病情监测,积极探索病因是大骨节病今后防治工作的重点.     

黑龙江省松花江地区大骨节病病情分析

大骨节病是一种原因不明的地方性软骨骨关节疾病,病理改变多发生在儿童关节透明软骨部位。为了进一步探索大骨节病的发生、发展趋势,我们地区近些年来开展了一些流行病学调查,现将有关病情做如下分析:1 材料与方法1·1 流行病学调查,按统一要求,对发病病区的地理位置,     

陕西省淳化县大骨节病流行因素调查结果分析

目的掌握淳化县大骨节病流行因素,为今后开展防治工作提供依据。方法将淳化县大骨节病历史病区按地理类型划分为原区、河道和山区3个类型,分别从3个类型病区中随机抽取2个病区村进行调查。采用问卷的形式调查病区地形、住房类型、卫生条件、主食品种、人均收入、病区改水、药物防治共7个方面的情况。佶果7个方面条件的改善对大骨节病流行有降低的作用。结论影响淳化县大骨节病发生和流行的因素在逐步改善,目前淳化县已达到国家控制标准。继续加强防治措施的落实和病情监测,积极探索病因是大骨节病今后防治工作的重点。     

大骨节病核心家庭发病特点的流行病学研究

目的 分析大骨节病核心家庭的发病特点。方法 应用临床诊断搜集大骨节病核心家庭,根据父母患大骨节病情况将4938个核心家庭分为四种类型,结合病区类型,分析轻、中、重病区内不同核心家庭子代患病率及其家庭聚集性。结果 (1)核心家庭类型与病区类型的轻重有关;(2)中、重病区核心家庭子1代患病具有家庭聚集性;(3)仅双亲和父亲患大骨节病的核心家庭子1代具有明显的家庭聚集性;(4)双亲患大骨节病的核心家庭的子1代患病率明显高于单亲或双亲不患大骨节病的核心家庭。结论 大骨节病病区人群的患病除了与轻、中、重病区的类型有关,还可能与核心家庭双亲患大骨节病的情况有关。     

华池县大骨节病区与非病区土壤、粮食和儿童发硒含量、手部X光片测定观察

为调查我县硒与大骨节病发病的关系以及大骨节病区与非病区硒在内外环境中的差异情况,我们于1987～1988年对大骨节病病区的土壤、粮食、儿童头发硒的含量,儿童x光手片进行了测定观察,结果分析报告如下。 1 材料与方法头发:均在3～13岁男童枕部剪采,每份约5g,装入干净信封送检。粮食:采取当地农民头年产的主要原粮,每份1kg,装入干净塑料食品袋送检。     

山西省大骨节病五年流行趋势

本文根据山西省1982~1986年连续五年大骨节病病情监测结果,阐明了该省本病的流行趋势处于下降状态,仅个别病点处于稳定状态。其原因与近年来病区居民生活水平提高有关。     

青海贵德、同德大骨节病儿童内外环境中氟元素变化的调查

目的 探讨大骨节病地区儿童与非大骨节病地区儿童内外环境中氟元素水平及其与大骨节病的关系.方法 采用氟离子选择电极法测定大骨节病地区与非大骨节地区水、土和粮食中以及大骨节病地区患儿与内、外对照组儿童的尿、发中的氟元素含量.结果 ①大骨节病地区水中氟含量为(0.24±0.10)mg/L、土中氟含量为(472.94±83 4...     

西安市2007和2008年大骨节病和硒盐监测报告

[目的]掌握西安大骨节病流行及防治现状,评估防治效果,指导防治工作.[方法]对病区7～12岁儿童进行临床及X线检查,对成人进行大骨节病临床检查;对病区硒盐公司和居民用户硒盐质量进行监测.[结果]儿童大骨节病新发病例减少,监测点X线检出率符合国家控制标准;硒盐质量合格率逐年上升.[结论]通过多年综合防治,病情有所下降,但防治措施的运作仍存在许多问题,今后应加强病区群众健康教育,把成人大骨节病的研究、治疗列为重点.     

