2009-2018年上海市6~17岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖的变化趋势

目的 分析2009-2018年上海市6~17岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖的变化趋势,为预防和控制儿童青少年超重肥胖提供依据。方法 采用2009-2018年上海市连续10年的学生常见病监测项目横断面调查数据,选取资料完整的523 112名6~17岁儿童青少年作为研究对象。超重和肥胖判定标准采用2007年世界卫生组织(WHO)制定的儿童青少年生长参照标准(WHO标准)。采用多元线性回归模型分析儿童青少年体重指数变化趋势,Logistic回归模型分析超重和肥胖率的变化趋势。结果 2018年上海市6~17岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖总体检出率分别为19.37%、10.78%,男生分别为22.33%、16.27%,女生分别为16.31%、5.13%,超重和肥胖检出率男生均高于女生(超重:χ²=253.26,P<0.001;肥胖:χ²=1 404.73,P<0.001)。调整年龄、性别后,超重和肥胖率分别由2009年的16.94%、9.22%增加至2018年的19.37%、10.78%(P_趋势<0.001)。结论 2009-2018年上海市6~17岁儿童青少年体重指数、超重和肥胖率均呈增加趋势,增长速度放缓,但仍处于流行状态。     

2015年山东省6~18岁儿童青少年超重肥胖流行现况

目的 分析山东省学龄期儿童青少年超重肥胖流行现况,为儿童青少年肥胖防治策略和措施的制定提供基础数据。方法 利用2015年山东省中小学生体检数据,共纳入9 583 576名6~18岁儿童青少年。利用国内外四种儿童青少年超重肥胖标准分析山东省学龄期儿童超重肥胖性别、年龄、城乡分布特征,并比较国内标准与国外标准间的一致程度。结果 基于中国肥胖问题工作组(中国标准)、国际肥胖问题工作组(IOTF标准)、美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC标准)和世界卫生组织(WHO标准)推荐的儿童青少年超重肥胖体重指数(BMI)筛查标准,山东省6~18岁儿童青少年总体超重检出率分别为17.5%、16.6%、13.9%和17.6%,肥胖检出率分别为13.1%、7.2%、11.4%、10.8%。男生超重肥胖检出率高于女生,城市高于农村。在6~11岁年龄组随年龄增长超重肥胖检出率呈平稳上升趋势,12~18岁年龄组呈迅速下降趋势。中国标准与其他三种国际标准之间一致性较好,加权Kappa值分别为0.82(中国标准vs.CDC标准)、0.70(中国标准vs.IOTF标准)和0.83(中国标准vs.WHO标准)。结论 儿童青少年肥胖已成为山东省重要的公共卫生问题,需引起全社会的重点关注。     

社会支持在超重肥胖青少年心理健康与自杀意念间的中介作用

目的 探讨超重肥胖青少年心理健康、社会支持与自杀意念的关系,为促进超重肥胖青少年心理健康发展,降低自杀意念检出率提供指导。方法 2018年3-5月选取潍坊市4 250名青少年,采用自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS)、心理健康自评量表(K10)、社会支持量表(SSRS)进行调查。结果 青少年超重检出率为9.55%(406/4 250),肥胖检出率为6.94%(295/4 250);农村超重肥胖青少年心理健康得分显著高于城市青少年(P<0.001),城市超重肥胖青少年社会支持得分显著高于农村,超重肥胖青少年自杀意念得分农村显著高于城市(P<0.001);心理健康与自杀意念呈显著正相关(r=0.639,P<0.01),社会支持分别与心理健康、自杀意念呈显著负相关(r=-0.378和-0.449,P<0.01);心理健康与社会支持对超重肥胖青少年自杀意念有显著预测作用(β=0.278和-0.197,P<0.01;R²=0.459),且社会支持在心理健康与自杀意念之间起部分中介作用。结论 通过改善超重肥胖青少年的心理健康状况,提高其社会支持,从而降低超重肥胖青少年的自杀意念。     

