广西壮族自治区2010-2017年艾滋病流行病学特征分析

目的 分析2010-2017年广西壮族自治区（广西）艾滋病流行病学特征,为制定精准防控措施和模式提供科学依据。方法 根据我国艾滋病综合防治数据信息管理系统下载2010-2017年HIV/AIDS报告历史卡片,采用例数、构成比和率等描述相关疫情特征,采用χ²检验法进行统计学分析。结果 2010-2017年广西HIV阳性率12.53/万（85 182/67 959 000）,新发现HIV/AIDS病例和当年死亡病例数分别累计有85 182例和24 783例,2010-2011年分别增加了22.34%（新发现HIV/AIDS病例数从11 648例增加到14 250例）和32.83%（当年死亡病例数从2 900例增加到3 852例）,2012-2017年均呈连续6年下降趋势（新发现HIV/AIDS病例数分别为12 229、10 877、9 460、9 190、8 848和8 680例;当年死亡数分别为3 888、3 316、2 914、2 717、2 595和2 600例）;HIV/AIDS晚发现比例均>50.00%（50.53%~57.06%）。2012-2017年新发现病例的男女性别比为2.47：1（60 639/24 543）,≥ 50岁的男女性别比为2.71：1（28 654/10 557）。25~49岁占47.40%（40 377/85 182）,≥ 50岁占46.03%（39 211/85 182）。职业为农民占68.40%（58 262/85 182）,家政、家务及待业占11.21%（9 546/85 182）,学生占0.86%（729/85 182）。传播途径以异性性传播为主,占90.60%（77 171/85 182）,男男性行为传播占3.13%（2 669/85 182）,注射吸毒占4.60%（3 924/85 182）,母婴传播占0.73%（619/85 182）。结论 2010-2017年广西新发现HIV/AIDS病例数和当年死亡数自2012年连续逐年下降,但是晚发现比例均>50.00%,传播途径以异性性传播为主。广西艾滋病流行模式面临新变化和新挑战,应创新防治策略和干预模式。     

云南省边境地区2008-2017年急性传染病输入病例流行病学特征分析

目的 分析2008-2017年云南省边境地区急性传染病输入病例的流行病学特征,为制定云南省境外输入传染病的防控策略和措施提供科学依据。方法 收集发病日期在2008年1月至2017年12月中国CDC传染病报告信息管理系统的急性传染病输入病例个案信息,结合临床医生的病例诊断记录,描述输入病例的构成、时间、地区和人群分布等流行病学特征。结果 2008-2017年云南省边境地区共报告急性传染病输入病例13 157例,占边境地区急性传染报告病例数的6.03%（13 157/218 284）,病种以疟疾、登革热和手足口病为主,分别占输入病例总数的56.05%（7 374/13 157）、21.82%（2 871/13 157）和4.62%（608/13 157）。输入病例的疟疾占比逐年下降,登革热占比逐年上升。输入病例中,男性占73.22%（9 634/13 157）,中国籍占54.91%（7 225/13 157）,15~44岁青壮年占67.12%（8 829/13 157）,≤ 14岁儿童占19.26%（2 535/13 157）,职业以农民（45.23%,5 596/13 157）、民工（21.30%,2 802/13 157）和散居儿童（11.12%,1 463/13 157）为主。每年5月和10月是输入传染病的高峰期,5月以疟疾为主,10月以登革热为主。输入病例主要来源国是缅甸。输入病例数位居前3位的市（县）是中国云南省瑞丽市、腾冲市和盈江县。境外输入病例数占当地报告急性传染病病例数>10%的市（县）有瑞丽市、腾冲市、镇康县和芒市。结论 2008-2017年云南省边境地区急性传染病境外输入疫情较为严重。疟疾、登革热和手足口病是主要病种,输入病例以中国籍、男性、青壮年、农民为主。应加强边境地区的出入境务工人员的急性传染病监测和防控工作。     

