四川省新型冠状病毒肺炎无症状感染者流行病学特征分析

目的 了解新型冠状病毒肺炎无症状感染者的流行病学特征及其传染性,防止疫情反弹,提出防控建议。方法 收集无症状感染者个案资料和流调报告,采用描述和分析流行病学方法分析。结果 四川省现有108例无症状感染者,其主要发现方式为密切接触者筛查、社区筛查和国际交通检疫。无症状感染者的时间分布高峰晚于确诊病例,早期以境内输入和本地感染者为主,后期以输入感染者为主;平均年龄（33.20±17.50）岁,小于确诊病例平均年龄（44.38±16.41）岁（t = - 5.29,P＜0.05）,50岁以下的无症状感染者占比（79.63%）高于确诊病例（67.90%）（χ2 = 5.96,P＜0.05）;无症状感染者职业构成与确诊病例构成不同（χ2 = 46.67,P＜0.05）,学生及幼托儿童占比高于确诊病例 (χ2 = 31.26,P＜0.05)。其中4例输入无症状感染者引起了本地病例传播,4起传播链二代续发率最高为50.00%。4起传播链的总体感染率为5.45%（9/165）。结论 本省无症状感染者以青壮年居多,且具有传染性,及时对高人群和密切接触人员的筛查,对发现无症状感染者,控制新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情反弹有重要意义。     

重庆市万州区一起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情调查研究

目的分析重庆市万州区一起新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)聚集性疫情流行病学特征,总结疫情流行病学调查和防控经验。方法采用描述流行病学方法,对2020年1月24日—2月16日发生在重庆市万州区的一起COVID-19聚集疫情进行分析,对比分析确诊病例和无症状感染者传染源、感染方式、调查过程、临床诊疗经过、密切接触者发病等。结果本起聚集性疫情共确诊12个病例、12个无症状感染者,可能存在多种感染途径,其中亲属朋友聚会为最主要的感染途径。确诊病例与无症状感染者的密切接触者感染率分别为14.17%和9.43%,其差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.742,P=0.389)。结论 COVID-19可通过多途径传播,无症状感染者是重要的传染源,通过加强病例、无症状感染者及其密切接触者管理,控制人群聚集,利用疾控中心、公安、大数据"三线"模式开展流行病学调查,快速有效查明传染源和传播途径,有助于突发传染病的防控。     

南昌市一起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情传播链分析

目的 通过对南昌市一起新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）聚集性疫情调查,分析传播过程及病例发病前和无症状感染者的传染性,了解不同接触方式的传播风险。方法 通过传统流行病学调查,结合大数据轨迹开展病例调查,用传播链示意图展示传播关系。结果 传播关联病例27例,其中确诊病例25例,疑似病例1例（指征病例）,无症状感染者1例。搜索到密切接触者347人,密切接触者的感染率为7.2%（25/347）,其中,一代、二代、三代和四代病例的密切接触者感染率分别为52.6%（10/19）、6.1%（13/213）、2.3%（2/88）和0.0%（0/27）。无症状感染者能引起家庭内传播,与病例同餐、同住/同屋、工作接触、邻居间接触、诊疗护理/同病房和同一交通工具的密切接触者的感染率分别为10.6%（17/160）、10.0%（20/201）、5.3%（5/94）、0.0%（0/30）、0.0%（0/18）和0.0%（0/17）。结论 此次疫情传染源为来自武汉市的疑似病例D某,轨迹大数据分析可以帮助精准搜索病例和密切接触者,此次调查的基础上,提出的针对疫情防控措施有效。     

新型冠状病毒无症状感染的流行病学研究设计

新型冠状病毒可引起新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）。患者是主要传染源,但无症状感染者也可能成为传染源,且引起社区传播的风险更大。目前,关于人群中无症状感染率及其传染性尚无定论。本研究设计选取COVID-19疫情高发与低发地区作为研究现场,对社区人群和重点人群（包括COVID-19治愈病例、确诊病例的密切接触者、医护人员/CDC流行病学调查人员、发热门诊患者）开展流行病学问卷调查、血清抗体和核酸检测,确定不同人口社会学特征和暴露风险人群的新型冠状病毒无症状感染率,及其流行病学特征;对确诊病例和无症状感染者开展流行病学随访,分析血清抗体水平变化,评估传染性和传播风险。     

