Pilon接骨板经皮微创治疗胫骨远端螺旋形骨折

目的 探讨使用Pilon接骨板经皮微创治疗胫骨远端螺旋形骨折的临床疗效.方法 对24例胫骨远端螺旋形骨折采用微创经皮钢板内固定术,内固定材料选用强生公司Pilon接骨板.结果 术后随访12～48个月,骨折均愈合.按Johner-Wruhs标准评价:优17例,良6例,可1例.结论 选用强生Pilon接骨板经皮微创治疗不累...     

微创经皮钢板骨桥接术联合锁定加压钛板治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的探讨微创经皮钢板骨桥接术（minimallyi nvasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis，MIPPO）联合锁定加压钛板（locking compression plate，LCP）治疗胫骨远端骨折的近期疗效。方法2004年6月～2006年3月采用MIPPO联合LCP治疗胫骨远端骨折16例，AO分型：43A1型7例，43A3型5例，43B1型2例，43C3型2例。采用3种方法复位胫骨骨折后插入LCP，用锁定螺钉固定。结果16例随访5～20个月，平均11，5月。16例切口一期愈合，骨折无延迟愈合、畸形愈合、断钉、断板等并发症。术后X线检查4～12周（平均7．6周）骨痂形成并开始部分负重，8～20周骨性愈合（平均16周），此时开始完全负重。3例出现胫骨远端内植物局部不适。根据美国足踝骨科学会评分系统对踝关节功能评分，优14例（87．5％），良2例（12，5％）。结论MIPPO具有创伤小、固定牢靠、可早期功能锻炼等优点，近期疗效满意，是治疗胫骨远端骨折的有效方法。     

锁定加压钢板治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的探讨锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法自2005年5月至2007年12月应用切开复位锁定加压接骨板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折24例,男18例,女6例;年龄20-62岁,平均41岁。骨折按AO分类,43A型13例,B型7例,C型4例。其中开放性骨折9例（按照Gustilo标准分类,I型6例,Ⅱ型3例）。结果24例均获随访,随访时间6-12个月,平均9个月。骨折无延迟愈合及不愈合,无钢板螺钉松动及断钉。根据Johner-Wrushs评定标准。优18例,良4例,中2例,优良率91.7％。结论锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨骨折具有保护骨膜、固定可靠、骨折愈合时间短等优点,而且可以单皮质固定,是治疗胫骨骨折安全有效的方法。     

微创经皮插入钢板内固定治疗胫腓骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的 探讨微创经皮插入钢板内固定治疗胫腓骨远端粉碎性骨折的疗效.方法 采用微创经皮插入钢板内固定治疗胫腓骨远端粉碎性骨折21例.经AO分型,43B型9例,43C型12例.结果 所有病例伤口均甲级愈合,无伤口裂开、坏死、感染等并发症.骨折端无延迟愈合,畸形愈合及不愈合.骨折临床愈合时间为16～20周,平均18周.根据Mazur踝关节功能评定标准:优16例,良3例,可2例,优良率为90.5%.结论 微创经皮插入钢板内固定是治疗胫腓骨远端粉碎性骨折的有效方法 .     

胫骨远端外侧型接骨板治疗胫骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的探讨胫骨远端外侧接骨板是否为治疗胫骨远端粉碎性骨折的最佳方法之一。方法32例胫骨远端粉碎性骨折采用了胫骨远端外侧型接骨板内固定方法。结果32例均达到解剖复位。随诊6个月~4年效果满意,骨折愈合快,无骨折延迟愈合或不愈合发生。结论我们认为,胫骨远端外侧解剖型接骨板是治疗胫骨远端粉碎性骨折比较理想的方法。     

微创经皮锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨中远端骨折

目的 探讨应用锁定钢板经皮内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折的疗效 方法 回顾性分析2008年6月至2011年1月采用小切口经皮肤隧道插入胫骨远端内侧锁定钢板治疗：15例胫骨远端骨折的临床资料。男10例．女5例;年龄19～66岁左侧9例,右侧6例AO分型：A型8例（A1型3例,A2：型3,A3型2例）B型5例（B1型2例,B2型2例,B3型1例 ）C型2例（C1型1例,C2型1例）结果15例全部获得随访,时间12—24月。平均18月,骨折临床愈合时间16～28周平均22周,l例开放性骨折者硒部皮肤发生坏北．换药后愈合3例骨折延迟愈合（1例26周,2例28周）,无内固定松动断裂。按Johnor—Wruhs胫骨骨折临床效果评分法：优9例,良5例,中1例．结论采用微创锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折,创伤小、内固定可靠。稳定性好．恢复快,骨折愈合率高,疗效好。     

微创经皮钢板内固定技术治疗胫骨干远端骨折

目的 探讨微创经皮钢板内固定（MIPPO）治疗胫骨干远端骨折的临床效果。方法 应用间接复位技术，通过建立骨折两端皮下隧道，采用微创经皮锁定加压钢板或胫骨远端解剖型钢板内固定治疗胫骨干远端骨折，闭合性骨折22例；开放性骨折10例（Gustilo分型：Ⅰ型6例，Ⅱ型4例）。对其临床疗效进行分析。结果 随访32例，所有病例伤口一期愈合。骨折无延迟愈合，无畸形愈合，平均临床愈合时间15周。采用Johner—Wruhs评分标准，优18例，良9例。结论 MIPPO技术是治疗胫骨干远端骨折的理想方法之一，可保护皮肤软组织，减少骨折端血供的破坏，促进骨折的愈合，减少并发症。     

经皮锁定板微创治疗胫骨远段骨折

目的探讨应用锁定板经皮内固定治疗胫骨远段骨折的疗效。方法采用小切口经皮插入胫骨远段内侧锁定板治疗29例胫骨远段骨折。结果 25例获得随访,时间12-28个月。骨折临床愈合时间12-20周。1例开放性骨折者发生皮肤坏死,换药后愈合。5例切口线结反应,取出线结后愈合。5例骨折延迟愈合（3例为27周,2例33周）,无内固定断裂与松动。按Johnor-Wruhs胫骨骨折临床效果评分法：优15例,良7例,中2例,差1例。结论锁定板经皮微创治疗胫骨远段骨折,创伤小、恢复快、骨折愈合率高,疗效较好。     

微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的探讨微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折的效果。方法自2003年6月～2005年5月微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折56例。按AO分类标准:A型20例,B型19例,C型17例。结果48例获得随访,平均11个月(8～21个月)。X线片显示骨折全部一期愈合,平均愈合时间为13周,均无感染、骨不连、钢板松动等并发症。按照Mazur踝关节功能评分:优38例,良6例,可4例,优良率为91.7%。结论微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折符合生物力学固定(BO)原则,内固定牢靠,有利于骨折的愈合及软组织的修复。     

微创经皮钢板接骨术治疗胫骨远段骨折

目的探讨微创经皮钢板接骨术治疗胫骨远端骨折的方法和临床疗效.方法从2002年8月至2004年4月采用微创经皮钢板接骨术治疗胫骨远段骨折1 8例.结果所有病例均得到随访,随访时间12个月～23个月,平均15个月.骨折愈合时间为9～18周,平均12.3周,无骨不愈合或延迟愈合.按Johner-Wruhs胫骨骨折疗效评定标准,优15例,良2例,可1例,优良率为94.4%.结论微创经皮钢板内固定符合生物学固定原则,有利于骨折的愈合.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.