2016-2021年北京市报告肺结核患者流动就诊情况分析

目的 分析2016-2021年北京市报告肺结核患者流动就诊情况，为北京市结核病防控提供参考依据。方法 患者数据来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统结核病管理信息系统和标准编码管理系统，地图数据来自中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，利用Excel 2016、SPSS 19.0、Python 3.9、ArcGIS 10.6软件分析病例的跨省流动和北京市内跨区流动情况。结果 2016-2021年北京市报告肺结核患者来自京外的占35.27%（24 307/68 926）。全国30个省（自治区、直辖市）和新疆生产建设兵团均有肺结核患者跨省流入北京市就诊。跨省来京就诊占比前5位分别为河北省（39.58%，9 620/24 307）、山西省（8.82%，2 145/24 307）、内蒙古自治区（8.66%，2 105/24 307）、黑龙江省（6.95%，1 690/24 307）和河南省（6.88%，1 672/24 307），占全部跨省流入患者的70.89%（17 232/24 307）。跨省流入患者的主要流入地区为北京市通州区（46.72%，11 356/24 307）；主要流向医院为三级甲等医院，以首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院为主（44.76%，10 880/24 307）。现住址为北京市的肺结核患者中，市内跨区就诊比例为55.06%（24 566/44 619）。北京市16个区均同时存在病例流出和流入情况，16个区的患者在市内跨区流动的就诊比例M（Q₁，Q₃）为59.30%（56.05%，65.13%）。通州区、海淀区和西城区的患者流入数多于流出数，其他13个区的患者流出数多于流入数。北京市本地患者就诊主要流向首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院（42.18%，18 822/44 619）。结论 2016-2021年北京市报告肺结核患者的跨省流动和市内跨区流动性均较大，跨省流动主要流入北京市三级甲等医院，北京市本地患者主要流入市级结核病定点医疗机构。     

上海市新型冠状病毒肺炎早期境外输入病例流行特征及防控措施分析

目的 分析上海市新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）早期境外输入病例流行特征及防控措施,为输入性疫情的防控工作提供参考依据。方法 资料来源于全国传染病报告信息管理系统截至2020年3月30日上海市COVID-19境外输入病例数据及上海市各级CDC流行病学调查报告,相关防控措施信息来源于政府相关部门官网及发布平台。采用EpiData 3.1、Excel 2019和SAS 9.4软件进行数据整理与统计学分析。结果 截至2020年3月30日,上海市累计报告境外输入病例171例（确诊病例170例,无症状感染者1例）。其中,中国籍122例（71.3%,122/171）,外籍49例（28.7%,49/171）;年龄中位数为23（P₂₅,P₇₅：18,35）岁,男女性别比为1.3∶1,学生占56.6%（97/171）;入境前发病者占45.6%（78/171）;临床分型为轻/普通型病例占96.5%（165/171）,中国籍和外籍病例的临床分型差异无统计学意义。流行曲线按确诊日期于3月24日达到峰值,随着防控措施“口岸联防联控机制闭环管理模式”落实,病例数逐渐下降。171例病例来源国主要为英国（37.3%,64例）、美国（18.6%,32例）、法国（11.0%,19例）和意大利（9.4%,16例）等24个国家及地区。需中转至国内21个省（自治区、直辖市）的病例占40.4%（69/171）。病例发现方式主要为海关检疫和社区留验点,分别占43.9%（75/171）和31.0%（53/171）。结论 上海市COVID-19早期境外输入病例以年轻人和学生为主,各国输入风险与其疫情严重程度基本一致。“口岸联防联控机制闭环管理模式”对境外输入病例的发现及管理效果明显。     

基于微信公众号的罕见病健康信息环境的现况调查

目的 了解我国基于微信公众号的罕见病健康信息环境的现况。方法 以"罕见病"和住院例次处于我国前30位的罕见病名称为关键词进行检索，结合纳入排除标准筛选公众号，并对纳入公众号的文章进行等距抽样，评估每个公众号和推送文章的基本信息。结果 研究所关注30种罕见病中，有14种未发现相关公众号。患者及患者组织发起的公众号占主要部分（52.17%）。中医类和非中医类公众号在发文数量上差异无统计学意义，但中医类公众号每月发文频数高于非中医类公众号（P<0.001），而阅读量却低于非中医类公众号（P<0.001）。近80%的公众号设置有菜单栏，且这类公众号的文章平均累计阅读量高于未设置者。文章总数量位于前3的分别是罕见病诊疗相关知识（46.00%）、罕见病公益活动（12.81%）、非罕见病相关的具体内容（8.65%），而文章阅读量前3位的类别是前沿资讯、罕见病公益活动和患者故事。结论 基于微信公众号的罕见病健康信息传播模式已初具规模，但仍处于发展期，在罕见病覆盖范围、推送频率、内容和形式方面仍存在可完善之处。我国急需建立或改造出一些高质量的专业微信公众号，加强精准化信息供给，促进罕见病防治。     