天津市3~7岁孤独症谱系障碍儿童体格发育和营养状况研究

目的 了解天津市3~7岁孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童生长发育状况,为改善ASD儿童生长发育提供参考依据。方法 2016-2019年整群抽取天津市221名3~7岁ASD儿童进行体格测量,各项指标依据2015年中国九市7岁以下儿童体格发育和2008年WHO儿童生长发育标准转化为Z评分,以评价ASD儿童的体格和营养状况,采用儿童孤独症评定量表(CARS)评估ASD儿童症状严重程度。结果 天津市ASD儿童超重/肥胖率为19.0%,年龄别体重Z评分(WAZ)、年龄别身高Z评分(HAZ)、年龄别体重指数Z评分(BAZ)分布曲线向右偏移,胸围及腰围的Z评分分布曲线向+3s外延伸,坐高的Z评分分布曲线向左偏移,呈现生长偏离趋势。男童WAZ(Z=2.053,P<0.05)及超重/肥胖率(χ²=6.572,P<0.05)高于女童,6~7岁组超重/肥胖率高于3~岁和4~岁组(P<0.05),不同ASD症状严重程度间营养状况的差异无统计学意义(χ²=5.321,P>0.05)。结论 天津市ASD儿童超重/肥胖检出率较高,存在体格生长偏离,应加强ASD儿童生长发育监测和肥胖的早期干预。     

青岛市城区学龄前儿童体格发育及肥胖发生变化分析

目的 了解青岛市城区学龄前儿童近十二年体格发育及肥胖构成变化情况,为学龄前儿童健康管理提供依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取城区13所幼儿园,于2018年3-4月测量评价在园儿童身高、体重与营养状况,统计超重、肥胖检出率,与2006同质人群肥胖流调数据比较分析。结果 与2006年相比,2018年青岛市城区学龄前儿童总体身高变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),体重下降(P<0.001,3岁～组除外);2018年青岛市城区学龄前儿童肥胖检出率(7.5%)、超重检出率(15.9%)、生长迟缓检出率(0.2%)均低于2006年(P<0.05)。结论 青岛市2018年学龄前儿童在身高发育正常的前提下,肥胖、超重检出率较2006年呈下降趋势,佐证始于生命早期,基于社区、幼儿园及家庭的、持续开展的儿童综合肥胖防控措施行之有效。     

上海静安区学龄前儿童超重肥胖及高血压流行现状

目的 了解上海静安区学龄前儿童超重、肥胖及高血压的流行现状,为制定相关干预措施提供依据。方法 以参加2017年上海静安区幼儿园体检的3 608名3~7岁学龄前儿童为研究对象,按照世界卫生组织儿童生长发育标准和中国儿童青少年血压参考标准进行超重肥胖和高血压的调查,采用SPSS 24.0进行统计学分析。结果 上海市静安区3~7岁学龄前儿童超重和肥胖的总检出率分别为9.3%和9.2%,男童肥胖检出率高于女童,6~7岁儿童超重及肥胖检出率高于其余年龄组(P＜0.05),而超重检出率的性别差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高血压的总检出率为1.5%,男童高于女童,肥胖儿童高血压检出率显著高于超重及非超重肥胖儿童(P＜0.001),而高血压检出率的年龄差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 上海市静安区学龄前儿童超重、肥胖检出率较高,相关慢性病的预防应早在学龄前期进行。     

