NaHSO_3和NaCl联合增敏光度法测定碘盐中微量碘

研究亚硫酸氢钠和氯化钠配伍使用的增敏性,建立了NaHSO3—NaCl—KIO3—KI四元无机体系测定碘盐中碘含量的新方法。测定碘的最佳条件:磷酸介质,pH 3~4,最大吸收波长479 nm,ε479=1.5×105L/(mol/cm),碘含量(以KIO3中I计)在0~2.24mg/L内符合比尔定律。用于测定食盐中碘的含量,回收率为99.49%~101.3%,结果满意。     

德清县食盐加碘浓度调整前后人群碘营养状况分析

目的了解食用盐碘含量调整前后德清县人群碘营养状况,为科学防治碘缺乏病提供依据。方法分别在食盐碘含量政策调整前(2010年-2012年)和调整后(2013年-2015年)3年,抽检了德清县居民户盐碘、8岁~10岁儿童和孕妇尿碘;盐碘测定采用《制盐工业通用试验方法碘的测定》(GB/T 13025.7—2012);尿碘测定采用过硫酸铵-砷铈催化分光光度测定法(WS/T 107—2006);并对检测结果进行了对比分析。结果食盐碘含量调整前居民家庭盐碘中位数为27.10 mg/kg,明显高于调整后的23.30 mg/kg(Z=-26.55,P0.01);食盐碘含量调整后8岁~10岁学龄儿童尿碘中位数为175.00μg/L,低于调整前的235.00μg/L(Z=-6.23,P0.01);食盐碘含量调整后孕期妇女尿碘中位数为168.00μg/L,低于调整前的190.00μg/L(Z=-2.44,P0.05)。结论食盐碘含量调整后德清县居民盐碘中位数虽有下降,但人群碘营养状况仍处于适宜水平。     

太康县水源水碘含量调查分析

目的太康县为高碘毗邻地区,为掌握县城居民生活饮用水中碘含量的情况,给碘缺乏病防治提供依据。对辖区范围内4788份居民生活饮用水水碘含量进行了检验。方法按照《河南省高碘毗邻地区水碘普查及人群碘营养水平调查方案》要求采集样品,硫酸-高铈催化比色法进行测定。结果水碘含量在(1~10)μg/L110份;(10~100)μg/L3993份;(100~150)μg/L 685份,中位数73.4μg/L。结论按照成人每昼夜摄入水2 L~3L水平计算,每日碘摄入量200μg左右,根据世卫组织关于人体碘摄入量的最新推荐值,我县大部分为适碘区[3]。     

盐碘标准调整后淮安市沿洪泽湖地区婴幼儿及儿童尿碘变化

目的动态了解淮安市沿洪泽湖地区0~11岁婴幼儿和儿童碘营养状况及2012年盐碘含量标准调整后碘营养变化。方法自2009年起连续6年对沿洪泽湖6个县(区)的0~11岁婴幼儿及儿童抽样监测,检测尿样以了解其碘营养状况,同时监测居民户盐碘含量。结果 2009—2014年调查居民碘盐合格率及合格碘盐食用率均在98%以上。2009—2012年户盐碘均值均30 mg/kg,盐碘含量调整后2013—2014年户盐碘均值明显降低,分别为25.8、25.2 mg/kg。2009—2014年检测的2 400份0~11岁婴幼儿和儿童尿样中,尿碘中位数分别为238.2、244.8、237.4、166.4、158.6、139.2μg/L,合计及各年龄组人群2012—2014年尿碘中位数均低于2009—2011年,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。2009—2011年7~11岁儿童尿碘中位数均200μg/L,超过适宜量;2012—2014年尿碘中位数均在100~200μg/L的适宜范围内。结论盐碘含量标准调整后,沿洪泽湖地区居民户盐碘含量明显降低,7~11岁儿童尿碘中位数降至适宜范围内。     

2015年灵川县8～10岁儿童尿碘监测结果分析

目的了解灵川县8~10岁儿童尿碘水平,分析其碘营养状况,为防治碘缺乏病提供理论参考。方法采用分层随机抽样方法采集灵川县12个乡镇600名8~10岁儿童的尿样,并用砷铈催化分光光度法测定尿碘的含量。结果尿碘中位数为275.81μg/L,8~10岁儿童尿碘中位数依次为273.45μg/L、277.39g/L和279.16μg/L,不同年龄儿童尿碘水平差异无统计学意义(χ~2=5.491,P>0.05)。尿碘含量<100μg/L的有73人,占12.16%;尿碘含量≥400μg/L的有125人,占20.84%。男童324人,尿碘中位数为283.47μg/L,尿碘含量<100μg/L的有47人,占14.51%;尿碘含量≥400μg/L的有61人,占18.82%;女童276人,尿碘中位数为270.91μg/L,尿碘含量<100μg/L的有26人,占9.42%;尿碘含量≥400μg/L的有64人,占23.19%。男女童尿碘含量差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.348,P<0.01)。结论灵川县8~10岁儿童碘营养状况良好,尿碘中位数处于正常水平,但仍有小部分摄入碘量过低或过高,仍应加强对碘缺乏病的防治工作,强化科学补碘的重要性。     

