低温对重型颅脑损伤病人脑血流的影响

目的研究低温（hypothermia，HP）对重型颅脑损伤（sever traumatic brain injury，sTBI）病人脑血流（cerebral blood flow，CBF）的影响。方法经颅多普勒（transcrairial Doppler，TCD）监测45例sTBI大脑中动脉（MCA）血液流速。比较低温组（25例）与常温组（20例）MCA平均血流速度（Vm）、收缩期血流速度（Vs）及搏动指数（PI）。结果低温组脑血流恢复优于常温组。结论低温对sTBI有良好的治疗作用。     

经颅多普勒超声在急性前循环大动脉闭塞血管内治疗术后脑血流动力学评价中的研究进展

血管内治疗（EVT）可以显著改善急性大动脉闭塞（LAO）患者的预后，但仍有一半患者无法实现功能独立。经颅多普勒超声（TCD）是一种无创、便捷及可重复性高的脑血流动力学检查手段，近来研究表明TCD血流动力学监测对急性前循环LAO患者EVT术后脑过度灌注综合征（CHS）的发生具有预测价值，还可以监测血管再通情况、血管痉挛、脑自动调节以及侧支循环，评估远期预后以及改进临床治疗策略。本文围绕TCD在急性前循环LAO患者EVT术后脑血流动力学监测中的应用进行综述。     

经颅多普勒超声监测下颈动脉内膜切除术后脑血流过度灌注临床研究简

目的探讨颈动脉内膜切除术后脑血流过度灌注临床特点和经颅多普勒超声（TCD）监测下治疗脑血流过度灌注之疗效。方法回顾分析2013年1—8月实施颈动脉内膜切除术且行TCD监测的60例（63例次）患者的临床资料,根据围手术期TCD监测结果判断患者是否存在脑血流过度灌注或脑过度灌注综合征。结果术后7d三维CTA检查显示,60例（63例次）患者颈动脉狭窄完全解除,术后30d内不良事件发生率分别为轻度缺血性卒中（1例次占1．59％）、心肌梗死（1例次占1．59％）、声音嘶哑（1例次占1．59％）,无脑出血和死亡病例。术后脑血流过度灌注4例次（6．35％）,持续1～3d,其中1例次（1．59％）为脑过度灌注综合征,表现为精神亢奋,幻觉和睡眠障碍。术后视力明显改善3例次占4．76％,其中1例次发生脑血流过度灌注。结论颈动脉内膜切除术围手术期TCD监测可以早期发现术中和术后脑血流过度灌注,及时根据TCD监测结果控制血压异常变化,是减少术后脑出血并发症之关键。     

280例癫痫患者发作间期经颅多普勒的结果分析

目的 探讨癫痫患者发作间期经颅多普勒脑血流动力学的变化特点。方法 采用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对280例癫痫患者发作间期的颅内动脉平均血流速度（Vm）进行检测分析。结果 280例癫痫患者中TCD脑血流正常69例，占24．6％，脑血流异常改变211例，占75．3％，主要表现为脑血流速度增快、减慢和双侧血流速度不对称（BAV）。结论 癫痫患者发作间期脑血流动力学有一定程度的异常改变，TCD可作为癫痫临床诊疗的客观辅助检测手段。     

基于TCD脑血流频谱评估颅脑损伤患者颅内压的研究进展

经颅多普勒（TCD）可以动态无创地监测和评估脑血管血流动力学变化，而颅内压（ICP）是评估颅脑损伤患者颅内病情的重要指标。临床工作中一直在探索一种准确、方便的无创ICP监测方法，由于TCD具有床旁无创、低廉快捷的优势，并且通过TCD检测脑血流频谱还可间接评估ICP变化，对临床治疗有重要的指导意义。本文综合国内外研究，结合ICP监测技术和TCD技术，并整合既往文献中基于搏动指数建立ICP评估模型的公式方法，就TCD脑血流频谱评估ICP的研究进展作一综述。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的脑血流动力学改变