沈阳皇姑学龄儿童营养调查对比分析

目的 了解沈阳市皇姑区1989-2017年学龄儿童营养状况及发展趋势,为儿童营养状况研究提供科学依据。 方法 按《全国学生体质健康调查研究工作手册》中规定进行监测,收集1989、2000年和2017年皇姑区学龄儿童身高、体重数据,采用“国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)”分别对学龄儿童的超重、肥胖、营养不良等营养状况进行统计。结果 10 377名皇姑区7~12岁学龄儿童总体超重、肥胖和营养不良检出率分别为7.46%,11.94%和20.78%。超重、肥胖检出率分别由1989年的4.54%、4.05%上升到2017年的12.69%、29.27% ,差异均有统计学意义(χ²=130.00, 774.68,P均<0.01),肥胖检出率男生(14.19%)显著高于女生(9.52%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。营养不良检出率由1989年(16.54%)下降到2017年(12.86%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=273.97,P<0.01),且女生营养不良检出率(22.84%)明显高于男生(18.85%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。学龄儿童营养不良均以轻度为主。 结论 皇姑区学龄儿童超重肥胖检出率有所上升,且以2017年为重,应加强儿童健康教育,提供合理平衡膳食,增强体育锻炼,加强儿童保健,使儿童身体健康成长。     

2013—2018年北京市大兴区学龄前期儿童超重及肥胖状况趋势分析

目的 了解北京市大兴地区学龄前期儿童生长发育状况,掌握儿童超重及肥胖相关健康问题现状及变化趋势,为制定促进儿童身心健康适宜的策略提供科学依据。 方法 采用世界卫生组织2006年标准,对儿童超重、肥胖进行评价。 结果 2013—2018年大兴地区学龄前期散居儿童超重肥胖呈逐年下降趋势,超重检出率分别为17.07%、16.58%、16.99%、14.69%、11.12%、11.24%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=430.220,P<0.001),肥胖检出率分别为9.01%、8.75%、8.66%、6.04%、5.44%、5.20%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=167.631,P<0.001);男童超重肥胖检出率高于女童;不同年龄组别男女童超重检出率差异小,5岁儿童肥胖检出率分别为14.73%、12.26%、12.75%、9.72%、10.85%和11.86%,6岁儿童肥胖检出率分别为22.73%、13.95%、21.28%、14.29%、13.30%和14.79%,高于其他组别。 结论 大兴区学龄前儿童保健成效显著,超重肥胖检出率呈下降趋势。但需要进一步加大超重肥胖干预工作力度,5~、6~岁男性儿童是工作的重点;学校应与家庭相结合,采取有效措施。     

青岛市城区学龄前儿童肥胖流行趋势研究

目的 了解青岛市城区学龄前儿童肥胖发生现状及近年流行趋势,为有效控制干预提供理论依据。方法 2018年4-6月,方便整群抽取青岛市城区13家中等规模幼儿园,对全体在园儿童进行身高、体重及腰围、臀围测量评价,与2006年同质调查数据比较,研究十二年来学龄前儿童肥胖流行趋势。结果 2018年城区幼儿园3～6岁儿童肥胖检出率为7.51%,较2006年(9.52%)显著下降(χ²=11.218,P=0.001),年均下降16.75%;男童肥胖超出率(10.02%)显著高于女童(4.80%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=42.11,P<0.001);2018年城区3～6岁儿童超重检出率为15.85％,较2006年(18.12%)显著下降(χ²=7.892,P<0.05);肥胖儿童BMI、腰臀比及腰围身高比均显著高于正常体重儿童(P＜0.001)。结论 近十二年青岛市城区学龄前儿童肥胖得到有效控制。儿童超重检出率亦下降,但远高于肥胖检出率,提示需加强学龄前儿童超重防控,以减少其转化为学龄期乃至成年期肥胖。     