淮安市盐碘标准调整过渡期8~10岁儿童碘营养调查

目的了解2012年江苏省盐碘含量标准调整前、后的淮安市居民户盐碘含量及8~10岁儿童碘营养状况。方法采用随机抽样方法,于2009—2015年检测淮安市居民户盐碘及8~10岁学龄儿童尿碘,尿碘含量采用砷铈催化分光光度法。结果 2009—2015年共监测食盐16 584份,盐碘合格率及合格碘盐食用率均95%。标准调整前、后的盐碘均值分别为(30.3±5.0)、(24.7±4.1)mg/kg,调整前高于调整后;调整后碘含量33 mg/kg的碘盐构成比(2.5%)低于调整前(26.0%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。7年共监测5 600名8~10岁儿童,各年份尿碘中位数平均为186.1μg/L,其中2009—2011年尿碘中位数均200μg/L,高于2012—2015年(100~200μg/L),差异有统计学意义(P0.01);2012—2015年尿碘值300μg/L和200μg/L的比例均低于2009—2011年,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。各年度甲状腺肿大率均2%。结论盐碘含量标准调整后,淮安市居民户盐碘含量明显降低,8~10岁儿童尿碘中位数降至适宜范围内。     

湿法消解砷铈催化分光光度法测定奶粉中碘含量的方法研究

目的建立简便快速消解奶粉样品,实现其总碘含量测定的方法。方法用高氯酸、氯酸钾混合湿法消解样品溶液2小时,用砷铈催化分光光度法测定其碘含量。由吸光度值与碘浓度的对应关系,计算出样品中碘的含量。结果检测范围0~100μg/L,标准曲线相关系数为-0.999 6~-0.999 9;精密度:测定奶溶液样品中碘含量为20.11μg/L、60.45μg/L和86.55μg/L时,变异系数(CV)分别为2.54%、1.85%和1.58%;准确度:对低、中、高3种不同浓度碘含量的奶粉溶液加标回收率分别为98.90%、101.02%和99.66%(n=6),平均回收率为99.86%。结论本方法适合应用于奶粉中总碘的含量测定。     

蚌埠市不同供水类型饮用水水碘调查分析

目的调查蚌埠市生活饮用水水碘含量及高水碘自然村分布情况,指导科学补碘。方法对蚌埠市三县四区以乡为单位开展饮用水水碘含量第一层次调查。按东南西北中5个方位选取1个行政村测定水碘含量,对水碘含量中位数大于10μg/L的乡镇进行第二层次抽样调查。以行政村为基本单位,对集中供水,仅采1份管网末梢水样;对分散供水的行政村,每村按照东南西北中5个方位各采2份水样;当水源数量少于10个时,采集全部水源水样,采用适合缺碘及高碘地区的水碘检测方法测定每个村的饮水碘含量,参照《水源性高碘地区和高碘病区的划定》标准,确定高水碘行政村。结果第一层次调查共检测水样607份,水碘中位数为11.3μg/L,41个乡镇水碘含量大于10μg/L;第二层次调查共检测水样3 084份,水碘中位数为22.8μg/L。高水碘行政村132个,占17.9%,分散式供水区水碘含量与井深之间呈负相关,r=-0.049,P=0.013(P0.05);集中式供水区水碘含量与井深之间呈正相关,r=0.542,P=0.000(P0.05),水碘含量与水井深度有关。结论蚌埠市既存在碘不足地区,又有高碘地区,水碘含量在10~100μg/L的行政村,是否需要补碘,需要进一步研究。     

盐碘新标准实施后淮安市不同水碘地区8～10岁儿童碘营养调查

目的了解GB 26878—2011《食品安全国家标准食用盐碘含量》(以下简称新标准)正式实施1年后淮安市不同水碘含量地区儿童的碘营养状况。方法于2016年5—9月,选择不同水碘含量(6.1~38.1μg/L)的金湖、盱眙、洪泽3个县,每个县按东西南北中5个方向各随机抽取1个镇,在每个镇的中心小学各随机抽取40名8~10岁学龄儿童(男女各半)作为调查对象。检测儿童家庭食用盐碘含量、儿童尿碘浓度、甲状腺肿大(以下简称甲肿)及甲状腺囊肿等情况。结果共监测食盐600份(均为碘盐),水碘10μg/L、10~30μg/L和30μg/L的3类地区的盐碘合格率、合格碘盐食用率均超过98%。儿童尿碘的范围为19.3~815.4μg/L,中位数为176.6μg/L;100μg/L样品所占百分比均小于50%,尿碘50μg/L样品所占百分比均小于20%。水碘10μg/L、10~30μg/L和30μg/L的3类地区儿童尿碘的中位数分别为126.4、179.5、204.3μg/L。水碘10μg/L的两组儿童的尿碘中位数及尿碘值300μg/L所占百分比均高于水碘10μg/L组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);而水碘10μg/L两组儿童间尿碘的中位数及尿碘值300μg/L所占百分率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。儿童的甲肿率、囊肿率和结节率分别为3.33%,0.17%,5.67%。甲肿率和囊肿率均随着水碘浓度的升高而增加,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。不同水碘地区儿童的结节率间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论供应新标准碘盐后,水碘含量10μg/L地区儿童碘营养适宜。     

安康市学龄儿童及育龄妇女碘营养水平现状分析

目的:了解安康市学龄儿童及育龄妇女碘营养水平现状。方法:按人口比例概率抽样方法随机抽取240份碘盐,58名8~10岁学龄儿童及16名20~40岁育龄妇女尿样进行碘含量测定,并对126名8~10岁儿童进行甲状腺触诊及B超肿大率测定。结果:盐碘合格率99.58%;儿童尿碘含量在99.3~749.2μg/L,中位数361.7μg/L,育龄妇女尿碘含量在44.4~421.3μg/L,中位数269.8μg/L;儿童甲状腺触诊肿大率14.20%,B超肿大率9.52%。结论:学龄儿童及育龄妇女尿碘含量均达到我国消除碘缺乏病标准,碘营养水平处于良好状态。但儿童甲肿率较高,其原因需进一步论证。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.