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）后脑血管痉挛（CVS）的血流动力学改变。方法对337例（382枚动脉瘤）aSAH患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,均经数字减影血管造影（DSA）和／或CT血管造影（CTA）检查证实为动脉瘤（An）,其中动脉瘤颈夹闭术297例,瘤颈夹闭及载瘤动脉塑形术29例,动脉瘤孤立术8例及包裹术3例。术后给予尼莫地平持续泵入扩血管、脑脊液引流、3H疗法等治疗,并于SAH1—3d．4～7d,8～14d、15～20d进行床边经颅超声多普勒（TCD）检测,主要观察MCA平均血流速度（VmMcA）、计算Lindegaard指数,即同侧MCA与颅外段ICAVm之比（LI）,观察CVS及颅内压（ICP）等脑血流动力学变化。结果SAH患者不同程度的存在CVS,25％的患者1—3d就出现CVS,8～14d达高峰;Hunt-Hess分级与CVS的变化成正相关;102例患者（102／337,30．3％）出现不同程度的颅内压增高;17例（17／337,5％）出现延迟性缺血性神经功能障碍（DIND）,颅内压增高且有CVS者预后较差。结论TCD可以床边、动态监测aSAH患者的脑血流动力学改变,具有无创、简单易行的特点。TCD检测的脑血流速度、Lindegaard指数和频谱形态相结合对临床和血管造影诊断CVS有价值。     

床旁经颅多普勒在重症脑血管病监护中的应用

经颅多普勒（transcranial doppler,TCD）的2MHz超声探头可以透过颅骨薄弱部位实时动态监
测颅底Willis环组成的血管血流速度,从而得到脑血流动力学等参数,在重症脑血管病领域得到了广
泛的应用。TCD一直是蛛网膜下腔出血床旁诊断的有力武器,但是TCD诊断的血管痉挛对临床预后的
判断受到临床挑战。血管再通迎来春天,床旁TCD可以对血管再通治疗后高灌注综合征的发生起到
预警作用,而且可以随访检测血管再通的治疗效果。TCD对于无创颅内压监测的指示作用有待国际公
认的可重复的数学模型出现。     

TCD在监测颅脑损伤后脑血管痉挛中的应用

目的探讨经颅多普勒（TCD）监测在颅脑损伤后脑血管痉挛（CVS）中的应用。方法回顾性分析64例颅脑损伤病人的临床资料,运用TCD连续监测脑血流变化。探讨病人GCS评分和改良Fisher分级与CVS的相关性。结果本组出现不同程度CVS 19例（29.7%）,伤后24 h内表现为脑血流速度增加,伤后3-5 d达高峰,随后逐渐下降。根据GCS评分,轻型、中型、重型颅脑损伤病人中CVS的发生率分别为23.5%、33.3%和83.3%,其CVS的发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。改良Fisher分级3级病人发生CVS的比例显著高于2级和4级病人（P〈0.05）。结论 TCD连续监测可早期诊断CVS,并指导治疗,减少缺血性神经功能损害,改善预后。     

焦虑症患者临床治愈前后脑血流调节的变化

【摘要】 目的 分析焦虑症患者临床治愈前后脑血流调节的变化。 方法 应用经颅多普勒超声（transcranial Doppler,TCD）卧-立位脑血流检测方法分析50例焦虑症患 者在体位变化时脑血流速度的变化特点并与健康对照组比较,然后随访6个月,观察焦虑症治愈组 与未愈组TCD卧-立位脑血流变化。 结果 焦虑症组较对照组立位时脑血流速度下降（P <0.001）,卧-立位脑血流差值大于对照组 （P <0.001）;随访发现,焦虑症治愈组治疗后较治疗前卧-立位脑血流差值减小（P <0.001）,可恢复 到对照组水平;焦虑症未愈组治疗后卧-立位脑血流差值仍大于对照组（P =0.007）;治疗后治愈组 卧-立位脑血流差值较未愈组减小（P =0.003）。 结论 TCD卧-立位脑血流检测显示,焦虑症患者存在脑血流调节的异常,而且在焦虑症临床治愈后, 脑血流调节可恢复正常。     