广东省2017－2018年冬季流感流行特征研究

目的 分析广东省2017-2018年冬季流感流行特征,为流感季节性多样化的防控应对提供进一步的科学依据。方法 收集广东省2016年1月至2018年4月每周流感监测数据,分析2017-2018年冬季28家哨点医院门诊流感样病例（ILI）就诊比例、流感病毒阳性率、病原型别构成和暴发疫情特点,并使用χ²检验和Fisher确切概率法与2016年春季、2017年夏季流行期比较。结果 2017-2018年冬季ILI就诊比例平均水平为4.99%（157 235/3 149 656）,超过既往5年同期水平。门诊ILI和住院严重急性呼吸道感染病例（SARI）中,流感病毒阳性率分别为28.33%（2 137/7 543）和14.93%（256/1 715）,乙型Yamagata亚型分别占70.43%（1 505/2 137）和73.05%（187/256）。2017-2018年冬季流感暴发疫情257起,小学占82.49%（212/257）。冬、春季流感6~14岁儿童病例阳性率高于夏季（P<0.05）。夏季≥ 60岁老年人病例阳性率高于冬、春两季（P<0.05）。结论 广东省2017-2018年冬季流感流行主要由流感病毒乙型Yamagata亚型导致。针对流行季节多样性特点,广东省需要完善监测和提高流感疫苗接种率,以利于在不同季节流行有效防控。     

四川省2015－2017年布鲁氏菌病新发县（区、市）病例调查研究

目的 了解四川省2015-2017年布鲁氏菌病（布病）新发县（区、市）病例发现情况，为防控策略提供依据。方法 通过"中国疾病预防控制信息系统"收集布病发病及突发事件监测数据；以面对面访谈、在线调查等方式，收集病例流行病学特征、诊疗经历，以及医院、CDC布病实验室采样、诊断现状。结果 2013年以来四川省布病疫情上升明显，累计新发县（区、市）有103个。共调查23例新发县（区、市）病例，主要症状为发热，占91.30%（21/23）；初诊医疗机构以县级及以下医院为主，占73.91%（17/23）；初诊误诊率高达91.30%（21/23）；发病到确诊的间隔中位数为52 d，最长142 d。病例布病知晓率为4.35%（1/23），与可疑牲畜接触中防护衣使用率为30.43%（7/23），手套使用率为8.70%（2/23），口罩使用率为4.35%（1/23），接触后使用消毒液洗手率为4.35%（1/23）。病例感染可疑牲畜均为羊，其中34.75%（8/23）为甘肃、青海等省份输入。调查临床医生295名，布病总知晓率为34.58%（102/295），相关知识培训率为58.31%（172/295）。调查33家医院，具备布病实验室诊断能力的仅占33.33%（11/33）。调查县级CDC 23家，具备布病实验室检测能力的占34.78%（8/23）。结论 四川省布病疫情防控形势较为严峻，新发县（区、市）病例初诊误诊率极高，诊断延迟明显，且布病知晓率低，自我防护意识差。临床医生布病知识知晓率低、培训不够；医院和基层疾病预防控制机构布病实验室诊断能力储备不足，为布病病例的早期发现、治疗及规范化管理等带来极大挑战。     