不同方法评价乌鲁木齐市新市区儿童青少年超重和肥胖及其体成分差异

目的 分析乌鲁木齐市新市区6~15岁儿童青少年体成分的发育规律及其在超重肥胖儿童青少年间的差异;探讨体重指数(BMI)及体脂两种方法评定超重肥胖的不同,对早期发现儿童青少年超重肥胖及制定改善措施提供参考。方法 2019年1月纳入乌鲁木齐市儿童青少年907人;采用儿童青少年体成分分析仪测量体成分、计算BMI-Z分值;超重肥胖评定参考WS/T586-2018。结果 6~15岁儿童青少年除男生体脂率外,男女生各体成分指标随年龄变化均存在线性趋势(P<0.05),BMI-Z评分男生高于女生(P<0.05);男生体脂百分比随年龄增长呈先上升后下降变化,女生在11岁时体脂百分比(BFP)超过男生(P<0.05)。BMI及BFP评价超重率及肥胖率分别为11.5%和9.0%、14.1%和20.5%;其中BMI正常组有7.6%和3.1%的少儿BFP评定为超重和肥胖;在BMI超重组有49.5%的少儿BFP评定为肥胖。各体成分在超重与肥胖组均高于正常组(P<0.05)。结论 儿童青少年体成分随年龄增长而增加且有性别及年龄差异;不同方法评定超重肥胖率略有不同,提示BMI评定肥胖标准易低估体脂胖肥儿童青少年;其超重和肥胖组各体成分均高于正常组。     

Diagnosis of overweight and obesity in adolescents from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: comparison of two diagnostic criteria

Various cut-off points for body mass index have been proposed to assess nutritional status in adolescents. The aim of this study was to compare two methods for evaluating overweight and obesity. In 2004-5, 4,452 adolescents from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study were evaluated, representing 87.5% of the original cohort. Overweight and obesity were evaluated using the methods proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). Prevalence of overweight was similar when comparing the two methods (WHO: 23.2%; IOTF: 21.6%). Prevalence of obesity was higher according to the WHO criterion (total sample: 11.6%; boys: 15.1%; girls: 8.2%) as compared to IOTF (total sample: 5.0%; boys: 5.6%; girls: 4.4%). The kappa statistic was around 0.9 for determining overweight and 0.4 for obesity. The IOTF classification showed high specificity in comparison to the WHO criterion for determining overweight and obesity. However, sensitivity was high for overweight but low for obesity. Our data show that the IOTF classification underestimates the prevalence of obesity in early adolescence.     

济南市城区6～17岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖流行现状

目的采用国内外儿童超重肥胖筛查标准描述济南市城区儿童青少年超重和肥胖流行现状,为政府和教育部门制定儿童肥胖干预策略提供基础数据。方法数据来源于2012年9月-2014年9月开展的"十二五"国家科技支撑计划项目"儿童心血管疾病预警、诊治技术研究"分课题济南调查点。共纳入济南市城区7 840名6~17岁儿童青少年。使用中国标准、美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)标准、国际肥胖问题工作组(IOTF)标准和世界卫生组织(WHO)标准描述济南市城区学龄儿童超重肥胖流行现状,并计算加权kappa值(kw)比较中国标准与国际标准之间的一致性。结果采用4种BMI筛查标准,济南市城区6~17岁儿童青少年超重率分别为21.0%(中国标准)、17.2%(CDC标准)、21.0%(IOTF标准)和22.1%(WHO标准),肥胖率分别为19.9%(中国标准)、17.4%(CDC标准)、12.4%(IOTF标准)和18.6%(WHO标准)。无论采用何种标准,男生肥胖率显著高于女生,6~11岁组肥胖率显著高于12~17岁组。中国标准与三种国际标准即CDC、IOTF和WHO标准之间的一致性很好,kw值分别为0.88、0.80和0.91。结论济南市城区6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖流行现状严峻,主要集中在男童和6~11岁儿童,提示相关部门应尽早采取干预措施。     

WHO标准与中国标准评价中国5岁以下儿童营养状况比较

目的比较WHO标准与中国标准评价中国5岁以下儿童营养状况的差别。方法利用2010-2013年中国居民营养与健康状况监测数据,根据WHO标准计算儿童Z评分,根据中国标准的界值判定儿童营养状况,分别计算并比较两个标准的儿童营养不良率。结果中国标准和WHO标准计算出的5岁以下儿童生长迟缓率分别为5.54%和6.26%、低体重率为3.21%和1.99%、消瘦率为2.33%和1.97%、超重率为8.55%和7.29%、肥胖率为2.88%和2.46%。使用中国标准评估的低体重率、消瘦率、超重肥胖率显著高于WHO标准,生长迟缓率低于WHO标准。结论WHO标准和中国标准评价儿童营养状况时存在差异。选择标准评价儿童营养状况需考虑应用范围。     

