广西16株狂犬病毒P基因序列分析

目的分析广西16株狂犬病毒P基因序列特点,探讨广西狂犬病高发的可能原因。方法 2005-2008年在广西14个市采集健康犬脑标本3 961份,用直接免疫荧光法（DFA）和RT-PCR法检测狂犬病毒,P基因PCR扩增阳性者进行序列测定和分析。结果 16株狂犬病毒完成P基因序列测定,核苷酸及氨基酸同源性分别为86%-100%和93%-100%,属于基因Ⅰ型狂犬病毒;广西境内至少存在3条狂犬病毒传播链;16株狂犬病毒P基因序列推导的氨基酸序列多个位点发生变异。结论广西存在多个Ⅰ型狂犬病毒株系的流行,可能是近几年广西狂犬病持续高发的原因之一。     

广西玉林市2005—2012年狂犬病病原学监测及病毒N基因特征分析

目的分析2005—2012年广西玉林市狂犬病病原学监测结果及病毒N基因遗传变异特征,为狂犬病防控提供科学依据。方法 2005—2012年在广西玉林市采集犬脑组织及临床诊断人狂犬病病例的唾液进行病原学检测,检测阳性标本进行N基因核苷酸序列测定、同源性比较和种系发生分析。结果共采集、检测外观健康犬脑组织728份、临床诊断人狂犬病病例唾液33份,RT-PCR检测阳性率分别为0.96%(7/728)和51.52%(17/33)。获得5条犬源、6条人源狂犬病病毒株N基因全序列。该11条序列之间的核苷酸同源性为94.7%~100.0%,与广西以往分离株GX01的核苷酸序列的同源性为94.5%~98.4%,与疫苗株CTN株的同源性为94.6%~99.7%。进化树分析显示,犬源株和人源株病毒N基因亲缘进化关系很近,处于同一分支,都属于基因Ⅰ型狂犬病病毒。结论从病原学和病毒分子水平证实玉林市外观健康犬携带狂犬病毒及17例临床诊断病例为确诊病例,其病原为狂犬病病毒基因I型,阳性带毒犬的流动是造成本病传播和扩散的主要因素,也是造成该地区疫情高发的重要原因之一。     

湖南省2006年狂犬病病原学监测

目的 了解湖南省狂犬病病毒的分布及来源,从病原学角度分析该省狂犬病疫情高发的原因.方法 采集湖南省人间狂犬病高、中、低疫区市售家犬脑组织及疑似病例、病犬标本,用直接免疫荧光法(DFA)和RT-PCR检测狂犬病病毒,RT-PCR阳性标本进行狂犬病病毒N基因片段核苷酸序列分析. 结果 外观正常犬脑组织狂犬病病毒阳性率为2.78%,23株狂犬病病毒N基因片段核苷酸序列同源性范围为88.8%～100.0%,表明主要足同义突变,病毒株在省内的分布无明显的地域性.系统发生树揭示狂犬病病毒在湖南省省内及与周边省份(贵州、湖北、广西)和其他省份(江苏、河南)间存在扩散循环传播.疑似病例的唾液、尿液、血液标本均未检出狂犬病病毒,皮肤标本检出1例阳性. 结论 湖南省内普遍存在狂犬病病毒感染犬只,省内与外省的病毒分离株有高度的亲缘关系,此为疫情高发的主要原因.     

广西狂犬病病毒M基因序列分析

目的 探讨广西13株狂犬病病毒M基因遗传变异特征及其与狂犬病在广西流行的关系.方法 用直接免疫荧光法(DFA)检测2006～2008年广西地区收集到的3961份犬脑组织标本,将榆测结果为阳性的脑组织标本进行RT-PCR扩增,双向测序M基因核苷酸序列,进行生物信息学分析.结果 DFA法检测阳性率为8.84%(350/39...     

