Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder: report of 33 cases

Background The laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) with orthotopic ileal neobladder is now applied to treat invasive bladder cancer, however, it has not been well codified and illustrated. We describe in this paper a technique step by step that we have developed in 33 patients and achieved excellent results.Methods The surgical procedure can be divided into eight steps: laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy and mobilization of the distal ureters; exposing Denonvillier’s space and the posterior aspect of prostate; exposing retropubic space and anterior surface of the bladder; dividing the lateral pedicles of the bladder and the prostate; dividing the apex of the prostate; extracorporeal formation of the ileal pouch; extracorporeal implantation of the ureters; and laparoscopic urethra-neobladder anastomosis. This operation was performed in 33 patients, 29 males and 4 females, with muscle invasive bladder cancer between December 2002 and September 2004.Results The operating time was 5.5-8.5 hours with an average of 6.5 hours; the estimated blood loss was 200-1000 ml with an average of 460 ml. The surgical margins of the bladder specimen were negative in all patients. There was no evidence of local recurrence at follow-up of 1-21 months in all the patients. However lymph node metastases were found in one case at 9 months postoperatively. Most of patients achieved urine control 1 to 3 months after surgery. The daytime continence rate was 94% (31 cases) and nighttime continence rate was 88% (29 cases). Urodynamic evaluation was performed between 3 and 6 months postoperatively for all cases. The mean value of neobladder capacity was (296±37) ml. The mean value of maximum flow rate was (18.7±7.1) ml/s. The mean residual urine volume was (32±19) ml. In all cases, excretory urography at 1 to 2 months postoperatively demonstrated slightly dilated upper urinary tracts without ureteral obstruction, which resolved at follow up. Cystography showed neobladders being similar in shapes to normal. Two small ureteral nipples with intermittently efflux of urine were observed at cystoscopy in most patients. Postoperative complications occurred in 6 of 33 patients (18%), including pouch leakage in 2 cases, pelvic infection in 1, partial small bowel obstruction in 2 and neobladder-vaginal fistula in 1.Conclusions The LRC with orthotopic ileal neobladder is a feasible option for bladder cancer when radical cystectomy is indicated. The extracorporeal formation of the ileal pouch and ureteral implantation through a small lower midline incision can simplify the complexity of the procedures, shorten the duration of surgery and reduce the medical expenses.     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder in the female: report of 14 cases

Background Bladder carcinoma is the most common malignant urological tumor in China. We present our preliminary experience and results of laparoscopic radical cystectomy （LRC） with orthotopic ileal neobladder in female patients with bladder carcinoma.
Methods From February 2003 to February 2008, 14 female patients with bladder carcinoma underwent LRC with orthotopic ileal neobladder. Nine of these patients underwent hysterectomy and ovariectomy, and the other 5 had preservation of the uterus and ovarian appendage. Standard bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was followed by radical cystectomy that was completed laparoscopically with hysterectomy and ovariectomy when needed. The tumor was removed by a 4-5 cm lower midline abdominal incision, followed by the construction of ileal neobladder and the extracorporeal anastomosis of ureter-neobladder. The neobladder was anastomosed to the urethral stump under a laparoscope.
Results The mean operative time and blood loss in the 14 patients were 350.2 minutes and 349.8 ml, respectively. Postoperative complications included uretero-pouch anastomotic stricture in 1 patient and pouch-vaginal fistula in 1 patient. Follow-up time of all patients ranged from 3 to 60 months, and 12 patients were followed up for more than 6 months and achieved micturition in half a year. One patient had occasional day-time urinary incontinence and 2 had night-time incontinence. Two patients who had undergone hystectomy and ovariectomy had voiding difficulties after one year, which was treated by intermittent self-catheterization. The mean volume of the neobladder and the residual urine were 333.6 ml and 31.2 ml, respectively. Surgical margins were tumor free for all patients. One patient had bone metastasis and died 11 months after the operation.
Conclusions LRC with orthotopic ileal neobladder in female patients is a technically feasible, safe and mini-invasive procedure with a low morbidity and acceptable neobladder function. Long-term follow-up is required to confirm the neobladder func     

