IL-4 rs2243250基因多态性与胃癌发病关联的Meta分析

目的通过Meta分析尝试阐明白介素4（IL-4） rs2243250位点基因多态性与胃癌发病风险是否存在关联。方法计算机检索Pubmed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library database、中国知网、万方等数据库,严格按照文献纳入和排除标准,搜集符合要求的病例对照研究,在进行文献质量评价后,采用比值比（OR）及其95%可信区间（95%CI）评价IL-4 rs2243250基因多态性与胃癌的关联及其程度,并进行敏感性分析和发表偏倚评估。IL-4 rs2243250基因对比模型包括等位基因模型（T vs C）、纯合子基因模型（TT vs CC）、共显性基因模型（CT vs CC）、显性基因模型（TT+CT vs CC）、隐性基因模型（TT vs CT+CC）。结果共纳入13篇文章,病例组2407例、对照组3523例。Meta分析显示,在全人群中,IL-4 rs2243250基因多态性与胃癌发病关联的OR值差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但在白种人中,IL-4 rs2243250基因多态性可能增加胃癌发病的风险（TT vs CC:P=0.04,OR=1.566,95%CI为1.021～2.403;TT vs CC+CT:P=0.04,OR=1.554,95%CI为1.019～2.369）。另外,检测方法PCR-ARMS可能是潜在的异质性来源。结论在全人群中,本研究结果不支持"IL-4 rs2243250基因多态性与胃癌风险相关",但在亚组分析中,IL-4 rs2243250基因多态性可能增加白种人群胃癌的发病风险。针对IL-4 rs2243250基因多态性与胃癌风险的关联,当前仍需持谨慎态度。     

LOXL1基因rs2165241位点多态性与剥脱综合征性青光眼易感性关系的Meta分析

目的探讨类赖氨酰氧化酶1（LOXL1）基因rs2165241位点多态性与剥脱综合征性青光眼（exfoliation syndrome,XFG）的发病风险的相关性。方法全面检索Web of science、Embase、PubMed、CNKI、万方数据库,查找关于LOXL1基因rs2165241位点多态性与XFG易感性关系的病例对照研究,检索时限为建库至2019年8月。由2名研究者根据纳入和排除标准提取相关资料后,运用Stata 10.0软件进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入19篇文献,19个研究,包括XFG组病人2422例,健康对照组3 549例,经异质性分析,提示各研究间有一定的异质性（P < 0.1）,运用随机效应对数据进行Meta分析,结果显示,在总体人群之中,LOXL1基因rs2165241位点多态性与XFG存在一定易感性（TT vs.TC+CC:OR=3.87,95%CI=2.83~5.29,P < 0.01）。对总体数据进行亚组分析,结果显示:在亚洲人群中,LOXL1基因rs2165241位点多态性与XFG发病风险无统计学关联性（TT vs.TC+CC:OR=1.74,95%CI=0.58~5.17,P>0.05）;在高加索人群中,LOXL1基因rs2165241位点多态性可增加XFG的易感性（TT vs.TC+CC:OR=4.25,95%CI=3.07~5.88,P < 0.01）。结论LOXL1基因rs2165241位点多态性与XFG易感性相关,等位基因T可能与会增高患XFG的风险,特别是在高加索人群中。     

SOD2和GSTP1基因多态与宫颈癌易感性的关系

目的：探讨超氧化物歧化酶2（superoxide dismutase 2,SOD2）rs4880和谷胱甘肽S转移酶P1（glutathione S?transferase Pi,GSTP1）rs1695基因位点单核苷酸多态性与宫颈癌发生的关系。方法：选择经组织学确诊的汉族395例新发宫颈癌患者作为病例组,与病例组人群不存在生物学相关的465例正常人群作为对照组,利用Taqman实时荧光定量PCR技术检测基因型,Logistic回归模型计算基因型与人群罹患宫颈癌的风险比（odds ratio,OR）及其95％可信区间（95％CI）。结果：与SOD2 rs4880 TT基因型比较,携带rs4880 TC基因型、CC基因型和TC/CC基因型的个体发生宫颈癌的风险分别升高15.1%、96.6%和18.7%,但差异无统计学意义（OR=1.15,95%CI：0.84~1.57,P=0.378;OR=1.97,95%CI：0.64~6.09,P=0.231;OR=1.19,95%CI：0.87~1.61,P=0.271）;与GSTP1 rs1695 AA基因型相比,携带rs1695 AG、GG及AG/GG基因型的个体罹患宫颈癌的风险无明显变化（P > 0.05）,该位点多态性与宫颈癌关系的Meta分析也提示rs1695遗传变异与宫颈癌的发生无明显相关性。结论：SOD2 rs4880和GSTP1 rs1695基因多态性可能与宫颈癌发生无关。     

