虚拟现实训练对认知障碍的脑卒中偏瘫患者的影响

目的:探讨虚拟现实训练对存在认知障碍的脑卒中偏瘫患者认知功能、下肢功能和ADL的影响。方法:将40例存在认知障碍的脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成观察组和对照组,每组20例,2组患者均进行常规的肢体功能康复治疗,观察组在常规治疗的基础上增加虚拟现实训练。治疗前后分别对2组患者采用简易精神状况检查量表(MMSE)、"起立-行走"计时测试和Barthel指数进行评定。结果:治疗4周后,2组MMSE评分及Barthel指数均较治疗前明显提高(P0.05),观察组上述评分高于对照组(P0.05)。2组起立-步行时间均较治疗前明显降低(P0.05),观察组低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:虚拟现实技术的应用对存在认知障碍的脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的提高、认知功能的恢复和ADL的改善有很大的帮助,是一种很有效的康复手段。     

重复经颅磁刺激联合认知训练治疗脑卒中后认知障碍的疗效观察

目的:观察重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合计算机辅助认知训练对脑卒中后认知障碍(PSCI)患者认知功能及日常生活活动(ADL)能力的影响。方法:将90例脑卒中后认知障碍患者随机分为认知训练组、rTMS组及联合治疗组各30例。3组均接受基础药物治疗和常规康复治疗,认知训练组予计算机辅助认知训练,rTMS组予rTMS治疗,联合治疗组在计算机认知训练基础上辅以rTMS治疗。于治疗前、治疗4周后采用简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)对3组认知功能改善情况进行评定,采用改良Barthel指数(MBI)评估3组ADL能力改善情况。结果:治疗前3组的MMSE、MoCA及MBI评分组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗4周后,3组的MMSE、MoCA及MBI评分均较治疗前有明显改善(P0.05);且联合治疗组的MMSE评分、MoCA评分、MBI评分均优于认知训练组、rTMS组(P0.05)。结论:在计算机辅助认知训练基础上辅以rTMS治疗能有效改善脑卒中患者认知功能及ADL能力。     

奥拉西坦注射液联合康复训练治疗脑卒中后血管性认知障碍的临床疗效

目的探讨奥拉西坦注射液联合康复训练治疗脑卒中后血管性认知障碍的临床疗效。方法选择2014-02—2015-09在沈阳市红十字会医院就诊的脑卒中后血管认知障碍患者78例,将所有患者随机分为观察组与对照组,每组39例,给予两组患者降糖、降压、调脂等常规治疗,在此基础上给予对照组患者康复治疗,内容包括:认知训练(定向力训练,根据患者病情选择运算与逻辑训练,对人物、事件等的记忆训练等)及日常行为动作训练(坐位平衡训练、步行训练、站位平衡训练、上下台阶训练等),1次/d。观察组康复治疗同对照组,并联合奥拉西坦治疗,4~6 mg静注,1次/d。根据蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Moca)、简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)对两组患者治疗前后的认知功能、精神状态、日常生活能力进行评价。结果两组患者治疗前的Moca、MMSE与ADL接近,差异无统计学意义,具有可比性(P0.05),治疗后,两组患者的Moca、MMSE、ADL较治疗前均明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),但观察组Moca、MMSE、ADL分值提高更多,与对照组比较,组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采取奥拉西坦注射液联合康复训练治疗脑卒中后血管性认知障碍,能有效改善患者认知能力,提高运动能力,有助于患者恢复。     

愉快家庭康复对血管性认知障碍患者的效果

目的探讨愉快家庭康复对血管性认知障碍患者的疗效。方法 2015年4月至2016年4月,血管性认知障碍患者80例随机分为愉快家庭康复组(n=40)和对照组(n=40)。两组均给予常规药物和运动功能康复,愉快家庭康复组增加愉快家庭康复治疗。治疗开始时及治疗12周后,采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)和日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)进行评定。结果治疗后,愉快家庭康复组MoCA和ADL评分显著优于对照组(t5.454,P0.001)。结论愉快家庭康复治疗可改善血管性认知障碍患者的认知功能,提高日常生活活动能力。     

强化认知训练对脑卒中后认知障碍患者日常生活活动能力的影响

目的探讨强化认知训练对伴认知功能障碍的脑卒中患者日常生活活动能力(ADL)的影响。方法住院康复脑卒中患者80例,简易精神状态检查(MMSE)评分13～18分,随机分为2组,实验组(n=40)进行强化认知功能训练,对照组(n=40)进行常规康复护理训练,共3个月。干预前后进行MMSE、改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定。结果干预后,实验组MMSE、MBI评分较对照组改善更多(P<0.05)。结论强化认知训练能提高伴认知障碍脑卒中患者的ADL。     