Orthotopic ileal neobladder similar to original bladder

Objective To report the surgical techniques and results of an 8-year follow-up study of 42 patients with a modified orthotopic ileal neobladder restoring normal anatomical relationship. Methods Total cystoprostatectomy was performed extraperitoneally. A 45-50 cm segment of the ileal loop was isolated, detubularized, and reconfigured into an “M”-shape to form a pouch. Bilateral ureters were implanted by inserting 1 cm distal segment into the pouch. The bottom of pouch was opened and anastomosed with the urethra. Results Forty-two patients were followed up for 6 to 96 months,90.5% of whom were continent in the daytime, and 85.7% at night. Two patients had a difficulty in urination. The average volume of the pouch was （361±48） ml at 12 months postoperation. Urodynamic examination showed the average peak voiding pressure was （86.8±21.4） cmH2O. The average maximum flow rate (Qmax) was （18.4±6.1） ml/s. No remarkable ureter reflux and obstruction were found. No patient was detected to have urethral carcinoma.Conclusions Extraperitoneal cystectomy can avoid the tumor contamination of the abdomen and intestinal interference of the operative field. The ureter-inserting implantation technique is a simple anti-reflux anastomosis method with less ureter stenosis rate. Isolating the neobladder and ureters from the peritoneal cavity can reduce the postoperative complications, such as adhesive ileus, internal hernia, and urine leakage into the peritoneal cavity. The neobladder is similar to the original bladder in position, volume, shape and anti-reflux ureter connection.     

Squamous cell carcinoma in an ileal neobladder: a case report and review of the literature

Itis rare for a primary tumor to occur in an ileal conduit, although it has been used for urinary diversion for more than four decades. Most malignant tumors that have been reported in ileal conduits have been adenocarcinomas. 1,2 To our knowledge, squamous cell carcinoma in an orthotopic and continent ileal neobladder has not been reported. We report here a case of squamous cell carcinoma and calculi in an ileal neobladder 6 years after a cystectomy and an ileal neobladder diversion for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and also review the literature.     

Obstruction of ileal loop in bricker type bladder after laparoscopic radical cystectomy

To the editor：Laparoscopic cystectomy and ileal neobladder is a conventional treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer.Obstruction of ileal loop in urinay diversion surgery is an extremely rare complication.We reported a case of ileal loop obstruction because of angled adhesion after laparoscopic cystectomy and Bricker type urinary diversion.     

A comparative evaluation of 3 kinds of cecocolon urinary reservoir

Objective To evaluate and compare 3 kinds of cecocloln urinary reservoir. Methods Perm pouch, indiana pouch or detenial cecocolon reservoir has been performed for 37 patients. The outcome was evaluated by urodynamic and clinically. Results Good continence has been achieved in all patients with an appendiceal continence mechanism. The capacity and intrareservoir pressure of detenial cecocolon was significantly different from penn or indiana pouch 3 months postoperatively (P<0.01) whereas the difference became in no significant 12 months postoperativelly (P>0. 05). The intrareservoir pressure on contraction was lower with penn pouch. Conclusion The penn or modified indiana pouch is better and more ideal as a urinary reservoir whereas the detenial cecocolon pouch is technically simpler. 6 refs,1 tab.     

Urodynamic study of enhanced continent mechanism using tapered ileum as continent urinary reservoir

Objective To investigate the effect of extramural support from the pouch and abdominal wall to enhance the continent mechanism of tapered ileum. Methods A total of 24 patients underwent a procedure in which an ileal segment was tapered into an efferent tube, of which a part was placed between the back surface of the rectus muscle and the ileal pouch wall. The internal orifice of the tapered ileum was anastomosed to the ileal pouch and its external orifice was anastomosed to the umbilicus. A urodynamic study of the efferent tubes and pouch was done 1.5 to 3 months and 6 to 24 months postoperatively. Results One patient died of heart disease 55 days postoperatively, while 22 of the remaining 23 were completely continent day and night. At 1.5 to 3 months, the urodynamic study of the efferent tubes demonstrated that the maximum closure pressure with a full pouch was 46-124 cmH20 （91.26±15.71 cmH20）and with an empty pouch was 34-84 cmH20 （67±10.60 cmH20）. The difference in mean maximum closure pressure in the full and empty pouches was statistically significant (t=-11.78 and P=0.00001). At 6 to 24 months, a second urodynamic study was performed on 18 cases, demonstrating a reservoir capacity of 420 to 750 ml (481.67±78.83 ml). Reservoir pressure was 6 to 9 cmH(2)O (7.17±1.17 cmH20) when the pouch was filled to 50 ml, and 16 to 35 cmH(2)O (24.12±5.61 cmH20) when it was filled to maximum capacity. There was no contractive wave during the filling in any patient. Maximum closure pressure in the efferent tube was 80 to 194 cm H(2)O (98.89±26.34 cmH20) when the pouch was filled with saline, and 64 to 128 cmH(2)O (74.78±14.54 cmH20) when the pouch was empty. The difference in mean maximum closure pressure in the full and empty pouches was statistically significant (t=-7.58 and P=0.00003). Conclusions This study indicates that the continent mechanism of tapered ileum may be greatly enhanced by extramural support from the abdominal and pouch walls.     