NFSF15基因多态性与克罗恩病易患性的Meta分析

目的探讨NFSF15基因rs3810936多态性与克罗恩病(CD)易患性的关系。方法计算机检索数据库,收集有关NFSF15基因rs3810936多态性与CD易患性病例对照研究,提取纳入文献的相关数据进行Meta分析,以病例组与对照组NFSF15基因rs3810936位点基因模型的比值比(OR)为效应指标,漏斗图检测发表偏倚。结果共5篇研究符合纳入标准,累计病例1178例,对照1550例。Meta分析表明,NFSF15基因rs3810936多态性与CD易患性相关[纯合子比较模型(CC vs TT):OR=0.34,95%CI 0.17⁰.72,P=0.004;杂合子比较模型(TC vs TT):OR=0.62,95%CI 0.540.72,P=0.004;杂合子比较模型(TC vs TT):OR=0.62,95%CI 0.54⁰.72,P<0.01;显性遗传模型(CC+TC vs TT):OR=2.18,95%CI 1.190.72,P<0.01;显性遗传模型(CC+TC vs TT):OR=2.18,95%CI 1.19⁴.02,P=0.01;隐性遗传模型(CC vs TC+TT):OR=0.46,95%CI 0.254.02,P=0.01;隐性遗传模型(CC vs TC+TT):OR=0.46,95%CI 0.25⁰.84,P=0.01]。结论 NFSF15基因rs3810936多态性与CD易患性有明显关联性。     

5-羟色胺1A受体基因多态性与精神分裂症关联性的Meta分析

目的：用Meta分析的方法综合评价人群中5-羟色胺1A（5-HT1A）受体基因多态性与精神分裂症的关联,为精神分裂症的遗传背景提供循证医学证据。方法：计算机检索PubMed、Cochorane、CNKI和万方数据库,搜集有关5-HT1A 受体基因多态性与精神分裂症关联性的全文文献。以病例组和对照组5-HT1A受体基因分布的OR及其95% CI为效应指标,在全面文献回顾的基础上对文献进行筛选、评价和数据提取。应用Rev Man5.0软件对各研究原始数据进行统计分析,包括异质性检验、合并效应量以及评估发表偏倚。结果：共有5篇文献被纳入分析,其中2篇研究rs6294位点与精神分裂症的关联性,3篇研究rs6295位点与精神分裂症的关联性。精神分裂症患者rs6294位点的基因型Meta 分析结果,合并OR=0.35,95%CI=0.12～1.08,P=0.07;rs6294位点等位基因Meta 分析结果,合并OR =0.34, 95%CI=0.11～1.03,P=0.06;精神分裂症患者rs6295 位点的基因型 Meta 分析结果,合并 OR=1.78,95%CI=0.69～4.59,P=0.23;rs6295 位点的等位基因Meta 分析结果,合并OR=1.80,95%CI=1.03～3.16,P=0.04。结论：人群中5-HT1A受体基因多态性与精神分裂症有关联。        