湖南省2007年狂犬病病原学监测

目的 了解湖南省狂犬病病毒的分布及来源,从病原学角度分析该省狂犬病疫情高发的原因.方法 采集湖南省人间狂犬病高、中、低疫区市售家犬脑组织及疑似病例、病犬标本,用直接免疫荧光法(DFA)和RT-PCR检测狂犬病病毒,RT-PCR阳性标本进行狂犬病病毒N基因片段核苷酸序列分析. 结果 外观正常犬脑组织狂犬病病毒阳性率为2.78%,23株狂犬病病毒N基因片段核苷酸序列同源性范围为88.8%～100.0%,表明主要足同义突变,病毒株在省内的分布无明显的地域性.系统发生树揭示狂犬病病毒在湖南省省内及与周边省份(贵州、湖北、广西)和其他省份(江苏、河南)间存在扩散循环传播.疑似病例的唾液、尿液、血液标本均未检出狂犬病病毒,皮肤标本检出1例阳性. 结论 湖南省内普遍存在狂犬病病毒感染犬只,省内与外省的病毒分离株有高度的亲缘关系,此为疫情高发的主要原因.     

湖南省2008-2009年狂犬病病原学监测及病毒基因特征分析

目的 分析2008-2009年湖南省狂犬病病原学监测结果及新分离病毒的N基因分子特征.方法 采用直接免疫荧光法(DFA)、巢式PCR检测狂犬病监测标本,阳性标本应用ABI3730测序仪对N基因进行全序列测序;运用生物信息学方法分析N基因特征及序列同源性,构建系统进化树,分析新分离病毒株遗传特征并与以往分离株比较.结果 1451份监测犬脑组织标本中DFA初筛阳性31份,阳性率为2.14％;31份DFA阳性标本经巢式PCR复核,17份阳性,阳性率为1.17％;巢式PCR检测疑似狂犬病病例唾液、脑脊液、血清及尿液标本56份,3份阳性,阳性率为5.36％;新分离的阳性株与巴斯德株进行N基因序列比较,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性均在87.2％～ 87.9％之间;成功构建系统进化树,新分离的20株病毒全部属于基因Ⅰ型.新分离病毒株与湖南省内、邻省和国际株比较存在不同的亲缘关系.结论 湖南省狂犬病病例及犬携带病毒的情况较为稳定,流行株仍为基因Ⅰ型,未发生变异.     

河南省两株狂犬病毒核蛋白和糖蛋白基因的序列分析

目的分析河南省2株狂犬病毒核蛋白及糖蛋白的基因序列,了解狂犬病毒街毒株与人用及兽用狂犬病疫苗株间的差异。方法以免疫荧光法检测2004年采自河南省的100只犬脑标本,取阳性犬脑组织悬液接种鼠脑分离病毒。以RT-PCR法扩增病毒核蛋白及糖蛋白全基因,克隆测序后进行遗传学分析。结果分离到2株狂犬病毒,分别命名为Henan Hb1与Henan Sq1,序列分析表明2株病毒均为基因1型狂犬病毒,2株病毒的N基因与G基因核苷酸的同源性分别为99.3%和98.9%,氨基酸的同源性分别为98.7%和98.4%。2株病毒与CTN疫苗株同源性较高,N基因与G基因的核苷酸同源性分别为89.1%和85.6%～85.7%,氨基酸同源性分别为97.6%～98.0%和92.3%。与已知的基因1型狂犬病毒相比,2株病毒与印度尼西亚从犬中分离到的2株病毒同源性最高,N基因与G基因核苷酸同源性分别为92.1%～93.2%和91.9%～92.1%,氨基酸同源性分别为97.5%～98.6%和96.0%～96.2%。Henan Sq1株病毒在糖蛋白关键的毒力位点333位由W替换了R。系统发育分析表明Henan Hb1与Henan Sq1与印度尼西亚株、疫苗株CTN、中国分离株,以及泰国与马来西亚分离株进化关系最近,而与疫苗株3aG、PV、ERA及攻击毒CVS株等进化关系较远。结论2株狂犬病毒是基因1型狂犬病毒,但无论是N基因还是G基因的核苷酸序列,以及推导出来的氨基酸序列与已知的1型狂犬病毒株及疫苗株均有一定的差异。     