复配式粗杂粮对胰岛素抵抗大鼠LCN-2表达影响

目的探讨全谷豆复配式粗杂粮对高脂膳食诱导胰岛素抵抗大鼠肝脏和脂肪组织中载脂蛋白2(LCN-2)影响。方法 40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为阴性对照组、高脂模型组、米面组和粗杂粮组,以相应饲料连续喂养8周,测定各组大鼠血清空腹血糖(FBG)和胰岛素(FINS)水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);Western blotting检测各组大鼠肝脏和脂肪组织中LCN-2和过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)蛋白表达。结果与阴性对照组比较,高脂模型组和米面组血清FBG和FINS水平明显升高(P<0.05)。高脂模型组和米面组HOMA-IR分别为(10.39±1.63)和(10.34±1.36),明显高于阴性对照组(6.85±1.33);与高脂模型组和米面组比较,粗杂粮组HOMA-IR(6.81±1.37)明显下降,粗杂粮组LCN-2在肝脏和脂肪组织中表达明显低于高脂模型组和米面组,PPAR-γ则相反。结论全谷豆复配式粗杂粮可以激活胰岛素抵抗大鼠PPAR-γ蛋白,进而降低脂肪因子LCN-2表达,改善胰岛素敏感性。     

New corn technology: scientists are all eyes and ears.

Corn and other crops contaminated with the fungus Aspergillus flavus give off a carcinogenic by-product called aflatoxin, which is blamed for high rates of liver cancer in Asia and Africa, where rice and corn are food staples. In the United States, aflatoxin's major threat is to farm animals, which can get sick or even die from consuming too much of the toxin. Scientists are working on ways to keep the deadly toxin out of the food supply. Two techniques under development identify aflatoxin-tainted corn by using infrared light to elicit telltale sounds and light from contaminated kernels. Other scientists hope to protect corn from A. flavus in the first place by designing genetically engineered aflatoxin-resistant grain species and by working with drugs such as oltipraz that reportedly detoxify aflatoxin already in the body.     

珠海市居民膳食结构与膳食营养素摄入

目的了解珠海市居民膳食营养素摄人与膳食结构现况,为制定适合当地实际的营养相关政策,指导居民合理膳食提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层与人口比例概率抽样方法,按家庭抽样为单位进行入户调查,以个人72h膳食回顾结合家庭调味品称重获取膳食信息,根据《中国食物成分表2004））计算人均各营养素及能量摄人数据,运用Access建立数据库,采用SPSS12．0进行统计分析。结果完成膳食调查540户（城市330户,农村210户）,共1653人,平均3．1人／户;2岁及以上居民中,城市人口占63．04％,男性占46．88％;居民平均每标准人日摄入能量基本达到推荐参考值,为2085．8Keal,占RNI的92．70％,蛋白质的摄入量（84．0g）超过推荐参考值,膳食纤维（9．8g）、维生素B2（0．9mg）、和维生素B2（1．0mg）钙（487．3mg）等摄人量明显低于推荐参考值;每标准人日摄入的豆类（10．8g）、水果（42．9g）、薯类（12．4g）和奶类（41．4g）过低,以农村居民更甚（P〈0.05）,畜禽肉类（181．2g）、油酯（39．3g）和食盐（8．8g）则过高,且城乡居民基本一致;碳水化合物提供的能量占总能量比例偏低（43．83％）,脂肪提供的能量占比例偏高（40．39％）;谷类提供的能量占总能量的比例过低,占33．37％,动物性食物提供的能量占比例过高,占30．54％,蛋白质食物来源中动物性食物已超过60．00％。结论珠海市居民基本营养素摄人得到满足,但膳食营养不平衡,主食消费较低,高脂食物摄入过多,膳食结构不尽合理,应针对性地对城乡居民开展营养健康教育,引导其合理膳食。     

Ern?hrungsverhalten und k?rperliche Aktivit?t von Schw?bisch Gm??nder Studentinnen

Background

A balanced diet and regular physical activity are important dimensions of health. There are few studies about the nutritional behaviour and physical activity of students.

