脑干三叉神经诱发电位对三叉神经痛微血管减压术的应用研究

目的 评价三叉神经痛微血管减压术前、后三叉神经的传导功能变化，探讨脑干三叉神经诱发电位对三叉神经痛微血管减压术的指导及其对手术预后的评估，探讨微血管减压术的可能机制。方法 14例经术前核磁共振斜矢状位成像证实有神经血管压迫的三叉神经痛的病人，在微血管减压过程中，通过术前、中、后记录早期头皮诱发电位监测三叉神经传导功能。结果 所有病例的术前头皮诱发电位均呈潜伏期延长与波幅降低的改变，显示三叉神经根部的传导功能损害。脑干三叉神经诱发电位证实微血管减压术后，14例病人三叉神经传导功能迅速恢复，术后疼痛均缓解。结论 微血管减压术后三叉神经痛的改善，常与神经生理学数值恢复正常有关，提示神经传导功能的恢复。微血管减压术后电生理参数值的迅速恢复及疼痛缓解，证明这两种现象与髓鞘再生无关。脑干三叉神经诱发电位预测微血管减压术的效果是可靠的。     

脑干三叉神经诱发电位对三叉神经根部分切断术的临床应用研究

目的 评价脑干三叉神经诱发电位对三叉神经痛病人三叉神经根切断术的临床应用价值.方法 作者研究了36例经术前MRTA及术中探查除外神经血管接触的三叉神经痛病人,在三叉神经感觉根大部切断术过程中,通过术前、中、后记录BTEP以监测三叉神经传导功能;测定BTEP潜伏期及波幅参量的变化指导手术的进程.结果 36例病人患侧BTEP潜伏期延长、波幅降低,提示三叉神经痛患者三叉神经传导功能损害,术中待BTEP呈一直线后,不再继续切断神经根,术后疼痛均缓解,未遗三叉运动功能障碍.结论 脑干三叉神经诱发电位可以指导选择性三叉神经根切断术并防止三叉神经眼支损害的发生.     

高分辨率强化3D - SPGR序列评价三叉神经痛患者神经血管的关系

目的 探讨强化三维损毁梯度回波( 3D - SPGR)序列检出三叉神经痛(TN)患者神经血管压迫(NVC)的能力.方法 对37例TN患者行强化3D- SPGR序列扫描,由高年资神经影像学医师评价三叉神经根进入区(REZ)神经与血管的关系,并与显微血管减压术(MVD)术中观察的结果对比.结果 37例患者中,MVD证实36例存在NVC,强化3D-SPGR显示了35例,其敏感性为97.2％,特异性为100％,且MRI所显示的责任血管位置与MVD之间有高度的一致性(K=0.81).在14例三叉神经上颌支疼痛的患者中,12例(85.7％)的NVC位于REZ的内侧,而在16例下颌支疼痛的患者中,13例(81.3％)的NVC位于REZ的外侧,两者之间的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论 强化3D - SPGR序列是检出TN患者NVC有效的检查方法,将为MVD术前制定治疗方案提供有价值的信息.     

椎基底动脉扩张延长症所致三叉神经痛1例的术中电生理变化

目的探讨椎基底动脉扩张延长症(vertebrobasilar dolichectasia,VBD)并发三叉神经痛在显微血管减压术(microvascular decompression,MVD)中脑干三叉神经诱发电位(brainstem trigeminal nerve evoked potential,BTEP)变化。方法回顾性分析1例原发性三叉神经痛患者的临床表现、影像学、治疗方法、脑干三叉神经诱发电位,结合现有文献报道分析。结果 MVD后W2波未恢复正常,术后患者疼痛症状虽缓解,但出现面部麻木。结论 BTEP可能预测TN术后有无面部麻木。     

三叉神经痛微血管减压术后疼痛不缓解的治疗体会

目的 探讨三叉神经微血管减压(MVD)术后患者疼痛不缓解的治疗方法 . 方法 对北京大学人民医院神经外科自2005年1月至2009年6月收治的50例原发性三叉神经痛患者行MVD术后手术效果进行回顾性分析.对术后疼痛不缓解的患者应用经皮卵圆孔三叉神经池甘油封闭术治疗. 结果 50例患者MVD术后有3例疼痛不缓解.3例患者中对责任血管实施减压者2例,无责任血管仅行梳理者1例;3例患者均有蛛网膜粘连增厚.应用经皮卵圆孔三叉神经池甘油封闭术治疗后疼痛消失. 结论 尽管实施有效的MVD术仍不能保证所有患者术后疼痛缓解,特别是无责任血管者,术后持续疼痛可能性更大.荧屏监视下经皮卵圆孔穿刺半月节甘油封闭术为MVD术后疼痛不缓解者提供了一种避免再次开颅、简便易行、安全有效的方法 .     