长链非编码RNA H19变异基因型与中国人群肾细胞癌发病风险及预后的相关性研究

目的：探讨长链非编码RNA（long non?coding RNA,lncRNA）H19的rs2839698、rs217727、rs3741216和rs3741219这4个位点的多态性遗传变异对肾细胞癌（renal cell carcinoma,RCC）易感性和预后的影响。方法：本研究为自2004年5月开始的两阶段病例对照研究,共纳入1 014例RCC患者及1 063例健康对照者。其中第一阶段298例RCC患者具有完整的随访资料。采用TaqMan探针法实时聚合酶链反应检测患者外周血的4个位点多态性基因分型,通过计算比值比（odds ratio,OR）和95%置信区间（confidence interval,CI）评估H19多态性与RCC发生风险及临床特征的关系;Kaplan?Meier曲线评估临床特征与H19 4个位点不同基因型的生存状态,采用COX回归分析计算不同基因型、TNM分期及病理分级发生死亡结局的风险比（hazardratio,HR）和95%CI,评估影响RCC预后的独立危险因素。结果：与H19的rs2839698 CC基因型相比,CT/TT基因型人群患RCC风险增加（P=0.012,OR=1.13,95%CI=1.02~1.55）。CT/TT基因型患者更容易发生大体积肿瘤（P=0.003,OR=1.35,95%CI=1.10~1.73）和临床高分期（P=0.010,OR=1.63,95%CI=1.08~2.21）;rs2839698 CT/TT基因型RCC患者的5年总生存率明显低于CC基因型RCC患者（CT/TT vs. CC：Log?rank P=0.027,HR=2.24,95%CI=1.10~4.59）。结论：H19 rs2839698位点基因变异同RCC易感性和生存相关,其具体的功能影响仍需进一步研究验证。     

GLP1R基因多态性与中国汉族人群2型糖尿病风险及血糖、血脂、胰岛功能的关系

目的：探讨中国汉族人群胰高血糖素样肽1 受体（GLP1R）基因rs3765467、rs2268657 和rs6923761位点与2型糖尿病（T2DM）的相关性及对血糖、血脂代谢和胰岛功能的影响。方法：采用竞争性等位基因特异性PCR检测GLP1R基因rs3765467、rs2268657 和rs6923761位点的基因型,并结合血糖、血脂和胰岛功能进行分析。结果：T2DM组GLP1R基因rs3765467位点CC基因型和C等位基因的频率均显著高于对照组（61.0% vs. 51.9%,P =0.040;77.3% vs. 72.3%,P =0.022）。在隐性模型中,T2DM组rs3765467位点CC基因型频率显著高于对照组（61.0% vs. 51.9%,P =0.011）。Logistic回归分析显示rs3765467位点CC基因型是T2DM发病的独立危险因素（OR =1.724,95%CI =1.217～2.443,P =0.002）。rs3765467位点CC基因型HbA1c水平显著高于CT+TT基因型（t =-2.517,P =0.012）;rs2268657位点GG基因型HDL-C水平显著高于GA+AA基因型（t =-2.162,P =0.031）。在T2DM组中,rs3765467位点CC基因型FP-C、HOMA-β、HOMA-IR水平明显低于CT+TT基因型（均P ＜0.05）。结论：GLP1R基因rs3765467位点可能与中国汉族人群T2DM的发病风险相关,GLP1R基因多态性可能影响血糖、血脂代谢及胰岛β细胞功能。     

微小RNA前体区域基因多态与儿童特异性皮炎易感性的关联研究

目的探讨微小RNA（miRNA）前体区域基因单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与儿童特异性皮炎（AD）易感性的关系。方法采用病例-对照研究,选取AD患儿400例,年龄频率匹配的健康对照儿童400例;使用标准化的调查表获得研究对象的基本资料;采用ABI7900HT的Taqman基因分型技术检测hsa-mir-149 rs2292832、hsamir-146a rs2910164、has-mir-499 rs374644和hsa-mir-196a2 rs11614913基因多态性。结果 hsa-mir-146a基因多态性位点rs2910164与AD发病风险有关联,与CC、GG＋CG相比,纯合型CC可显著增加儿童AD的发病风险（OR=1.46,95%CI：1.18-1.81,P〈0.005;OR=1.49,95%CI：1.21-1.85,P〈0.001）;分层分析显示,CC基因型增加AD发病风险性在男性（OR=1.60,95%CI：1.24-2.02,P〈0.001）、有家庭环境香烟暴露史（OR=2.00,95%CI：1.75-2.34,P〈0.001）和无过敏性疾病家族史（OR=1.45,95%CI：1.11-1.85,P=0.011）的儿童中更加显著。未发现多态性位点hsa-mir-196a2 rs11614913、hsa-mir-149 rs2292832和has-mir-499 rs374644与儿童AD易感性有关。结论 hsa-mir-146a rs2910164 CC基因型可能增加儿童AD的发病风险。     