Tissue-engineered conduit using bladder acellular matrix and bladder epithelial cells for urinary diversion in rabbits

Background For muscle invasive bladder cancer,radical cystectomy is the most effective treatment now and urinary diversion is often necessary.The use of intestinal tissue for urinary diversion is frequ...     

Hand-assisted-drawing-needle running suture with a curved needle: an effective technique to create a W-ileal neobladder

Background  An important milestone in the area of urinary diversion was the advent of a series of orthotopic bladder substitution (OBS). However, reconstruction of OBS by the traditional hand suture method (THSM) is a time-consuming process. Stapling techniques are considered to be inferior to hand-sewn methods. We report our experience and functional results in patients with W-ileal neobladder by a hand-assisted-drawing-needle running suture (HADNRS).

Methods  Between April 1993 and December 2011, 347 patients (338 men and 9 women) aged 28–77 years (median age: 59 years) underwent radical cystectomy, followed by the creation of a modified W-ileal neobladder by HADNRS with a curved needle. A total of 347 (20 patients in 2003) were evaluated by urodynamic tests.

Results  The operative time ranged from 110 to 310 minutes (mean 148 minutes), and the mean time of reconstruction by HADNRS, excluding ureterointestinal and ileouretral anastomosis, was (20.2±4.3) minutes. Histopathological analysis of removed specimens showed that 317 patients had transitional cell bladder carcinoma. Of these 317 patients, 19 also had squamous carcinoma and 13 had adenocarcinoma. Glandularis and prostate cancer occurred in 16 and 14 patients, respectively. Three patients (0.8%) had neobladder abdominal fistula. No other early complications or injury to the surgeon’s hands occurred due to HADNRS. Of the 20 cases with urodynamic examinations in 2003, two suffered from daytime incontinence and six had nocturnal incontinence. The maximum capacity of the neobladder was (492.9±177.8) ml, and the maximum pressure within the reservoir at the end of filling was (32.1±8.6) cmH₂O.

Conclusion  Reconstruction of W-ileal neobladder by HADNRS is effective and economical.

     

Kidney, ureter, bladder

Study on the correlation between bladder wall weight and bladder outlet obstruction in patients with benigh prostatic hyperplasia;Analysis of risk factors of systemic inflammatory syndrome after percutaneons nepholithotomy;A retrospective analysis for deposition of peritubular capillary C4d in excised renal allograft;Clinical management of kidney transplantation in highly sensitized recipients;Ileal continent efferent tube procedure treating megacystis-megaureter syndrome secondary to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus;Orthotopic ileal or sigmoid colon neobladder after radical cystectomy;     

T型原位回肠新膀胱:尿动力学与上尿路功能初步评价

目的 评价T型原位回肠新膀胱尿动力学特征及对上尿路功能的影响.方法 2004年6月至2009年9月,90例T2a～T4a膀胱肿瘤患者接受根治性膀胱切除加T型原位回肠新膀胱重建术,采用肌酐测定、超声、膀胱造影、静脉尿路影或增强CT等方法进行上尿路功能的检查,对患者进行尿控情况的随访与尿动力学评价.结果 术后3周拔除导尿管之前行膀胱造影检查,未发现明显造影剂外溢,4例(4.4%)输入袢显示清楚,但未见输尿管显示,其他均未见反流.上尿路超声、静脉尿路造影或CT检查,提示18例(20.0%)术后45 d内出现双侧肾盂及输尿管的暂时性轻度扩张,其中1例(1.1%)出现术后一过性肾功能不全,肌酐最高达57 mg/L,但在随访过程中肾盂输尿管恢复正常形态;4例(4.4%)术后3年出现双侧肾盂输尿管轻度扩张,但肾功能保持正常;其他患者血尿素氮、肌酐均在正常范围之内.日间94.4%(85/90)患者能完全控尿,5.6%(5/90)控尿满意,满意率达100%;夜间41.1%(37/90)患者完全控尿,41.1%(37/90)控尿满意,17.8%(16/90)控尿不满意,满意率达82.2%.尿动力学结果显示,平均灌注末压力为(16±10)cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),最大膀胱容量为(316±96)ml;排尿呈腹压排尿模式,最高压力为(87±25)cm H2O,平均最大尿流率为(17±10)ml/s,残余尿量为(33±29)ml.结论 T型原位新膀胱输入袢的抗反流效果令人满意,充分保护了上尿路功能;新膀胱具有良好顺应性,患者控尿能力、尿流率及残余尿量也令人满意.     

