济宁市2—39岁健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平监测

目的：为摸清济宁市健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平。方法：随机选取济宁市2－39岁健康人群中的540人作为本次调查对象。结果：百日咳抗体阳性率为60．2％,37．0％达到保护水平,抗体几何平均滴度例数（GMRT）为120;白喉抗毒素阳性率为82．0％,GMRT为109,抗毒素平均含量（ATC）0．107IU／ml;破伤风抗毒素阳性率为77．2％,GMRT为18,ATC为0．066IU／ml。25－39岁人群白喉、破伤风ATC低于其他年龄组,但均在保护水平以上。结论：本市的白喉、破伤风免疫水平较高,提示本市近期不会有白喉、破伤风流行;但百日咳免疫水平较低,提醒我们应做好其监测工作。     

北京市育龄期妇女破伤风抗体水平监测

为了解在北京市居住的育龄期妇女破伤风抗体的水平 ,在 1998年采用间接血凝试验检测了 3 4 6名在北京市居住的育龄期妇女破伤风抗体。结果显示 ,保护率 44 2 2 % ,抗体阳性破伤风抗毒素 (阳性TAT)平均含量为 0 0 96IU/ml。北京户籍 119人 ,保护率 66 3 9% ,阳性TAT平均含量为 0 10 0IU/ml;外省户籍 2 2 7人 ,保护率 3 2 60 % ,阳性TAT平均含量为 0 0 92IU/ml。经统计学分析 ,不同户籍的育龄期妇女破伤风抗体保护率差异有非常显著的统计学意义 ,阳性TAT平均含量差异无显著的统计学意义 ;北京户籍各年龄组之间破伤风抗体保护率、阳性TAT平均含量差异无显著的统计学意义 ,外省户籍各年龄组之间保护率、阳性TAT平均含量均随年龄的增长而下降。     

福建省2～19岁人群百日咳白喉破伤风免疫水平监测

目的：了解福建省2－19岁人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平。方法：百日咳以微量凝集试验（血凝板法），白喉、破伤风以间接血凝法检测。结果：2－19岁人群百日咳抗体阳性率为96．8％，保护率为43．4％，凝集抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）为1：182．53。白喉抗毒素阳性率为99．3％，GMT为0．413IU／ml。破伤风阳性率95．5％，GMT为0．299IU／ml。不同年龄组百日咳、白喉、破伤风血清抗体几何平均滴度随年龄增长呈下降趋势。结论：在进一步提高常规免疫接种率的基础上，加强人群免疫水平监测，考虑对成人进行加强免疫。     

杭州市1995--2006年健康人群百日咳白喉破伤风抗体水平监测分析

目的了解杭州市健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平。方法1995～2006年,在不同区（县、市）,分2～4岁、6～8岁、13～15岁、25～39岁4个年龄组开展百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体监测。结果百日咳抗体共监测1942人,保护率为93．87％,几何平均摘度为1：1037．36。其中农村2～4岁保护率低于其它三个年龄组,与6～8岁、13～15岁组保护率差异有非常显著的统计学意义（χ^2=8．80、6．13;P均〈0．01）。白喉抗体监测2141人,阳性率91．59％,几何平均浓度（GMC）为0．291国际单位／毫升（IU／m1）。破伤风抗体监测2141人,阳性率72．35％,GMC为0．095IU／ml。结论应加强农村地区的免疫规划管理及预防接种工作。     

江川县人群麻疹抗体水平监测分析

[目的]了解江川县人群庥疹抗体水平,为控制和消除麻疹提供科学依据。[方法]对459名6月龄～40岁人群血清标本用酶联免疫吸附法检测麻疹抗体IgG。[结果]麻疹抗体阳性率91．3％。不同年龄人群抗体阳性率及麻疹接种率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）、男女之间抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。不同地区阳性率无差异贸=0．35,P〉0．05）,但接种率存在明显的差异贸=1599,P〈0．01）。[结论]江川县6月龄～40岁人群麻疹抗体水平阳性率平均达91．94％,不同地区流动人群麻疹疫苗接种率存在差异,为此,需加强流动人群的管理,提高流动人群中t5岁以下儿童麻疹疫苗的接种工作。     

