微创撬拨复位钢针并石膏固定治疗Sanders Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折

目的观察应用微创经皮撬拨复位钢针内固定并石膏外固定方法治疗SandersⅡ型、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法对42例SandersⅡ型、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折,采用C臂X线机下钢针撬拨复位钢针内固定并石膏外固定。结果 42例SandersⅡ型、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折术后12个月复查跟骨轴位侧位片,距下关节面达到或者接近解剖复位(移位≤2 mm)Bohler角30°,Gissane角125°。经随访12~24个月,均无针道感染、骨折再移位及足弓塌陷等并发症发生,患足外形良好,按Maryland足部评分系统进行功能评估,优25例,良12例,可5例,优良率达88%。结论明确跟骨骨折治疗原则,合理选择撬拨复位钢针固定适应症及禁忌症并掌握适当手术时机及娴熟操作技巧,采用经皮撬拨复位钢针并石膏固定方法治疗SandersⅡ型、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折,具有微创,固定可靠,简便易行,并发症少等优点。     

波及距下关节面跟骨骨折的治疗（附48例疗效分析）

跟骨骨折治疗我们原来采用闭合手法复位或斯氏针撬拨复位石膏固定等方法，对于波及距下关节面的较为复杂骨折，采用石膏制动或跟骨撬拨则难以取得满意效果，并且晚期出现创伤性关节炎并发症。自1998年8月～2003年12月我们采用重建钢板内固定来治疗波及距下关节面跟骨骨折48例，疗效良好，现报告如下。     

波及距下关节的跟骨骨折的治疗

目的 探讨波及距下关节的跟骨骨折的治疗。方法 32例38侧跟骨骨折，按Sandees分型，分别对15侧SandersⅡ型骨折采用C臂透视经皮穿针撬拔复位加石膏外固定、23侧SandersⅢ-Ⅳ型骨折运用切开复位自体髂骨植骨及Y型钢板内固定方法进行治疗。结果 所有病例均获随访，时间为6～36个月。术后按Maryland足部评分系统进行功能评估，总体优良率为81．6％。结论 Sanders Ⅱ型跟骨骨折，宜选用撬拔复位石膏外固定；而Sanders Ⅲ-Ⅳ型骨折需切开复位内固定。     

跟骨骨折闭合手法治疗临床分析

跟骨骨折闭合手法治疗分析山西医学院第二附属医院（０３０００１）钟英斌，李钢英，李海明我们对２５１只影响到距下关节及跟骨结节关节角的跟骨骨折，采用手法复位石膏塑形外固定及针撬拨手法复位石膏塑形内外固定。现将治疗结果报告分析如下。临床资料共治疗２４５例２...     

组合式外固定支架治疗跟骨骨折

目的 介绍一种经皮撬拨复位、组合式外固定支架治疗跟骨骨折的方法.方法 采用组合式外固定支架固定治疗跟骨骨折428例,其中关节外骨折89例,关节内骨折339例(Sanders Ⅰ型26例;Ⅱ A型66例;ⅡB型43例;ⅡC型28例;ⅢAC型32例;ⅢAB型26例;ⅢBC型32例;Ⅳ型86例).结果 428例中422例获得随访,骨愈合时间平均2个月.按Kerr评分法:优352例,良50例,差20例,优良率达95.3%.结论 组合式外固定支架治疗跟骨骨折,能有效防止关节面持续性的塌陷及骨折端再移位,是一种治疗跟骨骨折的理想方法.     

跟骨骨折的手术治疗

目的：探讨开放复位植骨治疗跟骨骨折的临床意义。方法：斯氏针撬拨下切开复位跟骨骨折并植骨融合,与单纯斯氏针撬拨复位对比,进行回顾性分析。结果：单纯斯氏针撬拨复位组优良率77．4％,手术植骨组优良率92．6％。两组间有显著性差异。结论：对于严重的波及距下关节面的跟骨骨折,尤其是跟骨压缩型骨折,应采用开放复位植骨融合治疗。     

跟骨骨折3种治疗方法比较

[目的]探讨跟骨骨折治疗方法。[方法]对123例143足跟骨骨折采用3种不同方法进行治疗。按Sanderg分型：Ⅰ型35例38足，Ⅱ型25例26足，Ⅲ型27例35足，Ⅳ型36例44足。随访6个月～8年，平均5．3年。[结果]按Marland足评分评价，石膏固定组Ⅰ型38足，Ⅱ型17足，优良率分别为92．1％、88．2％。骨圆针撬拨固定组Ⅱ型6足，Ⅲ型22足，Ⅳ型31足，优良率分别为83．3％、45．5％、22．6％。跟骨钛钢板内固定组Ⅱ型3足，Ⅲ型13足，Ⅳ型13足，优良率分别为：100％、92．3％、84．6％。[结论]Ⅰ、Ⅱ型骨折石膏固定或骨圆针撬拨固定疗效满意。Ⅲ、Ⅳ骨折骨圆针撬拨固定疗效差。切开复位跟骨钛钢板内固定是治疗跟骨骨折的有效方法。     

中西医结合治疗跟骨骨折47例体会

作者根据跟骨解剖形态及跟骨骨折生物力学，采用手法复位胶布外固定配合及石膏外固定和Ｘ线下撬拔复位钢针固定＋石膏外固定等疗法，治疗跟骨骨折，取得了满意的疗效。临床资料一、一般资料　本组６３例，获得随访资料完整４７列，其中４例为双跟骨骨折，男性４３例，女性４例。年龄１６～６９岁，左侧２３个跟骨，右侧２８个跟骨，共５１个跟骨，均为高处坠落伤。就诊时间：伤后１小时～２天，多于伤后１２小时内就诊。全部病例经Ｘ线侧位片和轴位片诊断。以王亦聪骨折分型：波及关节外型２６个跟骨，涉及距下关节型２５个跟骨，波及距下关…     

跟骨关节内骨折切开复位与撬拨复位治疗比较

目的评价跟骨关节内骨折切开复位与撬拨复位的疗效。方法我院自2005年1月至2009年12月收治85例共98足跟骨骨折,成功随访51例58足,其中撬拨复位24足,切开复位34足。按Maryland评分标准进行评价患者术后功能,术后X片Bohler角的恢复情况,患者术后踝关节的活动角度以及VAS疼痛评分法评价患者术后日常生活的自我舒适度。结果随访51例58足,随访率为62．4％;随访时间为3个月～4年,平均23个月。随访时切开复位内固定组及撬拨复位管型石膏固定组Maryland评分、术后踝关节的活动角度以及VAS疼痛评分,各指标比较显示切开复位内固定组均明显优于撬拨复位管型石膏固定组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论对于跟骨关节内骨折,特别是Sanders分型Ⅲ-Ⅳ型患者宜采取切开复位内固定治疗。     

AO钢板内固定治疗波及跟距关节的跟骨骨折

目的：评估切开复位AO跟骨修复钢板内固定治疗波及跟距关节的跟骨骨折的临床效果。方法：对27例30足波及跟距关节的跟骨骨折行切开复位AO跟骨钢板内固定。结果：23例经平均18个月随访，参照有关疗效评定标准，优良率91．5％。结论：切开复位AO修复钢板内固定是治疗波及跟距关节的跟骨骨折(SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型)的有效方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.