GAS6基因多态性及血浆水平与昆明地区汉族2型糖尿病合并动脉粥样硬化的相关性

目的 探讨生长停滞特异性蛋白6（GAS6）基因多态性及血浆水平与昆明地区汉族2型糖尿病合并动脉粥样硬化（T2DM AS）的相关性。方法 收集181例单纯T2DM患者、171例T2DM AS患者和186例正常对照（NC）者,运用 PCR和单向基因测序检测GAS6基因多态性,ELISA检测血浆GAS6水平,并分析其基因型及等位基因频率、血浆GAS6水平和相关临床指标。结果 T2DM组分别与NC组、T2DM AS组相比,三种基因型频率的分布无差异(2=8031,P=0018;2=1762,P=0414);T2DM AS组GG基因型频率高于NC组,GA、AA基因型频率低于NC组,差异有统计学意义 (2=9286,P=0010)。T2DM组和T2DM AS组的A等位基因频率低于NC组,G等位基因频率高于NC组,差异有统计学意义 (2=7493,P=0006;2=8718,P=0003);T2DM AS组和T2DM组相比,等位基因频率的分布无差异(2=0069,P=0793)。T2DM组和T2DM AS组的体重指数（BMI）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL C）、空腹血糖（FBG）均高于NC组（P＜001）,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL C）和GAS6水平低于NC组（P＜001）;T2DM AS组的病程、SBP和血管内中膜厚度（IMT）均高于T2DM组,差异有统计学意义(P＜001）,而GAS6水平与T2DM组相比无差异(P＞0.05）。T2DM病程、饮酒、SBP是AS发生的危险因素（OR： 1072、2625、1019;95% CI：1024 1122、1241 5552、1003 1035）。HDL C是AS的保护性因素（OR=0253;95% CI：0071 0902）;而GAS6基因rs8191974多态性及其血浆水平可能与AS无关联。结论 本研究尚未发现GAS6基因rs8191974多态性及其血浆水平与昆明地区汉族AS之间的关联。T2DM病程、饮酒、高血压是AS发生的危险因素,HDL C是AS的保护性因素。     

白介素-16基因多态性与膝骨性关节炎的易感性研究

目的：探讨汉族人群中白介素-16（interleukin-16,IL-16）基因单核苷酸多态性与膝关节骨性关节炎（knee osteoarthritis,KOA）的相关性。方法：采用“病例-对照”研究方法,纳入150例汉族KOA患者与147例非KOA受试者,其年龄、性别、体质指数相匹配。采用苯酚氯仿法提取外周血白细胞基因组DNA,聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性的方法检测IL-16基因rs11556218、rs4072111和rs4778889 ３个位点与KOA的遗传易感相关性,并用基因测序验证结果。结果：病例组和对照组中3个位点基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。KOA组rs11556218的T/G基因型频率高于非KOA的人群（OR=2.06,95%CI=1.26～3.35,P=0.005）,G/G也明显增加发病风险（OR=2.52,95%CI=1.10～5.74,P=0.005）,rs4072111的C/T基因型KOA的发病风险较C/C基因型明显增加（OR=2.45,95%CI=1.42～4.22,P=0.000）,T/T也明显增加发病风险（OR=4.04,95%CI=1.06～15.37,P=0.000）;rs11556218与rs4778889存在连锁不平衡关系（D’=0.63,R2=0.236）,单倍型TTT增加KOA的发病风险（OR=3.70,95% CI=1.57～8.72,P=0.003）,GCC也增加了KOA的发病风险（OR=6.22,95%CI=2.37～16.33,P=0.000）。结论：汉族人群中IL-16基因多态性可能与KOA易感性有关。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.