荔枝核总黄酮对肝纤维化大鼠肝脏NLRP3表达的影响

目的 研究荔枝核总黄酮（Total flavones from Lychee seed, TFL）对二甲基亚硝胺（Dimethylnitrosamine, DMN）所诱发的肝脏纤维化大鼠肝脏中核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3（Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3）表达的影响。方法 研究将Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、扶正化瘀组和TFL高、中、低剂量组。ELISA法测定血清中羟脯氨酸、透明质酸、 Ⅳ型胶原、Ⅲ型前胶原和层粘连蛋白的水平; HE染色和Masson染色观察大鼠肝脏组织的病理变化;RT-qPCR测定肝脏组织中硫氧还蛋白结合蛋白（Thioredoxin‐interacting protein, TXNIP）、NLRP3、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1（Cysteine-aspartic proteases-1, Caspase-1）、白细胞介素-1β（Interleulin-1β, IL-1β）的mRNA表达水平。结果 TFL减轻大鼠肝脏组织纤维化程度, TFL各组血清中羟脯氨酸、透明质酸、 Ⅳ型胶原、Ⅲ型前胶原和层粘连蛋白的浓度均显著降低（P<0.05）, 且肝脏组织中TXNIP、NLRP3、Caspase-1、IL-1β的mRNA表达均下降显著（P<0.05）。结论 TFL减轻DMN所诱发的大鼠肝纤维化的作用与抑制肝脏NLRP3表达有密切关系。     

五味子乙素对慢性应激抑郁大鼠海马BDNF/TrkB/CREB通路的影响

目的 研究五味子乙素对慢性应激抑郁大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）/酪氨酸激酶B（TrkB）/环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白（CREB）信号通路的影响。方法 40只SD大鼠随机选择10只作为对照组,其余大鼠采用慢性不可预知温和应激（chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS）结合孤养制备抑郁症模型,造模结束后随机分为3组：模型组、盐酸氟西汀（3 mg·kg^-1）组、五味子乙素（5 mg·kg^-1）组,每天ig给药1次,连续8周。分别于造模前、造模后及给药后进行旷场、悬尾、强迫游泳行为学实验;通过苏木素-伊红（HE）染色观察大鼠海马形态学改变;免疫组织化学染色（IHC）法观察大鼠海马BDNF蛋白表达;实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法检测大鼠海马BDNF、TrkB、CREB mRNA相对表达量;Westernblotting检测大鼠海马BDNF、TrkB、CREB蛋白相对表达量。结果 与对照组比较,模型组大鼠旷场实验水平、垂直得分显著降低（P＜0.05）,悬尾不动时间和强迫游泳漂浮时间显著增加（P＜0.05）;HE染色结果显示海马神经元结构损伤,IHC结果显示海马BDNF表达明显降低;海马BDNF、TrkB、CREB mRNA及蛋白相对表达显著降低（P＜0.05）。与模型组比较,盐酸氟西汀及五味子乙素组大鼠水平、垂直得分显著增加（P＜0.05）,不动时间和漂浮时间显著减少（P＜0.05）;海马神经元结构明显复原,海马组织中BDNF染色明显增加;BDNF、TrkB、CREB mRNA和蛋白相对表达量显著增加（P＜0.05）。结论 五味子乙素可以改善慢性应激抑郁大鼠抑郁样行为、海马区神经元数量及形态,其机制可能与上调BDNF/TrkB/CREB信号通路有关。     