三叉神经痛脑干三叉神经诱发电位波形特征及微血管减压术后变化

目的研究三叉神经痛脑干三叉神经诱发电位(BTEP)波形特征,及微血管减压术(MVD)后波形变化。方法对10例三叉神经V2支疼痛病人行MVD手术,收集MVD前后BTEP电位波形,观察波形分化,记录潜伏期、波形持续时间,并观察病人术后疗效。结果 10例病人中,术前7例W2、W3波形消失,减压术后5例出现波形分化差;2例出现波形分化差,减压术后潜伏期缩短。术后10例病人疼痛症状均缓解。结论三叉神经痛病人BTEP电位异常,MVD术后BTEP电位波形改善。BTEP监测可用来指导MVD。     

面、听神经监测在面肌痉挛显微血管减压术中的意义

目的 探讨面、听神经监测在面肌痉挛显微血管减压术(MVD)中的意义.方法 回顾性分析140例面肌痉挛病人的临床资料,均在面肌诱发肌电图及脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)监测下行MVD术.根据监测波形变化指导手术.结果 MVD术前记录到异常诱发电位波形136例,术后随访12～24个月,平均20个月;手术治愈131例(96.3％),好转3例(2.2％),复发2例(1.5％).MVD术前未记录到异常诱发电位波形4例,术中均未发现明确血管压迫,术后症状缓解不明显.术后长期并发症主要是听力下降17例,经对症治疗不同程度恢复15例,未恢复2例;短期并发症包括头痛、头晕、恶心、呕吐等,经过对症治疗均得以缓解.结论 术中面肌诱发肌电图及BAEP监测可客观指导和判断责任血管和减压效果,对提高手术治愈率及减少听力丧失具有较高的实用价值.     

运用磁共振弥散张量成像观察显微血管减压术后三叉神经的结构变化

目的：利用磁共振弥散张量成像（DTI）序列,观察显微血管减压术（MVD）后,三叉神经痛（TN）患者三叉神经的微观结构改变。方法9例原发性 TN 患者术前及术后行 DTI 扫描,测算两侧三叉神经向异性分数（FA）、平均弥散率（MD）、轴向弥散率（AD）、垂直弥散率（RD）和两侧各弥散参数差值比。按手术疗效分为治愈和未治愈两组,分析两组患者在手术前后,两侧三叉神经各 DTI 参数及两侧间各弥散参数差值比的变化。结果男性6例,女性3例;平均年龄52．1岁,平均病程5．1年。于术后第一次复查（平均12．3个月）时行 DTI ,术后疗效随访平均66个月。治愈组6例,均有明显的血管压迫,三叉神经有受压变形;未治愈组3例,2例有血管压迫,1例患者仅有严重的蛛网膜粘连而无血管压迫。治愈组术前患侧明显下降的 FA 值及明显上升的 MD 、RD 值,术后复查时均恢复。而未治愈组的各弥散参数及差值比则在手术前后无明显变化。结论 MVD 术后疼痛消失的患者,患侧三叉神经的脱髓鞘变恢复正常。然而术后疼痛仍然存在的患者,神经的脱髓鞘变依然存在。三叉神经的脱髓鞘变与 TN 关系密切。     

不同血管压迫类型三叉神经痛的外科手术策略

目的探讨不同血管压迫类型致三叉神经痛(TN)显微血管减压术(MVD)中的责任血管分型、手术策略及临床疗效。方法 2013年4月至2018年10月中国科学技术大学附属第一医院(安徽省立医院)神经外科采用MVD治疗原发性TN患者1600例,回顾性纳入具有代表性的不同血管压迫类型的TN患者40例。对责任血管压迫进行分型,并制定相应的减压方法。结果根据不同责任血管的压迫类型,分为:单支动脉血管压迫型,多支动脉血管压迫型,静脉血管压迫型,动静脉联合压迫型,无血管压迫型,根据血管压迫类型,采用合适的减压方法,均能有效的完成对三叉神经的减压,取得良好的术后疗效。术后随访3～18个月。40例患者中,34例疼痛消失,总有效率为85%。6例(15%)疗效不佳者均接受再次手术(其中2例为疼痛部分缓解,4例为复发)。5例三叉神经梳理术的患者均出现患侧面部感觉不同程度的减退。颅内感染2例(5%),患侧听力下降1例(2.5%)。结论MVD中对责任血管的分型有助于手术策略的制定,针对不同的血管压迫类型选择合适的减压方法能够使三叉神经充分减压,取得良好的疗效。     