河南省2017-2020年发热伴血小板减少综合征监测分析

目的 了解河南省2017-2020年发热伴血小板减少综合征（SFTS）监测病例的流行病学和病原学特征。方法 利用描述流行病学方法对河南省2017-2020年SFTS病例特征进行分析。采集急性期病例血标本，应用实时荧光RT-PCR法检测新布尼亚病毒核酸。对部分分离到的病毒株扩增S片段基因，进行同源性分析，构建系统进化树。结果 2017-2020年河南省共报告SFTS 1 767例（疑似病例1 000例、确诊病例767例），累计死亡11例（疑似病例3例、确诊病例8例），平均病死率为0.62%（11/1 767）；发病呈逐年下降趋势（趋势χ²=12.018，P=0.001）。病例分布在6个城市28个县（区），信阳市报告1 681例，占病例总数的95.13%（1 681/1 767）。病例主要发生在4-10月，占病例总数的96.10%（1 698/1 767）。男性发病率（0.38/10万）低于女性（0.54/10万）（χ²=54.855，P<0.001）；40~84岁占病例总数的93.44%（1 651/1 767）；农民占病例总数的96.10%（1 698/1 767）。发生家庭聚集性疫情1起。共检测标本1 110份，新布尼亚病毒的平均阳性率为39.19%（435/1 110），不同年份的差异有统计学意义（χ²=25.405，P<0.001）。分离到39株新布尼亚病毒中，S片段核苷酸同源性为94.76%~99.82%。39株病毒株完整S片段遗传进化分析结果显示，34株为A基因型、2株为B基因型，3株为D基因型。结论 2017-2020年河南省SFTS以散发为主，发病呈逐年下降趋势，发病具有明显的地域性和季节性，发病范围不断扩大，女性、≥ 40岁和农民多发，不同年份新布尼亚病毒阳性率差异较大，新布尼亚病毒主要流行型别为A基因型，但仍需持续开展病原学监测。     

某院2015年-2019年罕见病住院病例特征分析

目的分析陕西省某三甲综合医院2015年-2019年罕见病住院病例特征，为开展罕见病研究提供依据。方法根据《第一批罕见病目录》，收集医院2015年-2019年罕见病住院病例资料，进行回顾性分析。结果2015年-2019年医院共收住院罕见病患者1 055例次，占住院患者总例数的0.15%。罕见病病例数男女性别比为1.14:1；不同年龄段病例数分布依次为中年组＞青年组＞老年组＞儿童组；涉及21个疾病系统分类中的10个分类，其中神经系统疾病患者最多；共覆盖42种罕见病，前10位病种人数占患者总数的84.55%，前3位分别为肌萎缩侧索硬化、视神经脊髓炎、重症肌无力；从费用构成来看，前10位病种诊断费及药品费占比普遍较高，少数病种耗材费占比较高。重复住院率前10位的病种中，重复住院率在25%～64%。结论该院罕见病发病年龄跨度大、疾病类型多样、住院费用较高、个体差异较大，具有一定代表性，可为推动陕西省乃至西北地区罕见病研究提供参考。     

1431例急性脑血管疾病住院病例特征分析

目的 探析急性脑血管疾病住院病例流行特征。方法 对西安交通大学第二附属医院与西安市中医医院病历管理信息系统中检索到2017—2019年明确诊断为急性脑血管疾病的住院病例资料进行描述性分析。结果 共纳入符合研究标准的急性脑血管疾病病例1 431例,其中2017年388例（27.11%）,2018年462例（32.29%）,2019年581例（40.60%）,3年间病例数逐年增多。病例年龄18~87岁,平均年龄（58.51±9.84）岁。男女性别比为1.58∶1。3年间病例性别、年龄、文化程度、居住地、首发或复发、疾病类型分布差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。3月急性脑血管疾病住院病例所占比例最高（占14.54%）,其次是12、2和1月,分别占13.77%,13.14%,12.58%。凌晨1：00~2：00为急性脑血管疾病病例单日就诊高峰时段,占全天的8.60%,6：00~8：00时次之。结论 西安市急性脑血管疾病住院病例在逐年增加,老年人群为急性脑血管疾病的高风险人群,12月至次年3月属急性脑血管疾病发病高峰,夜间1：00~2：00与晨间6：00~8：00为急性脑血管疾病患者单日就诊高峰时段,当地需结合流行病学特征制定相应的防控措施。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.