白藜芦醇调控NLRP3炎症小体介导的血管平滑肌细胞焦亡抗动脉粥样硬化研究

目的 探讨白藜芦醇对动脉粥样硬化（AS）中血管钙化的影响及机制。方法 将雄性健康SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、白藜芦醇（5 mg·kg^-1）组,每组10只。造模前ip预给药21 d,每天1次。模型组、白藜芦醇组均制备AS模型：sc 5 mg·kg^-1维生素D₃5 d后,分离并结扎左颈动脉,0.12 mmol·L^-1的CaCl₂溶液湿敷30 min,随即缝合,对照组湿敷生理盐水。造模后继续给药,1周后所有大鼠同时禁食24 h后处死,取大鼠左颈动脉进行苏木精-伊红（HE）染色和Von Kossa染色。体外钙化培养基诱导CRL-1999细胞钙化,给予白藜芦醇（10μmol·L^-1）干预,茜素红S染色检测钙盐沉积;实时荧光定量PCR （qRT-PCR）和Western blotting法检测钙化指标骨形态发生蛋白-2（BMP2）、侏儒相关转录因子2（Runx2）,炎性小体NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3（NLRP3）,细胞焦亡相关指标天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-1（Caspase-1）、Gasdermin-D （GSDMD）、白细胞介素（IL）-1β、IL-18蛋白和mRNA表达变化;免疫荧光检测Runx2、NLRP3、Caspase-1、GSDMD、IL-1β蛋白表达;分子对接验证白藜芦醇与靶蛋白NLRP3、Caspase-1、GSDMD、BMP2、Runx2结合活性。结果 HE与VonKossa染色显示模型组血管壁结构紊乱、钙盐沉积,白藜芦醇缓解钙盐沉积。体外实验表明钙化结节可被白藜芦醇缓解;与对照组比较,模型组BMP2、Runx2、NLRP3、Caspase-1、GSDMD、IL-1β、IL-18 mRNA和蛋白表达均显著上升（P<0.05、0.01、0.001）;经白藜芦醇处理后,上述指标的mRNA和蛋白表达均显著下降（P<0.05、0.01、0.001）。白藜芦醇与Runx2、NLRP3分别形成2、3个氢键,对接活性较好。结论 白藜芦醇抑制AS中血管钙化,机制可能与抑制NLRP3/Caspase-1信号通路,进而抑制细胞焦亡有关。     

少腹逐瘀汤对输卵管炎性不孕大鼠NLRP3炎症小体的作用研究

目的 研究少腹逐瘀汤对输卵管炎性不孕大鼠Nod样受体蛋白3（NLRP3）炎症小体的作用。方法 采用金黄色葡萄球菌法构建大鼠输卵管炎性不孕模型,造模成功雌性大鼠随机分为3组：模型组、少腹逐瘀汤（以生药计5g·kg^-1,临床等效剂量）组、盐酸左氧氟沙星（阳性药,80mg·kg^-1）组,另取10只大鼠作为对照组。各组于成模后第8天开始ig给药,每天1次,连续30d,对照组和模型组ig等量0.9%氯化钠注射液。各组雌鼠与成熟雄鼠按2∶1合笼,观察受孕率;HE染色观察各组大鼠输卵管病理变化;Western blotting法检测输卵管组织中NLRP3蛋白表达;实时荧光定量PCR（qRTPCR）法检测输卵管组织中NLRP3和白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）mRNA水平。原代培养大鼠输卵管上皮细胞,10nmol·L^-1脂多糖（LPS）刺激24h制备炎症模型,造模同时给予10mg·L^-1盐酸左氧氟沙星、10mg·L^-1少腹逐瘀汤处理,Western blotting法检测细胞NLRP3蛋白表达;qRT-PCR法检测细胞中NLRP3、IL-1β、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）mRNA水平。结果 对照组的受孕率为60%,模型组的受孕率为40%,盐酸左氧氟沙星组和少腹逐瘀汤组的受孕率均为80%。对照组大鼠输卵管结构清晰,黏膜皱褶丰富,黏膜上皮细胞排列整齐,管腔通畅;模型组大鼠的输卵管结构分界欠清,黏膜皱褶消失,黏膜上皮细胞排列紊乱,管腔狭窄,出现梗阻和大量炎性细胞浸润等情况;盐酸左氧氟沙星组与少腹逐瘀汤组大鼠输卵管结构有改善,管壁组织结构尚清晰,黏膜上皮细胞排列欠规整,管腔通畅,仅少量炎性细胞浸润。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠输卵管组织的NLRP3蛋白和NLRP3、IL-1βmRNA水平显著上调（P＜0.001）;与模型组比较,少腹逐瘀汤组输卵管组织的NLRP3蛋白和NLRP3、IL-1βmRNA水平显著下降（P＜0.05、0.001）。与对照组比较,模型组输卵管上皮细胞NLRP3蛋白和NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αmRNA水平显著上调（P＜0.05、0.01、0.001）;与模型组比较,少腹逐瘀汤组NLRP3蛋白和NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αmRNA水平显著下降（P＜0.05、0.01）。结论 少腹逐瘀汤治疗输卵管炎性不孕症的作用机制可能与调节NLRP3介导的炎症反应有关。     