Methods

Information on the nutritional behaviour and physical activity of 102 female students was obtained by a questionnaire. Food intake as well as the resulting energy and nutrient intake were assessed by a validated 3-day estimated dietary record.

Results

Compared to the German recommendations students consume considerably less vegetables as well as slightly too little fruit, grain products, dairy products and fish. In contrast, meat consumption is slightly too high. With the exception of vitamin D, folate, and iron the recommended intake levels for vitamins and minerals are achieved. Fat and protein intake are slightly above the recommended levels. Regarding physical activity students participate in sport on average 30?min/day. The recommendation of being moderately physically active for 60?min/day is achieved on average (including sports and daily routine activities: 64?min/day). Due to low daily routine activities, physical activity among students is classified as low (PAL 1.58).

Conclusion

Nutritional behaviour and physical activity of female students are roughly equivalent to the German average population and should be improved in several ways. In this context health promotion activities in the university setting are of particular importance.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible grain: a pilot study of agricultural crops as a human exposure pathway for environmental contaminants using wheat as a model crop

The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in a pilot study of field wheat grain as a model indicator for environmental contamination. The edible grain would serve as a portal for human exposure. Wheat grain was initially studied since it is one of the major food crops consumed internationally by many including infants and children. Wheat grain samples from five different geographical growing locations in California that span approximately 450 km were collected during the same growing season. The same variety of grain was harvested and analyzed for PAHs that ranged from 2- to 6-rings. PAHs were detected in all grain samples and were mainly 2- to 4-ring PAHs with naphthalene the most abundant among them. There were geographical differences in the levels of PAHs in the grain. The sources of the PAHs were not known in this pilot study, but the principal component analysis indicates that the major source is similar in all locations except for naphthalene. Grain naphthalene concentrations may reflect local naphthalene emissions. Diesel-fueled harvesting operations did not appear to contribute to the observed PAH concentrations in the grain. An estimate of naphthalene intake from eating grain compared to inhalation intake demonstrated the potential importance of field contamination of grain as a possible portal of human exposure. The relationship between PAH concentrations in grain and air should be quantitatively investigated to better quantitate exposure and to identify effective measures to lower the risk from PAH exposure through eating grain.     

Changes in grain size and grain storage protein of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) in response to elevated UV-B radiation under outdoor conditions

Variation in growth, grain size and grain storage protein content of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to elevated UV-B radiation under sunlight was examined in a cool rice-growing region of Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, in 1999, 2001 and 2002. Tiller number, dry mass, panicle number, grain yield and grain size significantly decreased under elevated UV-B radiation in 2001 and 2002. The effects of elevated UV-B radiation on the reduction of each growth parameter were greatly enhanced by daily lower temperature during the ripening stage in those two years. On the contrary, total grain nitrogen content and grain storage protein content significantly increased under elevated UV-B radiation in 2001 and 2002. Among grain storage proteins, glutelin content significantly increased but albumin-globulin and prolamin contents did not. It was thus evident that not only grain size but also grain storage protein of rice was markedly influenced due to elevated UV-B radiation.     