术前多模态影像三维重建在神经内镜显微血管减压术中的应用价值

目的探讨术前多模态影像三维重建技术在神经内镜显微血管减压术(MVD)中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2019年4月至2021年12月潍坊市人民医院神经外科收治的行神经内镜MVD治疗的48例患者的临床资料, 其中, 三叉神经痛(TN)18例, 面肌痉挛(HFS)30例。所有患者术前均行头颅MRI三维循环相位稳态采集快速成像(3D-FIESTA)和三维时间飞跃法磁共振血管成像(3D-TOF-MRA)检查, 并对神经、血管等结构进行影像学三维重建;采用Kappa一致性检验评价术前多模态影像三维重建与神经内镜MVD术中所见的责任血管、责任血管的走行及其与神经或神经根进/出脑干区(REZ)的接触关系、责任血管对神经压迫程度的一致性;根据TN疼痛分级或HFS强度分级评估患者术后1、3、6个月症状的改善程度。结果 48例患者术前多模态影像三维重建显示, 除3例无法确认责任血管外, 其余45例均有明确的责任血管;所有患者的神经内镜MVD手术均顺利完成, 其中46例均有明确的责任血管;多模态影像三维重建判断责任血管的准确率为91.3%(42/46);判断责任血管走行及其与神经或REZ接触关系的准确率为93....     

脑干三叉神经诱发电位的电生理学特征

目的研究脑干三叉神经诱发电位（BTEP）的波形特征。方法选择全麻开颅手术非三叉神经痛病人20例,采用针形电极刺激其三叉神经周围支,在头顶记录BTEP波形,统计潜伏期、波幅和波间期。结果本组均可记录到W1、W2、W3三个波形,其中W1为高幅三相波,W2、W3为单相负波。在一定范围内,随着刺激强度增大,W1、W2、W3波幅增大而潜伏期不变。结论采用针形电极刺激能获得满意的BTEP波形,为进一步研究三叉神经痛病人在微血管减压术前后BTEP的变化提供依据。     

脑干血管病的脑干三叉神经诱发电位的研究

目的：探讨脑干血管病的脑干三叉神经诱发电位（BTEP）改变及其临床价值。方法：对28例脑干脑血管（出血12例,梗死16例）进行BTEP检测,同时检测干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）,并结合临床资料进行分析。结果：28例脑干血管病患者BTEP正常7例、异常21例（75％）,其中双侧异常13例、单侧异常8例,异常BTEP主要表现为T3、T5波形消失、波幅低下,或峰潜伏期延长,T1－T3、T1－T5波同期延长,BTEP的变化与病情相关,,且较BAEP更灵敏。结论：BTEP可作为评价脑干血管病引起的脑干细胞损伤的可靠电生理学方法。     

Intracranial stimulation of the trigeminal nerve in man. III. Sensory potentials.

Percutaneous electrical stimulation of the trigeminal root was performed in 18 subjects undergoing surgery for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia or implantation of electrodes into Meckel's cave for recording of limbic epileptic activity. All subjects had normal trigeminal reflexes and evoked potentials. Sensory action potentials were recorded antidromically from the supraorbital (V1), infraorbital (V2) and mental (V3) nerves. In the awake subject, sensory potentials were usually followed by myogenic artifacts due to direct activation of masticatory muscles or reflex activation of facial muscles. In the anaesthetised and curarised subject, sensory potentials from the three nerves showed 1.4-2.2 ms onset latency, 1.9-2.7 ms peak latency and 17-29 microV amplitude. Sensory conduction velocity was computed at the onset latency (maximum CV) and at the peak latency (peak CV). On average, maximum and peak CV were 52 and 39 m/s for V1, 54 and 42 m/s for V2 and 54 and 44 m/s for V3. There was no apparent difference in CV between subjects with trigeminal neuralgia and those with epilepsy. A significant inverse correlation was found between CV and age, the overall maximum CV declining from 59 m/s (16 years) to 49 m/s (73 years). This range of CV is compatible both with histometric data and previous electrophysiological findings on trigeminal nerve conduction. Intraoperative intracranial stimulation is also proposed as a method of monitoring trigeminal function under general anaesthesia.     