基于NLRP3炎症小体的抑瘤汤联合紫杉醇对上皮性卵巢癌的作用研究

目的 研究抑瘤汤对上皮性卵巢癌中NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3（NLRP3）炎症小体的作用。方法 通过免疫组化法比较人体的良性肿物和卵巢癌组织中NLRP3和白细胞介素（IL）-1β的表达水平;体外培养人上皮性卵巢癌细胞系A2780,分成对照组、化疗（给予DMSO溶解的紫杉醇100nmol·L^-1）组、化疗＋抑瘤汤（1、10、100mg·L^-1）组,对照组加入等量DMSO,干预12、24、48、72h后,CCK-8法检测细胞存活率,选取合适的抑瘤汤浓度及干预时间进行后续实验;Western blotting法检测NLRP3的蛋白表达;实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法检测NLRP3、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-1（Caspase-1）、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白（ASC）和IL-1β的mRNA水平;ELISA法检测细胞上清液中NLRP3、Caspase-1、ASC和IL-1β蛋白水平。结果 与卵巢良性肿物组相比,卵巢癌患者的卵巢组织中NLRP3及IL-1β蛋白表达显著上调（P＜0.05）;干预24、48、72h后,与对照组相比,化疗组的细胞存活率显著降低（P＜0.05、0.001）;与化疗组相比,化疗＋100mg·L^-1抑瘤汤组的细胞存活率显著降低（P＜0.01、0.001）,选取100mg·L^-1抑瘤汤干预48h进行后续研究。与对照组相比,化疗组的细胞中NLRP3蛋白表达水平降低,但无统计学意义;与对照组及化疗组相比,化疗＋抑瘤汤组的细胞中NLRP3蛋白表达水平显著降低（P＜0.05、0.001）。与对照组相比,化疗组和化疗＋抑瘤汤组的NLRP3 mRNA和上清中蛋白水平显著降低（P＜0.05、0.001）;与化疗组相比,化疗＋抑瘤汤组的NLRP3mRNA和上清中蛋白水平显著降低（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,化疗组的Caspase-1、ASC、IL-1β的mRNA水平降低,但无统计学意义;化疗＋抑瘤汤组的Caspase-1、ASC、IL-1β mRNA水平显著降低（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,化疗组和化疗＋抑瘤汤组细胞上清中的Caspase-1、ASC、IL-1β蛋白水平显著降低（P＜0.01、0.001）;与化疗组相比,化疗＋抑瘤汤组的Caspase-1、ASC、IL-1β蛋白进一步降低,其中Caspase-1、ASC差异显著（P＜0.05、0.001）。结论 NLRP3炎症小体在卵巢癌中高表达,抑瘤汤可抑制卵巢癌细胞NLRP3炎症小体的表达。     

基于NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1信号轴探究白藜芦醇对痛风性肾病模型大鼠肾脏的保护作用机制

目的 基于NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1信号轴探究白藜芦醇对痛风性肾病模型大鼠的肾脏的保护作用机制。方法 将60只SD雄性大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、秋水仙碱（阳性对照,0.03 mg · kg^-1）组和白藜芦醇高、中、低剂量（1 000、500、250 mg·kg^-1）组,连续7 d ig给药,给药过程中,除对照组外,其余各组使用氧嗪酸钾合并尿酸钠的方法制备大鼠痛风性肾病模型。ELISA法检测大鼠血清中白细胞介素（IL）-1β、IL-18、尿酸、肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN）水平,肾脏组织匀浆中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）、环氧合酶-2（COX-2）水平;HE、Masson染色观察肾脏组织细胞形态变化;PAS染色检测大鼠肾组织中肾小球损伤情况,TUNEL观察肾脏组织细胞DNA损伤情况;实时荧光定量PCR （qRT-PCR）、免疫组化法检测肾脏组织中核因子-κB （NF-κB）、NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3（NLRP3）、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-1（Caspase-1） mRNA以及蛋白的表达量,最后采用分子对接研究白藜芦醇与NF-κB、NLRP3、Caspase-1的结合情况。结果 与模型组比较,秋水仙碱组及白藜芦醇各给药组大鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-18、SCr、BUN及肾脏TNF-α、MCP-1、COX-2水平显著降低（P<0.01）,白藜芦醇高剂量组尿酸、中和高剂量组BUN显著降低（P<0.05）;白藜芦醇各剂量组不同程度降低肾组织中胶原纤维化面积、肾小球阳性率以及肾组织细胞TUNEL染色阳性率,减缓病理损伤情况,其中高剂量组作用最显著（P<0.05）;qRT-PCR、免疫组化结果表明,白藜芦醇各给药组均抑制肾脏组织细胞中NF-κB、NLRP3、Caspase-1mRNA和蛋白的表达,其中高剂量组作用最显著（P<0.05）;分子对接结果进一步表明,白藜芦醇与NF-κB、NLRP3、Caspase-1结合状态良好,即白藜芦醇对NF-κB、NLRP3、Caspase-1具有良好的靶向调控作用。结论 白藜芦醇对痛风性肾病模型大鼠的肾脏保护作用可能为抑制NF-κB信号通路,进而抑制NLRP3的激活从而阻断Caspase-1招募IL-1β、IL-18,降低其分泌,遏制肾脏细胞程序性死亡的初始阶段细胞焦亡的发生,从而逆转痛风性肾病大鼠肾组织的炎症损伤。     

