格列吡嗪分散片的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的 :研究格列吡嗪分散片与普通片的人体药动学及相对生物利用度。方法 :2 0名受试者交叉口服单剂量 (10mg)分散片与普通片 ,采用反相高效液相色谱法 ,测定人血清内格列吡嗪的浓度。结果 :格列吡嗪分散片与普通片的主要药动学参数 :Cmax分别为 (1375 .3± 2 0 1.7)和 (1330 .9± 2 5 3.1) μg·L-1,Tmax分别为 (2 .5± 0 .7)和 (2 .6± 0 .9)h ,AUC0 -16h分别为(80 96 .1± 170 0 .1)和 (7971.7± 192 8.9) μg·L-1·h。分散片的相对生物利用度为 (10 3.1± 12 .0 ) %。结论 :两种剂型的各药动学参数间差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;经双单侧t检验 ,两制剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸环丙沙星胃漂浮型缓释片家犬体内生物利用度

目的检测盐酸环丙沙星胃漂浮缓释片与普通片在家犬体内的生物利用度.方法采用高效液相色谱法测定家犬体内的血药浓度.用3P97药动学程序拟合,计算药动学参数并评价生物等效性.结果盐酸环丙沙星普通片和胃漂浮缓释片的C(max)分别为(3.7±0.7)mg·L-1和(2.5±0.8)mg·L-1,t(max)分别为(1.8±0.8)h和(3.7±0.5)h,AUC(0→24)分别为(20.5±3.7)mg·h·L-1和(21.4±4.7)mg·h·L-1,MRT分剐为(5.7±0.5)h和(7.5±0.7)h,相对生物利用度Fr=104.2%.结论盐酸环丙沙星胃漂浮缓释片有很好的缓释效果,与参比制剂生物等效.     

国产与进口富马酸奎的平片的药动学比较及相对生物利用度

目的:研究富马酸奎的平片的药动学及相对生物利用度.方法:受试者交叉口服单剂量(100mg)国产片与进口片,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度.结果:两种片剂的主要药动学参数:Tmax分别为(1.7±0.8)h与(1.6±0.7)h,Cmax分别为(100.4±18 9)μg·L-1与(100.0±17.8)μg·L-1,AUC0-t分别为(246.8±29.4)μg·L-1·h与(244.7±28.8)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(250.7±30.2)μg·L-1·h与(248.9±29.6)μg·L-1·h,T1/2分别为(1.8±0.5)h与(1.8±0.4)h,国产片相对于进口片的生物利用度为(101.9±7.4)%.结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产替米沙坦片健康人体生物等效性评价

目的:评价国产和进口替米沙坦片剂在健康人体的生物等效性.方法:采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定18名健康志愿者单次、交叉口服替米沙坦片80 mg后血浆替米沙坦浓度.用3P97药动学软件进行药动学参数计算及生物等效性评价.结果:两种替米沙坦片的药-时曲线均符合二室模型,参比制剂、受试制剂的主要药动学参数为:Cmax分别为(931.0±367.7)μg·L-1和(894.2±421.7)μg·L-1;Tmax分别为(1.0±0.6)h和(1.4±0.8)h;T1/2β分别为(28.1±14.1)h和(27.0±10.8)h;AUC0-t分别为(4 085±2 313)μg·L-1·h和(3 920±2 199)μg·L-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(4 751±2 742)μg·L-1·h和(4 352±2 569)μg·L-1·h.国产替米沙坦片的相对生物利用度F0-t为(97.5±15.6)%,F0-∞为(96.5±15.8)%.结论:方差分析和双单侧t检验证明两制剂具有生物等效性.     

头孢泊肟酯片人体药动学及生物等效性评价

目的:研究国产和进口头孢泊肟酯片在人体的药动学和生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉口服单剂量国产和进口头孢泊肟酯片200 mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定其活性代谢产物头孢泊肟的经时血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果:国产和进口头孢泊肟酯片的主要药动学参数t1/2分别为(2.6±0.9)h和(2.7±1.1)h,tmax分别为(3.0±0.6)h和(3.0±0.5)h,Cmax分别为(4.3±0.7)mg·L-1和(4.2±0.8)mg·L-1,AUC0→12分别为(21.1±4.8)mg·h·L-1和(21.9±5.5)mg·h·L-1,AUC0→∞分别为(23.1±6.1)mg·h·L-1和(24.0±6.6)mg·h·L-1,国产头孢泊肟酯片的相对生物利用度为(97.8±13.5)%(F0→12)和(97.2±15.9)%(F0→∞).结论:经统计学分析,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

加替沙星分散片的人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的 研究加替沙星分散片的人体药动学和生物等效性.方法 健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服加替沙星分散片(试验制剂)和加替沙星片(参比制剂),剂量分别为400 mg,剂间间隔为1周.分别于服药后24 h内多点抽取静脉血;用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血浆中加替沙星的浓度.用DAS药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价两种制剂生物等效性.AUC(0-24),UC(0-inf)和Cmax经方差分析和双单侧t检验,max进行秩和检验.结果 单剂量口服试验和参比制剂后血浆中的加替沙星的Cmax分别为(3.75±0.74)mg·L-1和(3.88±0.77)mg·L-1;Tmax分别为(0.81±0.31)h和(1.31±0.55)h;AUC(0-24)分别为(18.48±3.69)mg·h·L-1和(18.45±2.67)mg·h·L-1;AUC(0-inf)分别为(19.24±3.64)mg·h·L-1和(19.20±2.66)mg·h·L-1.AUC(0-24)、AUC(0-inf)和Cmax的90%可信区间分别为91.8%～107.2%、92.1%～107.2%和90.4%～103.0%.结论 试验与参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度为(101.01±19.26)%,两制剂具有生物学等效性.     

盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的药动学及相对生物利用度

目的:研究盐酸二甲双胍普通市售片与自制缓释片在家犬体内的药动学和相对生物利用度.方法:6条健康雄犬随机分成2组,进行双交叉自身对照试验.采用反相高效液相色谱法测定家犬血浆中的药物浓度,以血药浓度-时间数据计算药动学参数.结果:盐酸二甲双胍缓释片与普通片的t1/2(ke)分别为(8.3±2.8)和(3.8±2.1)h;ke分别为(0.09±0.03)和(0.24±0.13)h-1;Tmax分别为(3.3±0.8)h和(1.5±0.8)h;Cmax分别为(9.8±3.5)和(14.6±4.3)mg·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(70.2±33.5)和(62.5±23.3)mg·h·L-1.经方差分析差异均无显著性(P＞0.05),自制缓释片的相对生物利用度为112.3%.结论:自制盐酸二甲双胍缓释片与普通片具有生物等效性.     

左氧氟沙星分散片在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性评价

目的评价乳酸左氧氟沙星分散片在健康人体内的生物等效性.方法健康男性志愿者共20例随机分为两组,分别单次交叉口服乳酸左氧氟沙星分散片的试验制剂及参比制剂200 mg.采用HPLC法测定血药浓度,计算药动学参数及相对生物利用度,并计算两种制剂的生物等效性.结果受试者口服左氧氟沙星试验制剂或参比制剂的药动学参数t1/2β分别为(6.89±2.11)和(6.62±1.55)h;Tmax分别为(0.74±0.30)和(1.11±0.59)h;Cmax分别为(2.83 ±0.75)和(2.46±0.73)mg·L-1;AUC0～24h分别为(15.64±3.54)和(15.19±3.43)mg·L～·h;AUC0～∞分别为(17.15±4.34)和(16.75±4.29)mg·L-1·h.试验制剂对于参比制剂的平均相对生物利用度以AUC0～24h舢计算为(104.20 ±16.01)％,以AUC0～∞计算为(104.25 ±18.83)％.两种制剂的AUC0～24hAUC0～∞及max经对数转换后双单侧t检验,结果两种制剂生物等效.受试者均未发生药物不良反应.结论左氧氟沙星两种制剂生物等效.     

安非他酮缓释片多剂量给药生物等效性研究

目的:研究两种盐酸安非他酮片多剂量给药在健康人体的相对生物利用度,评价安非他酮缓释片剂的生物等效性.方法:采用双周期自身交叉设计,20例健康志愿者多剂量口服受试制剂(安非他酮缓释片剂,每天早晚各150 mg)或参比制剂(安非他酮普通片剂,早晨150 mg,中午和晚上各75 mg),连续给药7 d.用HPLC-MS测定血浆中安非他酮的浓度,并采用BECS程序计算有关药动学参数.结果:受试制剂和参比制剂药动学参数Cmax分别为(123.88±20.80)和(179.40±42.22) μg·L-1;Tmax分别为(2.56±0.89)和(1.19±0.42)h;t1/2分别为(10.61±4.93)和(10.54±6.46)h,AUC0～24 h(ss)分别为(1 076.4±274.2)和(1 041.0±310.6) μg·L-1·h;AUC0～∞(ss)分别为(1 421.1±386.1)和(1 361.8±391.7) μg·L-1·h.以AUC0～24h(ss)计,相对生物利用度为(105.56±14.95)%.两制剂的Tmax有显著性差异.AUC0～24(ss)和AUC0～∞(ss)的90%置信区间在等效范围内.结论:两制剂生物等效.     

国产头孢地尼分散片生物等效性研究

目的 评价头孢地尼分散片与参比胶囊的生物等效性.方法 20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉口服200 mg的头孢地尼分散片和参比胶囊,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中头孢地尼药物浓度.数据经DAS程序处理,得头孢地尼药动学参数.结果 头孢地尼分散片及参比胶囊的主要药代动学参数分别为:Cmax(1.34±0.44)、(1.37±0.39) mg/L;tmax(3.1±0.6)、(3.6±0.8)h;AUC0→12(6.45±2.01)、(6.48±1.92)mg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞(6.56±2.05)、(6.64±1.94) mg·h·L-1;t1/2(1.55±0.22)、(1.66±0.36)h.分散片的相对生物利用度(100.08±15.30)%.结论 头孢地尼分散片与参比胶囊具有生物等效性.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.