中国狂犬病毒感染分布状况调查

目的 了解中国狂犬病不同流行区狂犬病毒的感染分布情况.方法 采集中国狂犬病高、中、低发病区动物脑组织以及疑似病例标本,利用直接免疫荧光法(DFA)和RT-PCR法检测狂犬病毒感染.结果 DFA法检测3007份犬脑组织标本,狂犬病毒阳性率为8.4%(254/3007),再经RT-PCR法验证,狂犬病毒阳性率为30.7%(78/254).DFA法检测93份伤人犬和猫的脑组织标本,狂犬病毒阳性率为67.7%(63/93),再经RT-PCR检测全部为阳性.此外,调查区域的黑线姬鼠、鼬獾和疑似病例标本中也检测到狂犬病毒.不同省份以及同一省份不同发病地犬狂犬病毒感染率差异无统计学意义.结论 中国狂犬病流行区家养犬(猫)中存在较高的狂犬病毒感染率,野生动物中也有狂犬病毒感染.     

湖南省武岗市洞口县狂犬病流行病学研究

目的分析2003-2004年间在湖南省武岗市与洞口县发生的狂犬病并探讨局部地区流行的因素.方法对狂犬病进行个案调查,用直接免疫荧光法检测犬脑组织中的狂犬病毒抗原,用RT-PCR法扩增N基因片段,测定核苷酸序列并构建系统发生树进行遗传特征分析.结果自1991-2002年武岗市与洞口县仅各报告1例人狂犬病,但2003-2004年间,分别报告30例人狂犬病.62例狂犬病患者中61例被犬所伤,1例被猫所伤.在有完整记录的50例患者中,平均潜伏期为44.18天.其中7例（14%）狂犬病患者的潜伏期≤15天,16例（32%）潜伏期≤20天.在疫点周围采集的99只犬脑组织中,13只犬脑组织狂犬病毒抗原阳性,阳性率为13.13%.将Wg13与Dk13株病毒的部分N基因核苷酸序列与已报道中国病毒株比较,发现2株病毒与广西及安徽的毒株有最高的同源性,构建的系统发生树也分在同一分支.用全N基因核苷酸序列分析发现,Wg13与Dk13毒株全为Ⅰ型狂犬病毒,2株病毒之间的同源性为99.4%以上.比较分析2株病毒N基因编码的氨基酸序列,发现包括第Ⅳ抗原位点区在内的多个氨基酸位点发生了氨基酸的替代.结论引起武岗市与洞口县的狂犬病流行的病毒不是新型狂犬病毒,犬饲养量大与病毒携带率高是狂犬病暴发的直接原因.     

湖南省湘潭市2004-2010年狂犬病流行病学研究

目的分析湘潭市狂犬病流行病学特征并探讨狂犬病毒N基因的遗传进化关系,为狂犬病的防控提供科学依据。方法收集2004-2010年湘潭市狂犬病病例资料进行描述性流行病学分析,用巢式RT-PCR法从家犬脑组织标本内获得N基因并进行测序,并构建系统发生树进行遗传特征分析。结果 2004-2010年共报告91例人间狂犬病例,97.80%被犬所伤,平均潜伏期为44.18 d。共采集412份犬脑组织标本,经巢式RT-PCR确证6份标本核酸阳性,感染率为1.46%。测定3株狂犬病毒株的N基因序列,均为基因Ⅰ型,毒株间的核苷酸同源性为97.2%~98.1%,构建系统发生树属于同一组群,其中与湖南省内邵阳、湘西州、外省如贵州、江苏、河南、浙江省等分离的毒株表现出较近的亲缘关系,且与疫苗株CTN株有较近的亲缘关系。结论湘潭市仍然是狂犬病高发区,引起的病毒不是新型病毒,应做好综合防控措施遏制狂犬病疫情的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.