泽泻多糖激活PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCG1信号通路发挥对糖尿病肾病大鼠的保护作用

目的 探究泽泻多糖对糖尿病大鼠肾损伤的改善作用。方法 SPF级SD雄性大鼠随机分为对照组,模型组,吡格列酮［过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPAR-γ）激活剂,20 mg·kg^-1］组,泽泻多糖低、中、高剂量（100、200、400 mg·kg^-1）组和泽泻多糖（400 mg·kg^-1）＋ GW9662（PPAR-γ抑制剂,10 mg·kg^-1）组,除对照组外均采用高糖高脂＋链脲佐菌素（STZ）柠檬酸钠缓冲液法制备糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠模型,造模后各组ig给药,每天1次,连续6周。血糖仪测定大鼠空腹血糖（FBG）水平;全自动生化分析仪检测大鼠血清肌酐、尿酸、尿素氮水平,检测24 h尿蛋白及尿肌酐,计算内生肌酐清除率（Ccr）;处死大鼠,计算大鼠肾脏指数;HE染色观察大鼠右侧肾脏组织病理学变化;Western blotting法检测肾脏组织PPAR-γ/肝X受体-α（LXR-α）/ATP结合盒转运蛋白G1（ABCG1）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）蛋白水平。结果 与对照组比较,模型组大鼠毛色枯黄,体质量显著减轻（P<0.05）;肾小球细胞空泡化、肾小球基底膜增厚;肾脏指数、FBG、24 h尿蛋白、尿酸、尿素氮、TNF-α和IL-1β蛋白水平显著升高（P<0.05）,Ccr和PPAR-γ、LXR-α、ABCG1蛋白水平显著降低（P<0.05）;与模型组比较,吡格列酮组和中、高剂量泽泻多糖组大鼠毛色及饮食、饮水逐渐恢复,体质量显著增加（P<0.05）;肾损伤程度减轻;FBG、24 h尿蛋白、尿酸、TNF-α和IL-1β蛋白水平显著降低（P<0.05）,Ccr及PPAR-γ、LXR-α、ABCG1蛋白水平显著升高（P<0.05）;泽泻多糖高剂量组肾脏指数显著降低（P<0.05）。高剂量泽泻多糖组与吡格列酮组各指标差异比较无统计学意义,GW9662可逆转高剂量泽泻多糖对大鼠肾脏功能的保护作用。结论 泽泻多糖可能通过激活PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCG1通路保护DN大鼠肾脏。     

栀子苷介导GLP-1R/Akt信号通路改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤和神经元凋亡的研究