Metabolic effects of whole grain wheat and whole grain rye in the C57BL/6J mouse

ObjectiveA diet rich in whole grain cereals is suggested to protect against type 2 diabetes and facilitate body weight regulation. However, little is known about the impact of different cereals and the underlying mechanisms. The objective of this study was to compare the long-term metabolic effects of diets supplemented with whole grain wheat or whole grain rye in the C57BL/6J mouse.MethodsMice were fed the whole grain supplements in a low-fat background diet for 22 wk. Oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed during the study and in vitro insulin secretion assays were performed at the end of the study. Body weight, energy intake, body fat content, and plasma parameters were measured during the study.ResultsA dietary supplement of whole grain rye suppressed body weight gain and resulted in significantly decreased adiposity, plasma leptin, total plasma cholesterol, and triacylglycerols compared with a supplement of whole grain wheat. Also, a slight improvement in insulin sensitivity was observed in the rye group compared with the wheat group. The decreases in body weight and adiposity were observed in the absence of differences in energy intake.ConclusionLong-term administration of whole grain rye evokes a different metabolic profile compared with whole grain wheat in the C57BL/6J mouse, the primary difference being that whole grain rye reduces body weight and adiposity compared with whole grain wheat. In addition, whole grain rye slightly improves insulin sensitivity and lowers total plasma cholesterol.     

Respiratory exposure of grain inspection workers to carbon tetrachloride fumigant

Carbon tetrachloride (often mixed with carbon disulfide or ethylene dichloride) is a common constituent of liquid grain fumigants. Applied as liquids, these mixtures volatilize and achieve vapor concentrations sufficient to control insect infestations in stored grains. Absorbed grain desorbs fumigant components after the fumigation period, and it then becomes a source of exposure to workers who handle fumigated grain. Carbon tetrachloride meets the EPA's risk criteria for hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and oncogenicity, and it has been under regulatory review since 15 October 1980. Present OSHA standards for CCl4 are a time-weighted average (TWA) of 10 ppm and an acceptable ceiling of 25 ppm. ACGIH and NIOSH have recommended lowering the OSHA standard. The point at which peak exposure occurs during the grain inspection process has been identified as the off odor test in which the inspector smells the grain sample for rancidity, sourness, etc. Ambient concentrations of CCl4 in 7750 grain samples submitted for inspection were determined by colorimetric tube, and these concentrations were an estimate of peak grain inspector exposure to CCl4. The average ambient concentration of CCl4 per grain sample was 1.69 ppm +/- 8.35. Approximately 380 TWA CCl4 exposures for grain inspection workers were determined by using passive dosimeters. All TWA exposures were less than 2 ppm. Variables are examined, such as location of work, grain type, time of year and grain transportation vehicle--all of which are known to the sampler or inspector before performing their job functions and which affect potential exposure.     

Food group consumption reported by the elderly during the NHANES I epidemiologic followup study

Food group consumption in the elderly (65 years of age or older) was examined using data from the food frequency questionnaire administered as part of the 1982–84 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey's (NHANES I) Epidemiologic Followup Study (NHEFS). The number of daily servings from each food group was determined for each individual by adjusting reported frequency of consumption of food from that group (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, and never) to a daily basis. Mean daily servings for the population of 2653 elderly were calculated for 95 NHEFS food groups combined into 32 nutritionally similar food groups, and six food groups used for current dietary guidance. Older adults reported mean daily servings greater than 1.0 for five of the 32 groups: coffee/tea, vegetable fats, non-citrus fruits, citrus fruits, and refined grains. A comparison of actual servings consumed daily with the recommended servings of six food groups indicated too few servings of dairy and grain products and adequate servings of fruits, vegetables, and protein foods. These results may be used to design nutrition education programs targeted to the elderly population.     

谷物粉尘对接尘工人呼吸系统影响的调查

本文对沈阳市某粮库进行了一次现场卫生学调查和接尘工人流行病学调查，发现该库生产环境空气中粉尘浓度超过国家标准．焦磷酸重量法测定粉尘中游离SiO2含量均在10％以上。接尘工人各种呼吸道症状阳性率较高，慢性支气管炎患病率为29．30％(吸烟者为30．50％，不吸烟者为22．45％)，谷物热发病率为15．61%。接尘工人FVC、V75、V50。和V25的异常率均非常显著地高于对照组。急性肺功能改变．接尘工龄不足10年组较10年以上组更明显，38例胸片无一例可诊断为尘肺。