初探椎基底动脉扩张延长症患者经颅多普勒表现

目的探讨椎基底动脉扩张延长症（VBD）的TCD表现及其临床意义。方法对18例经头颅磁共振血管成像（MRA）诊断为VBD的患者行经颅多普勒检查,观察其脑血流动力学特征。并将同期就诊的30例非VBD患者进行对照。结果VBD组与非VBD组相比主要表现为椎动脉、基底动脉收缩期峰值血流速度、峰值平均血流速度下降（P〈0．05）,搏动指数（PI）、阻力指数（RI）两组比较差异没有统计学意义（P〉0．05）,部分VBD患者TCD频谱形态表现为波峰圆钝,呈低阻波形。结论VBD患者的血流动力学改变,TCD可作为其临床初步筛查和辅助诊断手段之一。     

Follow-up examinations by transcranial Doppler ultrasound in primary angiitis of the central nervous system

BACKGROUND: Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare disease. The definite diagnosis is made upon proof of mononuclear inflammation of the vessel wall on brain biopsy. The diagnosis can also be established on clinical grounds, typical findings on intra-arterial angiography and other investigatory grounds excluding other diseases. Therapy comprises an aggressive immunosuppressive approach. Close monitoring of the patients is mandatory. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) has not yet been used to follow up the vasculitic lesions in PACNS. CASE: We report on a 32-year-old female with massive cerebral infarctions secondary to multiple large-vessel stenoses because of probable PACNS. The patient was followed closely by means of TCD. During therapy the cerebral blood flow velocities normalized as displayed by TCD. Clinical improvement followed several days after normalization of cerebral blood flow. CONCLUSIONS: TCD is a valuable noninvasive bedside tool to monitor cerebral blood flow velocities and therapy response in patients with cerebral vasculitis, if large arteries are involved.     

无症状脑梗塞MRI、MRA及TCD的临床对比研究

目的 探讨无症状脑梗塞(SCI)的临床特征与头颅MRI、MRA、TCD改变。方法 对50例病人进行临床分析，并进行头颅MRI、MRA和TCD检测，加以对比分析。结果 MRI检出梗塞灶的病人行MRA检查，异常检出率为93.02％，TCD异常检出率为94.87％。结论 MRI是确诊SCI重要条件之一，并能清晰、准确显示小脑、脑干梗塞；MRA能显示病变血管；TCD对SCI有早期辅助诊断价值，对治诊及预后有很好指导作用。     

经颅多普勒监测蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的临床观察

目的总结应用经颅多普勒(TCD)监测蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑血管痉挛的临床价值。方法对2015-06—2016-05本院收治的78例SAH患者进行回顾性分析,均进行TCD监测,同时对患者进行数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,观察各个时间段患者颅内血管血流速度变化,并以DSA检查结果作为标准判断TCD诊断颅内血管痉挛的价值。结果在7~10d时间段,患者的MCA、ACA、VA、BA血流速度达到峰值,后逐渐下降,颅内血管痉挛现象逐渐缓解;SAH患者MCA、ACA、VA、BA血流速度在7d、7~10d、10~14d三个时间段比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);78例SAH患者,TCD诊断发生颅内血管痉挛59例,DSA诊断发生率颅内血管痉挛62例,TCD诊断SAH患者发生颅内血管痉挛的灵敏度为93.55%、特异度为93.75%、漏诊率为6.45%、误诊率为6.25%,TCD诊断颅内血管痉挛与DSA的一致性Kappa=0.816,P0.05。结论 TCD检查诊断SAH后出现颅内血管痉挛具有准确性高、无创等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

Transcranial Doppler in autonomic testing: standards and clinical applications

When cerebral blood flow falls below a critical limit, syncope occurs and, if prolonged, ischemia leads to neuronal death. The cerebral circulation has its own complex finely tuned autoregulatory mechanisms to ensure blood supply to the brain can meet the high metabolic demands of the underlying neuronal tissue. This involves the interplay between myogenic and metabolic mechanisms, input from noradrenergic and cholinergic neurons, and the release of vasoactive substrates, including adenosine from astrocytes and nitric oxide from the endothelium. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a non-invasive technique that provides real-time measurements of cerebral blood flow velocity. TCD can be very useful in the work-up of a patient with recurrent syncope. Cerebral autoregulatory mechanisms help defend the brain against hypoperfusion when perfusion pressure falls on standing. Syncope occurs when hypotension is severe, and susceptibility increases with hyperventilation, hypocapnia, and cerebral vasoconstriction. Here we review clinical standards for the acquisition and analysis of TCD signals in the autonomic laboratory and the multiple methods available to assess cerebral autoregulation. We also describe the control of cerebral blood flow in autonomic disorders and functional syndromes.     