Prevalence and factors associated to overweight and obesity in public schools

This study assessed the association between environmental factors and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in public schools. It was studied 480 students, by means of anthropometric measurements evaluation, weight and height--BMI by sex and age and in accordance with the parameters of WHO and IOTF. Environmental information was obtained using a questionnaire applied to students. The Epi Info Program, version 3.3.2, was used to data collection and analysis. Prevalence rates of obesity varied according to the criteria it was used. According to the IOTF, prevalence of obesity was 7.1%, while, according parameters of the WHO, the prevalence was 18%. The significant risk factor for obesity was the father obesity (PR = 1.08; CI: 0.57-2.04). We concluded that the nutritional profile of the school serves as a subsidy for tracking trends of overweight in this group. This study could instruct the rationalization of the use of the time and public financial resources, proving the need to invest in the school feeding and in the health students.     

Obesity, overweight and thinness in schoolchildren of the city of Florianópolis, Southern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of obesity, overweight (including obesity) and thinness in children of the city of Florianopolis (southern Brazil). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Representative sample of 7-10-y-old schoolchildren of the first four grades of elementary schools (1432 girls, 1504 boys). METHODS: Measurements of weight, height and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) were taken following standard techniques. The body mass index (BMI) was computed as weight/height2. Nutritional status was defined using two references: (1) the Must et al reference for BMI and TSF to define thinness, overweight and obesity (5th, 85th and 95th percentiles, respectively); (2) the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) BMI cutoffs to define overweight and obesity. RESULTS: Using BMI, according to the Must et al, and IOTF references, the prevalence of obesity was 10.6 and 5.5%, respectively; overweight (including obesity) affected 26.2 and 22.1% of children, respectively. According to the Must et al reference, the prevalence of thinness was 3.2%. Using TSF rather than BMI, according to the Must et al references, fewer children were classified as obese (8.0%) or overweight (20.2%) and more children were classified as thin (4.9%). CONCLUSION: This study supports the previously reported high frequencies of childhood overweight and obesity in developing countries. The data allow comparisons with other studies carried out in Brazil and other parts of the world.     

A comparison of international references for the assessment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity in different populations

OBJECTIVE: To compare different references assessing child and adolescent overweight and obesity in different populations. DESIGN: Comparison cross-sectional study. SETTING: The United States, Russia, China. SUBJECTS: A total of 6108 American, 6883 Russian and 3014 Chinese children aged 6-18 y. INVESTIGATION: Using nationwide survey data from the USA (NHANES III, 1988-1994), Russia (1992), and China (1991), we compared three references: (1) the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) reference, sex-age-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-offs that correspond to BMIs of 25 for overweight and 30 for obesity at age 18; (2) the World Health Organization (WHO) reference--BMI 85th percentiles for overweight in adolescents (10-19 y) and weight-for-height Z-scores for obesity in children under 10; (3) a USA reference--BMI 85th and 95th percentiles to classify overweight and obesity, respectively. RESULTS: Using the IOTF reference and 85th BMI percentiles, overweight prevalence was 6.4 and 6.5% in China, 15.7 and 15.0% in Russia, and 25.5 and 24.4% in the USA, respectively. Notable differences existed for several ages. Kappa (=0.84-0.98) indicated an excellent agreement between the two references in general, although they varied by sex-age groupings and countries. Overweight prevalence was twice as high in children (6-9 y) than in adolescents (10-18 y) in China and Russia, but was similar in the USA. Estimates of obesity prevalence using these three references varied substantially. CONCLUSIONS: The references examined produce similar estimates of overall overweight prevalence but different estimates for obesity. One should be cautious when comparing results based on different references. SPONSORSHIP: University of Illinois and University of North Carolina.     