目的 观察栀子苷对脑缺血再灌注损伤（CIRI）模型大鼠的神经保护作用及对胰高血糖素样肽-1受体（GLP-1R）/蛋白激酶B（Akt）信号通路的影响。方法 50只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组,模型组,栀子苷低、高剂量组及尼莫地平片组,每组10只。采用线栓法制备CIRI大鼠模型,缺血2 h再灌注24 h后,栀子苷低、高剂量组大鼠分别ig给予10、40 mg·kg^-1的栀子苷,尼莫地平片组大鼠ig给予8.1 mg·kg^-1尼莫地平,假手术组和模型组大鼠ig等体积生理盐水,每天1次,连续7 d。造模后及给药结束后,分别对各组大鼠进行神经功能缺损评分;给药结束后,采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）及白细胞介素-6（IL-6）水平,苏木素-伊红（HE）染色检测脑组织病理学变化,尼氏染色检测神经元与尼氏小体变化,免疫组化染色检测脑组织B淋巴细胞瘤-2（Bcl-2）和Bcl-2关联X蛋白（Bax）表达,蛋白质印迹法（Western blotting）检测脑组织细胞色素C（Cyt-C）、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3（Caspase-3）、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-9（Caspase-9）、胰高血糖素样肽-1受体（GLP-1R）及磷酸化蛋白激酶B（p-Akt）蛋白表达水平。结果 与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠神经功能缺损评分显著升高（P＜0.05）,血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平显著升高（P＜0.05）;皮质细胞间质疏松、增宽,有大量神经元细胞质萎缩和细胞核损伤;脑神经元皱缩,尼氏小体变小,数目明显减少。大鼠脑组织Bcl-2表达显著降低（P＜0.05）,Bax表达显著升高（P＜0.05）;脑组织中Cyt-C、Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表达水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,GLP-1R和p-Akt蛋白表达水平显著降低（P＜0.05）。与模型组比较,栀子苷高剂量组和尼莫地平片组大鼠神经功能缺损评分均显著降低（P＜0.05）,血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平显著降低（P＜0.05）,皮质细胞较为整齐,神经元细胞和尼氏小体损伤减小,Bcl-2表达显著升高（P＜0.05）,Bax表达显著降低（P＜0.05）,同时,Cyt-C、Caspase-3及Caspase-9蛋白表达水平显著下降（P＜0.05）,GLP-1R和p-Akt蛋白表达水平显著升高（P＜0.05）。结论 栀子苷能够改善大鼠CIRI,减少神经元凋亡,其作用机制可能与激活GLP-1R/Akt信号通路有关。     

金丝桃苷保护大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的机制研究

目的 探究金丝桃苷（hyperoside，Hyp）对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织的保护作用及相关机制。方法 采用线栓法建立大脑中动脉闭塞/再灌注（middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion，MCAO/R）大鼠模型，分成假手术组、模型组、Hyp低、中、高剂量组（30，60，120 mg·kg^-1）。持续给药14 d后，采用Zea Longa法对大鼠进行神经功能评分，并测定脑含水量。TTC染色法测定大鼠脑梗死体积，ELISA检测炎症相关因子，HE染色观察大脑海马CA1区神经元病理形态，TUNEL染色观察大鼠脑组织细胞凋亡程度，Western blotting检测TLR4和COX-2以及凋亡相关蛋白的表达。结果 Hyp干预能够显著改善MCAO/R大鼠Zea Longa评分（P<0.05），减少脑含水量和脑梗死体积，显著降低炎症因子（TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、ICAM-1以及VCAM-1）的表达（P<0.05或P<0.01），并且有效改善海马CA1区神经元的病理学改变和凋亡情况，显著抑制TLR4、COX-2、NF-kB、caspase-3、caspase-9以及Bax蛋白的表达（P<0.05或P<0.01），上调Bcl-2蛋白的表达（P<0.05）。结论 Hyp对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用与抗炎、抗凋亡以及抑制TLR4/COX-2信号通路有关。     