Feasibility of transcranial Doppler and single photon emission computed tomography in compound neuroactivation task

The aim of this study was to test feasibility of transcranial Doppler (TCD) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) during compound neuroactivation task. The study was performed in 60 healthy right-handed volunteers. Cerebral blood flow velocity was measured by TCD in both middle cerebral arteries (MCA) at baseline and during computer game. The same stimulus and response pattern was used in 15 subjects that additionally underwent brain SPECT. Percentage differences between measurements were determined through quantitative result assessment. Both methods detected a statistically significant cerebral blood flow increase during neuroactivation. Correlation of TCD and SPECT showed statistically significant correlation only for the increase of cerebral blood flow velocity in the right MCA and for the right-sided cerebral blood flow increase, demonstrating that both methods partially measure similar cerebral blood flow changes that occur during neuroactivation. Comparison of TCD and SPECT showed TCD to be inadequately sensitive method for evaluation of cerebral blood flow during complex activation paradigm.     

Advances in transcranial doppler ultrasonography

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) is the only noninvasive real-time neuroimaging modality for the evaluation of characteristics of blood flow in basal intracerebral vessels that adds physiologic information to structural imaging. TCD has been rapidly evolving from a simple noninvasive diagnostic tool to an imaging modality with a broad spectrum of clinical applications. In acute stroke, TCD can provide rapid information about vascular stenosis and occlusion, the hemodynamic status of the cerebral circulation, and real-time monitoring of recanalization. Extended applications such as vasomotor reactivity testing, emboli monitoring, and right-to-left shunt detection help clinicians ascertain stroke mechanisms at the bedside, plan and monitor treatment, and determine prognosis. In the neurointensive care unit, TCD is useful for detecting increased intracranial pressure and confirming cerebral circulatory arrest. TCD is of established value for screening children with sickle cell disease and detecting and monitoring vasospasm after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.     

TCD预测脑血管狭窄在医联体社区医院中的应用

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检查预测脑血管狭窄的价值。方法选取某社区医院2014-03—2016-09门诊及病房疑似或确诊脑血管病患者为研究对象。所有研究对象首先进行TCD检查,然后进行头颅磁共振血管造影(MRA)或CT血管造影(CTA)确诊检查,计算两种检查方法的一致性,以及TCD检查的敏感性和特异性。结果 90例患者中,TCD检查阳性69例,阴性21例。头颅磁共振检查发现,TCD阳性组中确诊64例,TCD阴性组中确诊6例。TCD检查灵敏度为91.4%,特异度为75.0%,与脑血管狭窄金标准检测方法比较达到中高度一致,Kappa值为0.7。结论 TCD检查可以有效预测病人脑血管狭窄,为早期发现、预防、治疗脑血管病提供依据。     

Utility of transcranial Doppler ultrasound for the integrative assessment of cerebrovascular function

There is considerable utility in the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) to assess cerebrovascular function. The brain is unique in its high energy and oxygen demand but limited capacity for energy storage that necessitates an effective means of regional blood delivery. The relative low cost, ease-of-use, non-invasiveness, and excellent temporal resolution of TCD make it an ideal tool for the examination of cerebrovascular function in both research and clinical settings. TCD is an efficient tool to access blood velocities within the cerebral vessels, cerebral autoregulation, cerebrovascular reactivity to CO(2), and neurovascular coupling, in both physiological states and in pathological conditions such as stroke and head trauma. In this review, we provide: (1) an overview of TCD methodology with respect to other techniques; (2) a methodological synopsis of the cerebrovascular exam using TCD; (3) an overview of the physiological mechanisms involved in regulation of the cerebral blood flow; (4) the utility of TCD for assessment of cerebrovascular pathology; and (5) recommendations for the assessment of four critical and complimentary aspects of cerebrovascular function: intra-cranial blood flow velocity, cerebral autoregulation, cerebral reactivity, and neurovascular coupling. The integration of these regulatory mechanisms from an integrated systems perspective is discussed, and future research directions are explored.