社区康复治疗对脑卒中患者日常生活活动能力的影响

目的:探索规范的社区康复(针灸结合功能训练)治疗对脑卒中患者日常生活活动能力的影响.方法:将84例社区脑卒中患者随机化分成康复组和对照组,康复组在常规内科治疗的基础上给予规范的社区康复治疗,对照组仅给予一般的常规内科治疗,分别在治疗后第2个月末和第5个月末采用改良Barthel指数进行日常生活活动(activities of daily living,ADL)能力评定.结果:规范的社区康复治疗5个月后,康复组患者的ADL能力评分平均提高了25.22分,而对照组平均提高了17.50分,两组相比差异具有显著性(P＜0.05).结论:规范的社区康复治疗对于脑卒中患者的日常生活能力具有明显的促进作用.     

音乐治疗对脑卒中后认知障碍的效果

目的 观察音乐治疗对脑卒中后认知障碍患者认知功能、运动功能和日常生活活动能力的影响。方法 选取2020年12月至2022年7月北京博爱医院脑卒中后认知障碍的患者48例，随机分为对照组(n=24)和试验组(n=24)。两组均给予神经内科常规药物治疗、护理和康复治疗，试验组在此基础上增加音乐治疗，共8周。干预前后采用洛文斯顿作业疗法认知评定成套测验(LOTCA)分析认知功能的变化，采用FuglMeyer评定量表(FMA)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)评价运动功能和日常生活活动能力。结果 对照组脱落6例。治疗前后，试验组LOTCA总分和FMA评分差值均大于对照组(t> 2.665, P <0.05)；两组MBI评分差值无显著性差异(P> 0.05)。结论 音乐治疗可以提高脑卒中后认知障碍患者认知功能和运动功能。     

电脑辅助认知康复系统治疗脑卒中后认知障碍的疗效观察

目的：观察电脑辅助认知康复系统治疗脑卒中后认知障碍的疗效.方法：将48例脑卒中后认知功能障碍患者随机分为观察组和对照组各24例;2组均给予药物、运动及认知训练等常规康复训练,观察组加用电脑辅助认知康复系统训练.治疗前后采用简易精神状况检查量表（MMSE）和洛文斯顿作业疗法认知评定量表（LOTCA）进行评定.结果：治疗8周后,2组患者LOTCA及MMSE评分均较治疗前显著提高,且观察组更高于对照组（均P＜0.05）.结论：电脑辅助认知康复系统可明显改善脑卒中后认知障碍患者的认知功能.     

高压氧联合认知训练治疗脑卒中后认知障碍的疗效观察

目的:观察高压氧联合认知训练对脑卒中后认知障碍患者的疗效。方法:90例脑卒中后认知障碍患者随机分为对照组、高压氧组和联合治疗组,每组30例,各组均接受基本药物和常规康复治疗,高压氧组增加高压氧治疗,联合治疗组增加高压氧治疗和认知训练,分别于治疗开始前和治疗4周后进行简易智能状态评定表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评定。结果:治疗后,高压氧组MMSE评分较治疗前差异不明显,MoCA评分较治疗前明显提高(P0.05);联合治疗组治疗后MMSE及MoCA评分均较治疗前明显提高(P0.05,0.01);对照组两个评分较治疗前差异均无统计学意义。治疗后,联合治疗组治疗后MoCA评分较高压氧组及对照组治疗后明显提高(P0.05),治疗后3组间MMSE评分差异无统计学意义。结论:高压氧可改善脑卒中患者认知功能,但作用有限,高压氧联合认知训练更有利于改善脑卒中后认知功能。     

认知护理介导的三阶段服药程序在脑卒中后认知障碍患者中的应用

目的:探讨认知护理介导的三阶段服药程序在脑卒中后认知障碍患者中的应用效果。方法:将脑卒中后认知功能障碍患者120例按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各60例,两组均给予奥拉西坦治疗,对照组给予常规用药护理,观察组患者给予认知护理介导的三阶段服药程序干预措施,两组疗程均为6个月;观察两组治疗前后蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)、简易智能量表(MMSE)及日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分变化,并评价疗效。结果:治疗后,两组Mo CA、MMSE、ADL评分均较治疗前明显改善,观察组改善情况明显优于对照组(P0.05);观察组的Mo CA、MMSE、ADL评分改善总有效率均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:认知护理介导的三阶段服药程序在脑卒中后认知障碍患者中的应用效果满意,改善认知功能及日常生活能力。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.