Trigeminal small-fibre dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus: a study with laser evoked potentials and corneal reflex.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate trigeminal small-fibre function in patients with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: In 52 diabetic patients we studied the trigeminal laser evoked potentials after stimulation of the skin bordering the lower lip. In the 21 patients with the severest peripheral nerve damage we also studied the electrically evoked corneal reflex. Both responses are mediated by small myelinated afferents. RESULTS: Laser evoked potentials had a longer mean latency and lower amplitude in diabetic patients than in normal subjects (P<0.005). The abnormality frequency of the laser evoked potentials correlated with the severity of polyneuropathy (P<0.005). In contrast, the corneal reflex was normal. CONCLUSION: Dysfunction of small afferents of the mandibular nerve is frequent in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. We speculate that the primary cause could be segmental demyelination.     

Electrophysiological studies in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis.

Seven patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) were studied by electrophysiological techniques. The percentages of abnormalities detected in nerve conduction studies and electroencephalograms were 28.6% (two patients) and 100%, respectively. All patients showed prolonged central conduction times in short latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) by tibial nerve stimulation but normal SSEPs by median nerve stimulation. Brain stem auditory evoked potentials and visual evoked potentials were abnormal in three (42.9%) and four patients (57.1%), respectively. These electrophysiological parameters were correlated with the ratio of serum cholestanol to cholesterol concentration. The results of SSEPs suggest that the polyneuropathy in CTX is caused by distal axonopathy affecting longer axons before shorter axons (central-peripheral distal axonopathy).     

Sensory involvement in spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease)

Spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a rare X-linked neuronopathy associated with an abnormal representation of androgen receptors in the nervous system. Standard nerve conduction and histopathological studies have disclosed the involvement of large myelinated sensory fibers in the spinal nerves of SBMA patients. Little is known about the involvement of small sensory neurons and trigeminal nerves. Laser evoked potentials (LEPs) were studied in 6 unrelated patients with SBMA; 5 of these patients also underwent trigeminal reflex recordings, and 3 a sural nerve biopsy. LEPs were markedly abnormal, indicating a dysfunction in pain pathways. Given the sparing of small fibers in the sural nerve specimens, we hypothesize a dysfunction in spinothalamic cells, possibly due to an abnormal representation of the androgen receptors. Except for the jaw-jerk, all the trigeminal reflexes were markedly abnormal. Since the afferents for the jaw-jerk have their cell body within the central nervous system instead of the ganglion, the selective sparing of the jaw-jerk indicates a trigeminal ganglionopathy.     

Evoked potentials in HIV infection]

The study of the literature data on the multimodal evoked potentials in HIV infected patients shows many abnormalities as well in asymptomatic subjects without AIDS as in AIDS subjects with or without neurological signs. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) reveal prolonged P100 wave latency in 22% of HIV asymptomatic subjects and in 26% of HIV symptomatic subjects; brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) reveal an increase of the interpeak latency I-V in 16% of asymptomatic subjects and in 32% of symptomatic subjects; somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) by median nerve stimulation reveal prolonged central conduction time in 6% of asymptomatic subjects and in 11% of symptomatic subjects; somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) by tibial nerve stimulation reveal prolonged central conduction time in 4% of asymptomatic subjects and in 45% of symptomatic subjects; motor evoked potentials (MEPs) by magnetic stimulation reveal prolonged central motor conduction time in 46% of asymptomatic subjects.     

Ultrastructural findings in Lafora disease

The examination of somatosensory evoked potentials following trigeminal nerve stimulation in 20 subjects with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia revealed a pathological increase in latency of the first positive component on the involved siEN in 7 (41%) of the 17 patients without anteceENnt surgical treatment. The mean difference in latency between the two siENs was 1.3 msec (2p ≥ 0.005). These results are indicative of microtraumatization of the trigeminal nerve in the posterior fossa by blood vessels, for example, leading to local ENmyelinization. The method seems to be of diagnostic value in selecting patients for nerve ENcompression by posterior fossa operations.