膀胱全切原位W形回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌临床分析

目的：探讨膀胱全切原位W形回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌的临床疗效。方法：32例膀胱癌患者,其中男29
例,女3例,均行膀胱全切原位W形回肠新膀胱术。膀胱全切后,截取35~40 cm末端回肠,排列成W形制作原位新膀
胱。双侧输尿管与新膀胱乳头法吻合,尿道与新膀胱低位吻合。结果：所有患者手术均成功,术后患者可通过腹
压自主排尿,白天控尿率为87.5%,夜间控尿率为78.1%。术后6个月平均膀胱容量410.6 mL,残余尿量22.7 mL。
术后新膀胱漏尿3例,轻度肠梗阻2例,新膀胱尿道吻合口狭窄1例,新膀胱分泌物导致排尿困难3例,并发症经处
理后效果满意。9例术前有勃起功能男性患者,术后5例保留勃起功能;1例保留子宫和附件女性患者术后性功能正
常。平均随访15个月,1例患者因肺部感染、肿瘤远处转移死亡,其余患者均无瘤生存。结论：膀胱全切原位W形回
肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌术后患者可原位排尿,控尿良好,上尿路损害与电解质紊乱发生率低,可作为膀胱全切尿流
改道的首选。术后应注意并发症的处理和随访。     

膀胱癌行膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术的临床治疗效果分析

目的探讨膀胱癌行膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术的临床治疗效果。方法对25例膀胱癌患者使用膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术治疗,术后随访无复发情况,白天控尿良好的患者占94%,夜间控尿良好的占84%。排尿通畅者占21例,不畅者占4例;B超检查没有出现上尿路扩张症状,膀胱造影没有发现膀胱输尿管返流现象。结论膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

腹腔镜下膀胱全切除原位乙状结肠代膀胱术(附12例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下膀胱全切除原位乙状结肠代膀胱手术的方法与治疗效果。方法:对12例浸润性膀胱癌患者采用腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术,前列腺切除或子宫次全切除。经腹壁造口取出切除物,行乙状结肠去带原位新膀胱术。结果:12例手术成功,手术时间5~10 h,平均6.5 h;出血量200~1 000 ml,平均387 ml,代膀胱充盈良好,容量约300 ml,术后4~6周患者恢复控尿功能,无排尿困难及尿失禁。结论:腹腔镜下行膀胱全切除视野清晰,可减少出血,缩短手术时间。     

腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术108例分析

目的 报道108例腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术手术资料及术后并发症、性功能、控尿功能和肿瘤根治情况.方法 2002年12月至2007年5月,108例膀胱癌患者施行了腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术,其中男96例,女12例.采用5孔经腹入路,首先进行完全腹腔镜下标准的双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫及根治性膀胱切除,然后行体外回肠新膀胱的构建和输尿管新膀胱吻合,最后在腹腔镜下进行新膀胱尿道吻合,其中26例患者施行保留勃起神经步骤.结果 平均手术时间为330 min,出血量为320 ml,无中转开放手术.无围手术期死亡,手术并发症发生率为18.5%,所有患者手术切缘均为阴性.术后6个月日间尿控率90.7%,夜间尿控率82.6%.术后6个月,26例行保留勃起神经患者中10例有性功能.术后随访1～53个月,局部肿瘤复发5例,套管穿刺口种植转移1例,远处转移6例,随访期间死亡11例.结论 腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术是可行的,具有低并发症和较好的新膀胱功能.     