乳铁蛋白治疗牙周炎的炎症免疫机制研究

目的 研究乳铁蛋白调节炎症免疫反应在治疗牙周炎中的作用及其机制。方法 取100只SD大鼠随机分成空白对照组,模型组,乳铁蛋白给药组低、中、高剂量组(1,2,3 g·kg^-1),甲硝唑阳性对照组(0.02 g·kg^-1),PDTC组(200 mg·kg^-1),乳铁蛋白+PDTC组(2 g·kg^-1,200 mg·kg^-1),MCC950组(1 mg·kg^-1),乳铁蛋白+MCC950(2 g·kg^-1,1 mg·kg^-1),每组10只。采用丝线结扎联合10%蔗糖饮水建立模型后开始给药,每天1次口腔给药,空白对照组和模型组口腔给药0.9% NaCl,连续给药1个月后处死各组大鼠。ELISA试剂盒检测IL-1b、IL-8、IL-10的含量;Western blotting检测TLR2-NF-κB通路和NLRP3炎症小体相关蛋白的表达。采用HE染色观察各组大鼠牙周组织的病理变化。结果 与模型组比较,乳铁蛋白各剂量组牙周炎症状得到明显改善,HE染色显示炎症细胞浸润减少,成纤维细胞增生活跃。TLR2、NF-κB、NLRP3、Caspase-1 p20和GSDMD-N蛋白表达降低,促炎因子IL-1b、IL-8的含量降低,抗炎因子IL-10的含量升高。结论 乳铁蛋白在治疗牙周炎中发挥的调节炎症免疫反应可能通过下调TLR2-NF-κB-NLRP3通路的蛋白表达,降低炎症反应的启动和炎症因子的释放,从而达到抗炎的目的。     

Clevudine University of Georgia/Abbott/Bukwang/Triangle/Yale University

The pyrimidine analog, clevudine (L-FMAU: 2'-fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyluridine) is a potent antihepatitis B virus (HBV) and anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) agent, discovered by researchers at the University of Georgia, in collaboration with Yale University and Bukwang. Bukwang transferred its technology to Triangle Pharmaceuticals in 1998 together with a license to develop clevudine worldwide except Korea [279649], [281942]. In June 1999, Triangle and Abbott Laboratories entered into a strategic alliance to copromote antiviral products including L-FMAU [326798]. In September 2000, Triangle Pharmaceuticals Inc initiated a 30-day phase I/II evaluation of clevudine in HBV-infected patients [381755]. Clevudine is a much less toxic derivative of the toxic agent P-D-FMAU. The mechanism of action of clevudine is not yet clear, but the agent induces a rapid decrease in HBV nucleic acid as doses increase from 0.3 to 10 mg/kg [319145]. It is believed that the target for clevudine lies in the viral replication mechanism. Clevudine is phosphorylated to the triphosphate form intracellularly. This is removed slowly from the cells, thus exerting a sustained inhibitory antiviral activity [178173], [320720], [320721].     

Spotlight from the American Society for Preventive Cardiology on Key Features of the 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guidelines on the Management of Blood Cholesterol

The 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol retains focus on recommendations for statin treatment in the original four statin-eligible groups [those with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), diabetes, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥ 190 mg/dL, and higher risk primary prevention] without the use of treatment initiation or target LDL-C levels from the earlier 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline, but has several new features. First, patients with primary prevention are divided into those who are at low (< 5%), borderline (5% to < 7.5%), intermediate (7.5% to < 20%), and high (≥ 20%) risk based on the ASCVD risk estimator. Moreover, the new guideline goes further to consider a wider range of factors [now called “risk enhancers”—premature family history of ASCVD, persistently high LDL-C, chronic kidney disease (CKD), metabolic syndrome, conditions specific to women, inflammatory diseases, and high-risk ethnicities] that can be used to better inform the treatment decision. Moreover, more detailed recommendations on how the results of coronary calcium scanning can be used to inform the treatment decision are provided, including how it may be used to “de-risk” certain patients for delaying or avoiding the use of statin therapy. There are also specific sections for cholesterol management in other patient subgroups including women, children, certain ethnic groups, those with CKD, chronic inflammatory disorders and HIV, as well as discussion on the management of hypertriglyceridemia. Importantly, for persons with known ASCVD, a distinction is made for those who are at “very high risk” based on having had two major ASCVD events or one major event and two or more other high risk conditions, such as diabetes or other major risk factors, or bypass surgery or percutaneous intervention. Finally, the concept of a threshold LDL-C for initiating a non-statin therapy (after considering highest tolerated statin dosage) is provided, with ezetimibe recommended as the key non-statin to be added if the LDL-C still remains ≥ 70 mg/dL for all ASCVD patients, and in those who are at “very high risk”, further consideration for using a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor. While the new guideline does have greater detail (and arguably, complexity), the refinements provide a strategy for guiding the clinician to target both statin and non-statin therapy to those most likely to derive benefit.     