2010年白山市健康人群百日咳、白喉及破伤风IgG抗体水平监测

目的了解白山市健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风血清抗体水平。方法在全市6个县(市、区)采取随机抽样的方法抽取八道江区,对0～1岁、1～2岁、3～4岁、5～6岁、7～14岁、15～19岁、﹥20岁7个年龄组的健康人群进行抗体水平监测。结果百日咳IgG抗体阳性率为80.0%,白喉IgG抗体阳性率为68.10%,新生儿破伤风IgG抗体阳性率为49.52%。不同年龄组人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论在进一步提高常规免疫接种率的基础上,加强人群免疫水平监测,考虑对成人进行加强免疫[1]。     

贺州市1—6岁儿童乙型肝炎疫苗免疫效果分析

目的评价1～6岁儿童乙型肝炎重组酵母疫苗（HepB）的免疫效果。方法贺州市五县区,每个县区调查约150名儿童,检测乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）和乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体（HBsAb）。结果HBsAg、HBsAb阳性率分别为0．51％、77．76％。男性HBsAg阳性率为0．50％,HBsAb阳性率为79．55％;女性HBsAg阳性率为0．53％,HBsAb阳性率为75．85％;不同性别之间的HBsAg、HBsAb阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。各年龄组间HBsAb阳性率差异有统计学意义（x2=45．977,v=6,P〈0．01）;1岁组HBsAb阳性率95．62％,6岁组HBsAb阳性率67．42％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。完成基础免疫儿童的HBsAb阳性率75．77％,经过加强免疫的儿童HBsAb阳性率95．24％,两者之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论贺州市儿童接种Heps免疫效果显著,随着年龄的增长HBsAb阳性率呈下降趋势,在完成基础免疫的情况下进行加强免疫能使乙型肝炎疫苗的保护效果更好。     

1988－1999年龙岩市出生人群白喉、百日咳抗体水平调查

[目的]了解龙岩市1988～1999年出生人群白喉、百日咳抗体水平,为制定预防控制策略提供依据。[方法]2006年5～11月采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELlSA）对龙岩市1936名1988～1999年出生人群进行白喉、百日咳抗体检测,用Excel 2000和EPI info软件进行统计分析。[结果]龙岩市1988～1999年出生人群白喉、百日咳抗体阳性率分别为68．39％、64．26％。各县（市、区）白喉、百日咳抗体阳性率分别在42．22％～93．33％、52．50％～75．93％之间,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。各年龄组白喉抗体阳性率为60．37％～76．38％,随年龄增长呈下降趋势,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;百日咳抗体阳性率在44．34％～73．56％之间,随年龄增长呈上升趋势,差异也有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。白喉抗体阳性率男、女分别为69．01％、67．71％,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;百日咳抗体阳性率男、女分别为63．96％、64．58％,差异也无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。[结论]龙岩市1988～1999年出生人群白喉、百日咳抗体水平不高,存在薄弱区域和薄弱人群。     

江门口岸出入境人员白喉、破伤风免疫状况抽样调查

随机抽取江门口岸出入境人员12．0例进行白喉抗毒素检测，结果检出阳性98例，阳性率为81．67％；破伤风抗毒素检测105例，检出阳性33例，阳性率为31．43％。检测结果显示白喉、破伤风抗毒素阳性率随年龄的增长而显著下降。建议适当加强成人及特殊人群的免疫状况监测和免疫接种。     

温州市瓯海区健康人群免疫针对性疾病免疫水平监测分析

目的了解温州市瓯海区常住和流动人群免疫针对性疾病免疫水平，评价免疫规划工作的成效，为制定免疫策略提供依据。方法采取分层整群随机抽样法，在3个调查点的常住和流动人群中随机调查〈1岁、1～2岁、3～4岁、5～6岁、7～14岁、15～19岁、≥20岁7个年龄组各15～20人，共719人。结果抗-HBs和HBsAg阳性率分别为68．71％、3．20％。麻疹H1抗体阳性率为87．90％，几何平均滴度（GMT）为1：9．007。白喉抗毒素阳性率为61．75％，几何平均浓度（GMC）为0．0627IU／ml。破伤风抗毒素阳性率为67．45％，GMC为0．7611IU／ml。百日咳凝集抗体保护率30．60％，GMT为1：67．04。乙脑IgG抗体阳性率为57．58％。甲肝IgG抗体阳性率为30．60％。结论麻疹抗体人群中和乙肝抗体在小年龄组人群中达到一定水平，已形成有效的免疫屏障。流动人群抗体水平普遍比常住人群低。另外白喉、百日咳、破伤风、乙脑、甲肝等人群抗体水平比较低，存在疾病流行的潜在危险。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.