回肠膀胱术与原位回肠新膀胱术的临床比较研究

 目的 探讨分析全膀胱切除术后2种尿流改道术式的临床效果及并发症。方法 回顾分析我科从2003年05月至2009年12月间126例膀胱癌全膀胱切除患者（其中行回肠膀胱术45 例,原位回肠新膀胱术81 例）的临床资料、手术近、远期并发症,并进行比较研究。结果 回肠膀胱术组的尿瘘、不全肠梗阻、手术时间、平均住院天数、对上尿路的损害及围手术期死亡率均明显低于原位回肠新膀胱术组,差异均具有统计学意义（P0.05）。结论 回肠膀胱术与原位回肠新膀胱术都是较好的膀胱全切术后尿流改道方式,但回肠膀胱术因操作相对简单、并发症少,应为高龄及合并基础疾病患者的优先选择。     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除及回肠原位新膀胱术（附9例报告）

目的总结腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加回肠原位新膀胱术的经验。方法对9例膀胱癌患者施行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除及回肠原位新膀胱术,采用完全腹腔镜下标准的双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫加根治性膀胱切除,然后体外行回肠新膀胱构建和输尿管新膀胱吻合,最后在腹腔镜下行新膀胱尿道吻合。结果9例手术均成功,无中转开腹,无围手术期死亡,平均手术时间为370min,平均出血量为650ml,所有患者手术切缘均为阴性。术后9例日间尿控均良好,2例存在夜间尿失禁。术后随访2—8个月,1例出现新膀胱腹壁瘘,1例发生新膀胱前假性尿液囊肿,2例出现肾盂肾炎。结论腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加回肠原位新膀胱术具有切口小、损伤少、疼痛轻、出血少、术后恢复快等优势,将成为肌层浸润性膀胱癌的标准手术方式。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除联合原位回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌22例

目的 总结机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除联合原位回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌的临床经验,评估其疗效和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2019年12月接受机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除联合原位回肠新膀胱术治疗的膀胱癌患者的临床资料。共22例,均为男性,年龄为32~71岁（中位年龄63岁）。统计手术方法、手术时间、术后拔管时间、并发症等围手术期资料,术后病理结果,以及肿瘤控制情况和尿控效果等随访资料。结果 22例患者手术均顺利完成,无术中转开放手术者。其中4例行单孔手术,2例为全腔镜下原位回肠新膀胱术。手术时间为320~600（420±36）min,术中出血量为100~400（150±17）mL,围手术期均未输血。术后1~2 d（中位数2 d）下床活动,1~3 d（中位数2 d）恢复肠道通气,5~21 d（中位数10 d）拔除负压引流管,10~25 d（中位数14 d）拔除导尿管。本组患者均无术中肠道损伤、术后肠梗阻等肠道并发症,无切口感染。2例发生新膀胱漏尿,经延长留置导尿管后自行愈合。所有患者术后病理结果均为尿路上皮癌。术后随访3~15个月,未出现肿瘤复发,无患者死亡。术后2个月20例（90.1%）患者尿控满意。1例患者术后4个月因内疝而手术,2例患者术后6个月因排尿困难给予间歇自我导尿。结论 机器人辅助根治性膀胱切除联合原位回肠新膀胱术在临床上安全可行,短期肿瘤控制和尿控效果满意,远期疗效有待通过病例累积和长期随访进一步评估。     

全膀胱切除137例临床分析

目的总结探讨全膀胱切除尿流改道不同术式的临床特点。方法回顾性分析137例行全膀胱切除术患者的临床资料,其中男117例,女20例;年龄36～88岁,平均65.2岁。经腹腔镜手术101例,其中9例术中改开放手术;传统开放术式36例。尿流改道方式:原位回肠新膀胱术86例,占62.8%;原位乙状结肠新膀胱术12例,占8.8%;回肠膀胱术20例,占14.6%;输尿管乙状结肠吻合术9例,占6.6%;输尿管皮肤造口术8例,占5.8%;胃代膀胱术2例,占1.5%。结果所有手术均获成功,手术时间为4～8h,术中出血400～1 600mL,随访3～60个月,术后早期并发症包括伤口感染、漏尿和肠梗阻等,严重并发症为肠瘘3例。围手术期死亡3例,死亡原因为呼吸、循环系统疾病。术后晚期主要并发症有泌尿系结石、尿路感染等。获随访的原位新膀胱术者51例,白天控尿良好48例(94.1%),夜间控尿良好43例(84.3%)。获随访的72例中男性67例,其中41例自诉阴茎可勃起,占61.2%(41/67)。术后无长期尿失禁,未发现尿道肿瘤。结论根治性全膀胱切除手术风险较高,术前应充分评估适应证;原位膀胱术是尿流改道的首选术式;全膀胱切除尿流改道严重并发症少,不易复发,患者生活质量高,是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的理想方法。