基于广州市聚集性疫情的新型冠状病毒传染力及续发率研究

目的 基于广州市新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）聚集性疫情,分析新型冠状病毒的传染力和续发率,为COVID-19疫情防控的策略提供参考依据。方法 对广州市COVID-19（确诊病例和无症状感染者）区分输入病例和本地病例,选择聚集性疫情首发病例为指示病例,以最短潜伏期1~3 d分别评估传染力和续发率。结果 截至2020年2月18日,广州市共报告新型冠状病毒感染病例349例,其中,确诊病例339例（占97.13%）,无症状感染者10例（占2.87%）。共报告聚集性疫情68起,涉及新型冠状病毒感染病例217例（确诊病例210例,无症状感染者7例）。每起聚集性疫情的新型冠状病毒感染例数中位数为3例,确诊病例数中位数为2例,无症状感染者数中位数为1例。最短潜伏期1~3 d的传染力平均值为2.18（即每起聚集性疫情中每个病例平均传染2.18人）,家庭成员传染力平均值为1.86,家庭成员传染力比例为85.32%（1.86/2.18）。最短潜伏期为1~3 d的全部密切接触者续发率为17.12%~18.99%,其中,家庭成员续发率为46.11%~49.56%。结论 广州市COVID-19聚集性疫情以家庭聚集性为主,传染力强,加强防控措施可有效控制社区传播。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情中无症状感染者与确诊患者的流行差异

 目的 探讨无症状新型冠状病毒感染者(无症状感染者)流行特征。方法 通过中国疾病预防控制系统,收集、汇总河南省含有无症状感染者的聚集性疫情,描述其流行特征,分析与新型冠状病毒肺炎确诊病例流行特征的差异。结果 共报告聚集性疫情257起,其中41起有无症状感染者,包含84例无症状感染者,占全省无症状感染者的74.34％(84/113)。无症状感染者聚集性疫情分布在11个地市,涉及新型冠状病毒感染者208例,平均每起波及新型冠状病毒感染者5.07(2~19)例,16起(39.02%)新型冠状病毒感染者≥5例。无症状感染者的发现以聚集性疫情调查为主,确诊时间晚于新型冠状病毒肺炎确诊病例。河南省各地市无症状感染者占新型冠状病毒感染者的比率,以商丘市最高,为26.02%。无症状感染者与新型冠状病毒肺炎确诊病例比较,性别分布流行病学史方面,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);年龄及职业的分布构成比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),无症状感染者≤40岁者占58.33%,学生、儿童占28.57%,确认者分别占21.77%、4.03%。结论 无症状感染者在年龄和职业分布上与新型冠状病毒肺炎确诊病例存在差异。聚集性疫情调查是发现无症状感染者的主要途径,对密切接触者进行有效的隔离管理是正确有效的防控措施。     

宁波市一起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情调查

目的 调查宁波市大型集会活动引起的一起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情,分析其引发的传播链和各代病例感染情况。方法 针对宁波市2020年1月19日大型佛教集会活动（1.19活动）引起的一起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情的首发病例,1月29日开展所有感染病例的密切接触者的追踪和筛查,完成流行病学个案调查,采集其鼻/咽拭子标本采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR法进行新型冠状病毒核酸检测。结果 宁波市2020年1月26日至2月20日报告确诊病例67例和无症状感染者15例,与1.19活动相关。首发病例为本次聚集性疫情的传染源,其二代病例29例,无症状感染者4例,其中,首发病例和确诊病例23例及无症状感染者3例的密切接触史为共同乘坐旅游巴士,罹患率为33.82%（23/68）,感染率为38.24%（26/68）,与首发病例同车人员的发病风险和感染风险分别是活动其他参与者的28.91倍和26.01倍。本次疫情三代及以上确诊病例37例、无症状感染者11例,罹患率为2.88%（37/1 283）,感染率为4.76%（48/1 008）。主要的传播方式为同车密切接触和家庭内传播。结论 这是一起大型集会活动为起因的超级传播者引发的聚集性疫情事件,该疫情已得到有效控制。     