Cerebral metabolism of [3H]-p-chloroamphetamine

The time-dependent metabolism of intraventricularly administered $\text{[}{}^3\text{H}\text{]-p-}\text{chloroamphetamine}$ was followed. The parent compound and its metabolites were recovered by high pressure liquid chromatography and characterized by high pressure liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. By 4 hr after injection, two major toluene-soluble metabolites were present in brain. Their biological half-lives were different from the parent compound. On the basis of their analyses, one of the metabolites is p-chloronorephedrine, the other (P₃) is as yet unidentified. Pretreatment with Lilly 110140 prevented or markedly reduced the synthesis of both p-chloronorephedrine and P₃. Iprindole prevented the synthesis of p-chloronorephedrine. The P₃ appeared first in the brain then in the liver, suggesting that both of these organs can metabolize p-chloroamphetamine to this compound. The metabolites were recovered primarily from the nuclear and microsomal fractions following subcellular fractionation of the brain, with small quantities present in the synaptosomal fraction. The level of metabolites was higher in the brainstem than in the neocortex. Glutathione, administered simultaneously with p-chloroamphetamine either intraventricularly or intraperitoneally failed to alter the toxicity of p-chloroamphetamine.     

甘草配伍大戟的体外肝毒性研究

目的 研究甘草和大戟配伍的体外肝毒性。方法 采用显微观察法和MTT法检测不同浓度的甘草单煎液、大戟单煎液、甘草-大戟合煎液和甘草-大戟单煎混合液对人肝癌细胞HepG2增殖的影响,并比较大戟单煎液、甘草-大戟合煎液和甘草-大戟单煎混合液相当浓度下细胞毒性的大小。结果 大戟单用及大戟与甘草配伍均有细胞毒性,且呈剂量相关性;与大戟单煎液相比,甘草-大戟单煎混合液细胞毒性无明显差异,甘草-大戟合煎液细胞毒性减小。结论 甘草和大戟配伍导致大戟的体外肝毒性减小。     

刺五加的研究进展

刺五加含有苷类、黄酮、多糖等多种活性成分,具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、抗疲劳等药理作用。对国内外刺五加相关文献进行总结,为刺五加进一步的研究和开发提供参考资料。     

Conversion of the N-O-glucuronide and N-O-sulfate conjugates of N-hydroxyphenacetin to reactive intermediates

The N-O-glucuronide of [¹⁴C]acetyl-N-hydroxyphenacetin is sufficiently stable to purify, but slowly breaks down in aqueous solutions to a reactive intermediate that can covalently bind to protein. When the pure compound was incubated in Tris buffer, pH 7.4, at 37°, it decomposed with a half-life of about 8.7 hr to the following compounds: phenacetin, 2-hydroxyphenacetin glucuronide, acetamide and acetaminophen. On addition of glulathione to the systems and allowing the reactions to go to completion, a glutathione-acetaminophen conjugate was formed at the expense of acetamide and acetaminophen: the fraction converted to phenacetin or to the 2-hydroxyphenacetin glucuronide was unchanged. On addition of ascorbic acid to the system and allowing the reactions to go to completion, the fraction converted to acetaminophen was increased at the expense of acetamide: the fractions converted to phenacetin and 2-hydroxyphenacetin glucuronide, however, were again unchanged. When the glucuronide was incubated with bovine serum albumin, covalent binding to the protein occurred at the expense of acetaminophen and acetamide; again, the fraction of the glucuronide converted to phenacetin and 2-hydroxyphenacetin glucuronide was unchanged. Moreover, the covalent binding could be partially prevented by addition of ascorbic acid or glutathione. Since there is formation of covalently bound material, the glutathione conjugate and acetaminophen appear to be interrelated; it seems likely that they are formed from a common intermediate, possibly acetylimidoquinone. However, the data suggest that the formation of phenacetin and 2-hydroxyphenacetin glucuronide occurs by different mechanisms. The N-O-sulfate of [¹⁴C]acetyl-N-hydroxyphenacetin also breaks down to a reactive intermediate that has properties similar to those of the reactive intermediate formed from the N-O-glucuronide and thus may also be N-acetylimidoquinone. By contrast, the relative ability of various nucleophiles to prevent the covalent binding of the reactive intermediate formed from the N-O-sulfate of 2-acetylaminofluorene to protein differs from the relative ability of the nucleophiles to prevent the covalent binding of the reactive intermediate of either the N-O-sulfate or the N-O-glucuronide of phenacetin, suggesting that the relative rates at which these intermediates combine with the different macromolecules may differ markedly.     