1991—2015年中国9个省份儿童青少年超重和肥胖率的变化趋势分析

目的分析1991—2015年中国9个省份儿童青少年超重和肥胖率的变化趋势。方法采用1991—2015年9次“中国健康与营养调查”数据,选取资料完整的14888名6~17岁儿童青少年为研究对象。超重和肥胖分别采用2000年国际肥胖工作组(IOTF)制定的全球儿童超重和肥胖标准(IOTF标准)、2007年世界卫生组织(WHO)制定的学龄儿童青少年生长参照标准(WHO标准)、2009年李辉等制定的儿童超重肥胖筛查体重指数界值(专家标准)及2018年原国家卫生和计划生育委员会发布的学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查界值(行业标准)进行判定。采用多元线性回归模型分析1991—2015年儿童青少年体重指数变化趋势,采用logistics回归模型分析1991—2015年超重和肥胖率的变化趋势。结果调整年龄、性别和地区后,体重指数由1991年(2363名)的17.26 kg/m2上升至2015年(1060名)的18.72 kg/m2(P趋势<0.001)。根据IOTF标准、WHO标准、专家标准和行业标准,超重率分别由1991年的4.06%、5.37%、5.16%、4.27%增长至2015年的13.58%、16.23%、13.30%、11.70%(P趋势<0.001),肥胖率分别由1991年的1.02%、1.86%、2.24%、2.41%增长至2015年的7.45%、10.75%、12.08%、12.74%(P趋势<0.001)。结论1991—2015年,我国9个省份儿童青少年体重指数水平、超重和肥胖率均呈逐年增加趋势。     

Correction: prevalence and socioeconomic correlates of overweight and obesity among Pakistani primary school children

ABSTRACT: Since the publication of our article [1], we have noticed some errors in the final published version, for which the corresponding author accepts full responsibility. Page references are to the final PDF version. Page 3: Results, second paragraph Lines 1-2: "BMI... 20.7 (5.02) kg/m2..." should read "BMI... 16.0 (3.0) kg/m2..." Lines 6-8: "According to the IOTF cut-offs, overweight and obesity prevalence was 33% (95% CI 31.1-35.3) and 24% (95% CI 22.4-26.2) respectively" should read "According to the IOTF cut-offs, overweight and obesity prevalence was 8.3% (95% CI 7.1-9.6) and 4.7% (95% CI 3.8-5.7) respectively" Page 4: Table 1 The values for mean and standard deviation (SD) for BMI (kg/m2) are revised. Page 4: Table 2 The values for mean BMI (SD) and overweight and obesity prevalence according to the IOTF cut-offs are revised. Page 5: Figure 2 The values for grade- and gender- specific mean BMI are revised. Page 6: Second paragraph Lines 1-8: "Prevalence of overweight by the IOTF cut-offs was twice the prevalence by the WHO 2007 reference (33% versus 17%) and prevalence of obesity by the IOTF cutoffs was three times higher than that calculated by the WHO 2007 reference (24% versus 7.5%). Using IOTF cut-offs for overweight and obesity in Pakistani schoolaged children would result in higher estimates than the WHO 2007 reference." should read "Prevalence of overweight by the IOTF cut-offs was half the prevalence by the WHO 2007 reference (8% versus 17%) and prevalence of obesity by the IOTF cutoffs was two-third of that calculated by the WHO 2007 reference (5% versus 7.5%). Using IOTF cut-offs for overweight and obesity in Pakistani schoolaged children would result in lower estimates than the WHO 2007 reference. A relatively lower overweight and obesity prevalence with use of the IOTF cut-offs as compared to the WHO reference had been reported elsewhere [2-3]." In present study, the estimates for overweight included obese children.