影响新型冠状病毒肺炎无症状感染者发现率的密切接触者调查因素分析

目的分析密切接触者调查工作中影响新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)无症状感染者发现率的因素,为疫情防控部门合理分配流行病学调查资源提供方法学依据。方法通过改进传染病动力系统模型,提出了量化密切接触者调查工作效能的三个指标:广度、深度和强度,并通过时间序列模型估计了密切接触者调查政策的改变对于提高无症状感染者发现率的滞后效应。结果以2020年初疫情前后的浙江省确诊病例与密切接触者人群数据为例,在广度、深度和强度三个指标上综合表现较差的第一类城市和综合表现较好的第二类城市的无症状感染者平均发现率为20.4%和37.8%,Wilcoxon秩和检验表明,两者的后验概率分布的差异有统计学意义(W=6 582.00,P0.05)。此外,本研究发现密切接触者调查政策的改变对于提升无症状感染者发现率有3 d左右的滞后效应。结论本研究发现密切接触者调查的广度对于发现无症状感染者有正效应,扩大密切接触者调查工作的范围能够迅速而有效地提升无症状感染者发现率。     

四川省新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情流行特征分析

目的 分析四川省新型冠状病毒肺炎病例聚集性疫情流行病学特征,为该病的防控提供参考。 方法 收集四川省截至7月20日的聚集性疫情资料,采用描述性流行病学方法对疫情的流行特征进行分析。 结果 四川省共18个市州报告了新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情106起,其中输入病例引起的聚集性疫情90起,本地病例聚集性疫情16起。疫情涉及病例424例,确诊病例361例,其中死亡2例,无症状感染者63例。病例主要为中青年人群和农民。所有聚集性疫情以家庭暴露产生为主（占81.13%）。聚集性疫情主要发生在2月（占61.32%）。确诊病例与无症状感染者的年龄构成和职业构成均具有统计学差异（ P <0.05）。 结论 四川省以输入病例引起的聚集性疫情为主,家庭生活接触容易造成病毒的传播,应持续做好人群卫生习惯宣传,加强病例和密切接触者的隔离管理。另外,四川省作为劳务输出大省,应对劳务输出人员（尤其是农民工）做好传染病防控知识宣传,防止劳务输出人员携带病毒导致疾病传播。     

聊城市一起某超市新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情调查

目的 调查一起聊城市新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）聚集性疫情,分析其病例感染情况及疫情传播链。方法 2020年1月30日聊城市、区两级CDC专业人员组成疫情处置联合调查组,针对来源于ZH超市COVID-19指示病例,2月1日开展密切接触者及相关对象追踪和筛查,包括ZH超市员工、与相关病例1月13－26日有接触史的家庭成员、1月16－30日超市顾客及其相关病例家属,完成流行病学个案调查,并采集其鼻/咽拭子标本送到聊城市CDC实验室,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR法进行新型冠状病毒核酸检测。结果 2020年1月30日至2月9日,共筛查调查对象8 437人（超市员工120人、病例家属93人、超市顾客8 224人）,该疫情是ZH超市造成的传播链并引起4起家庭聚集性病例,新型冠状病毒感染病例25例,调查对象总的感染率为0.30%（25/8 437）,其中,确诊病例22例（0.26%,22/8 437）,无症状感染者3例（0.04%,3/8 437）,无症状感染者占全部感染病例的12.00%（3/25）;超市员工、病例家属和超市顾客的感染率分别为9.17%（11/120）、12.90%（12/93）和0.02%（2/8 224）。结论 这是一起聊城市某超市输入性病例引起COVID-19聚集性疫情,提示聚集性疫情防控工作重点在于社区传播链和家庭聚集性病例,还需关注无症状感染者的传播风险。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.