Structure-activity relationships of met5- and leus-enkephalin analogues

1. The effect of various analogues of met5- and leu5-enkephalin were determined on the reduction in twitch height of the electrically-stimulated longitudinal muscle preparation of the guinea-pig ileum and of the isolated mouse vas deferens. 2. In the guinea-pig ileum, D-alanine2-met5-enkephalin was the most potent whereas leu5-enkephalin was the most potent in the mouse vas deferens. 3. The met5-enkephalin analogues were more effective in reducing the twitch height of the ileum than they were in depressing that of the vas deferens preparation. The leu5-enkephalin analogues were more potent in their effects on the mouse vas deferens than they were on the guinea-pig ileum. 4. When a peptide bond is replaced by a glycol bond as in glycol2-3-leu5-enkephalin there is a marked reduction in opiate-like activity. 5. Substitution of a D-alanine residue for the glycine2 residue, as in D-alanine2-met5-enkephalin, increases the duration and potency of opiate-like activity. 6. These results confirm that modification of either met5- or leu5-enkephalin can alter the opiate-like potency of the resulting analogues. It appears that an intact tyrosyl residue of leu5-enkephalin is essential for such activity and that substitution of a D-alanine2 residue for the glycine2 residue confers resistance to enzymatic degradation on the met5-enkephalin peptide. In addition, the glycine2-3 peptide bond is essential for opiate-like activity.     

Nampt/Visfatin/PBEF研究进展

尼克酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶(nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase,Nampt)是生物合成NAD的关键限速酶,又被称为前B细胞克隆增强因子(pre-B cell colony enhancing factor,PBEF)和内脏脂肪素(visfatin).最近研究发现,Nampt/Visfatin/PBEF在NAD生物合成、代谢、炎症反应和细胞增殖、分化、凋亡等诸多领域发挥作用,可能影响2型糖尿病、急性肺损伤、恶性肿瘤等疾病发生、发展和预后.本文主要对Nampt/Visfatin/PBEF的生理功能及临床意义进行综述.     

N6-苯甲酰基-2'-叔丁基二甲基硅氧基腺苷-3'-H-膦酸的合成工艺研究

目的 研究N~6-苯甲酰基-2′-叔丁基二甲基硅氧基腺苷-3′-H-膦酸的合成工艺。方法 以腺苷为起始原料,先对腺苷的嘌呤氨基进行苯甲酰基保护,再分别向腺苷的5′位和2′位引入二甲氧基三苯甲基(DMT)和叔丁基二甲基硅基(TBDMS)保护基,制备得到关键中间体N~6-苯甲酰基-5′-二甲氧基三苯甲氧基-2′-叔丁基二甲基硅氧基腺苷(3)。中间体3与磷试剂2-氯-4H-1,3,2-苯并二氧磷杂环己烷-4-酮反应引入膦酸基团,最后使用二氯乙酸脱除DMT保护基得到目标产物。结果 经过5步反应得到了目标化合物N~6-苯甲酰基-2′-叔丁基二甲基硅氧基腺苷-3′-H-膦酸,并利用~1H-NMR、~(31)P-NMR、质谱等方法确证了其结构。本合成工艺的总收率为35.7%,目标化合物的质量分数为98.5%。结论 该合成工艺与原有方法相比步骤短,操作简单,具有良好的应用前景。     

Quantitative histochemical studies of striatal dopamine depletion following dl-α-methyl-p-tyrosine administration

This study investigated the use of a microfluorimetric histochemical method for the measurement of the depletion of dopamine in the rat caudate nucleus, following α-methyl-p-tyrosine (α-MT) administration. The depletion in three behavioral situations was compared with that of a control group which remained in a cage.The results of the control group indicate that there had been a reduction of approximately 50% in the intensity of the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence derived from dopamine in a region of the neuropil of the caudate nucleus, during the interval (3 hr 40 min) between α-MT, 300 mg/kg i.p., and killing. Disruption of conditioned avoidance response (CAR) performance after α-MT administration was confirmed, but in this study CAR performance in previously trained rats did not have a significant effect on the depletion of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of the striatal neuropil after α-MT administration. The levels of α-MT-induced depletion of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in the striatal neuropil following a period of muscular co-ordination/activity and following a period of CAR training were also not significantly different from those shown by a control group.