Bloodletting Puncture at Hand Twelve Jing-Well Points Relieves Brain Edema after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats via Inhibiting MAPK Signaling Pathway

Objective:To investigate whether blood-brain barrier(BBB)served a key role in the edema-relief effect of bloodletting puncture at hand twelve Jing-well points(HTWP)in traumatic brain injury(TBI)and the potential molecular signaling pathways.Methods:Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to the shamoperated(sham),TBI,and bloodletting puncture(bloodletting)groups(n=24 per group)using a randomized number table.The TBI model rats were induced by cortical contusion and then bloodletting puncture were performed at HTWP twice a day for 2 days.The neurological function and cerebral edema were evaluated by modified neurological severity score(mNSS),cerebral water content,magnetic resonance imaging and hematoxylin and eosin staining.Cerebral blood flow was measured by laser speckles.The protein levels of aquaporin 4(AQP4),matrix metalloproteinases 9(MMP9)and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway(MAPK)signaling were detected by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot.Results:Compared with TBI group,bloodletting puncture improved neurological function at 24 and 48 h,alleviated cerebral edema at 48 h,and reduced the permeability of BBB induced by TBI(all P<0.05).The AQP4 and MMP9 which would disrupt the integrity of BBB were downregulated by bloodletting puncture(P<0.05 or P<0.01).In addition,the extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)and p38 signaling pathways were inhibited by bloodletting puncture(P<0.05).Conclusions:Bloodletting puncture at HTWP might play a significant role in protecting BBB through regulating the expressions of MMP9 and AQP4 as well as corresponding regulatory upstream ERK and p38 signaling pathways.Therefore,bloodletting puncture at HTWP may be a promising therapeutic strategy for TBI-induced cerebral edema.     

如何学好药理学

药理学是研究药物与机体相互作用、作用机制及规律的科学,是连接基础医学与临床医学、医学与药学的一门重要课程.许多学生在初次学习药理学时,认为药理学不好学,内容复杂、抽象,药物种类较多,抓不住重点,难以记忆,不知道怎样学习药理学,现就这些问题谈谈学习药理学的方法.     

昆虫抗冻蛋白及其在医学领域中的应用

抗冻蛋白(antifreeze protein,AFP)是一类结构多样的蛋白质,具有热滞效应(thermal hysteresis,TH,降低冰点而不改变熔点)和重结晶抑制效应(recrystalization inhabition,RI).通过非共价吸附抑制机制吸附到冰核表面,限制冰晶生长和抑制冰晶重结晶,从而保护有机体免受结冰引起的伤害.由于抗冻蛋白具有阻止冰晶生长而不破坏细胞的特点,因而利用抗冻蛋白在低温中长期保存各种细胞、组织和器官,特别在器官移植中可能具有很好的应用前景.     

Sternal Reconstruction of Deep Sternal Wound Infections Following Median Sternotomy by Single-stage Muscle Flaps Transposition

Objective To assess clinical effectiveness of using bilateral pectoralis major or plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps in treating deep sternal wound infection （DSWI） following median sternotomy. Methods Between January 2009 and December 2013, 19 patients with DSWI after median sternotomy for cardiac surgery were admitted to our hospital, including 14 males （73.7%） and 5 females （26.3%）, aged 55±13 （18-78） years. According to the Pairolero classification of infected median sternotomies, 3 （15.8%） patients were type II, and the other 16 （84.2%） were type III. Surgical procedure consisted of adequate debridement of infected sternum, costal cartilage, granulation, steel wires, suture residues and other foreign substances. Sternal reconstruction used the bilateral pectoralis major or plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps to obliterate dead space. The drainage tubes were placed and connected to a negative pressure generator for adequate drainage. Results There were no intraoperative deaths. In 15 patients （78.9%）, bilateral pectoral muscle flaps were mobilized sufficiently to cover and stabilize the defect created by wound debridement. 4 patients （21.0%） needed bilateral pectoral muscle flaps plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps because their pectoralis major muscle flaps could not reach the lowest portion of the wound. 2 patients （10.5%） presented with subcutaneous infection, and 3 patients （15.8%） had hematoma. They recovered following local debridement and medication. 17 patients （89.5%） were examined at follow-up 12 months later, all healed and having stable sternum. No patients showed infection recurrence during the follow-up period over 12 months. Conclusion DSWI following median sternotomy may be effectively managed with adequate debridement of infected tissues and reconstruction with bilateral pectoralis major muscle or plus rectus abdominis muscle flap transposition.     

对症喝汤好处多

夏季多喝汤不仅能调节口味,补充体液,增强食欲,而且能防病抗病,对健康有益. 日常人们常喝的汤有荤、素两大类.荤汤有鸡汤、肉汤、骨头汤、鱼汤、蛋花汤等,素汤有海带汤、豆腐汤、紫菜汤、番茄汤、冬瓜汤和米汤等.无论是荤汤还是素汤,都应根据各人的喜好与口味来选料烹制,加之"对症喝汤",就可达到抗衰治病、清热解毒的"汤疗"效果.     

植皮区域局限性皮肤松弛症1例

病人,女,81岁.40年前在工作时双上肢不慎被火烧伤,当年在大连化工厂医院烧伤科给予取自体腹部皮肤行前臂植皮术,术后植皮区域皮肤成活修复良好.4年前无明显诱因双侧前臂植皮区域肤色逐渐变深,无意中发现皮肤明显松弛,无不适感.近3个月自觉植皮区域疼痛不适,局部无红肿等,轻微牵拉皮肤时疼痛明显.自发病起4年皮损未见扩大.患者既往体健,否认家族有类似病患者.     

POCT的信息管理

POCT是在医疗条件下,由非实验室的卫生保健人员,在实验室的质控指导下,于病人身边进行的检验。它广泛适用于医院(如外科,儿科)、监护病房、急救单位、保险公司、社区医疗、家庭保健网络等领域。当今,POCT在全球方兴未艾,据调查,现今已有10%的诊断实验是在POCT仪器上完成的,究其原因,无非是POCT兼具医学上的有效性及经济两个方面的优势。当然,随着POCT设备的投放不断增加,使用范围不断拓展,POCT的管理问题也日益凸现,本文将对POCT实施中的信息管理的若干问题进行初步探讨。     

第16届欧洲呼吸学会年会会议纪要

第16届欧洲呼吸学会年会(The European Respiratory Society 16th Annual Congress)于2006年9月1日～6日在德国慕尼黑市国际会议中心(ICM)召开,来自100多个国家和地区的16 888名代表参加了会议,大会共收到论文5277篇,接收论文4221篇,其中来自中国(包括香港、澳门和台湾)84篇(图1).现将会议内容扼要介绍如下.     

维生素B1和维生素B12肌注致过敏性休克1例报告

1 临床资料 患者,男,23岁,因左下肢疼痛20 d来医院就诊.询问病史:患者2 d前在上级医院诊断为坐骨神经痛.既往健康,无药物过敏史.门诊当日给予维生素B1 100 mg,维生素B12 250靏肌注,用药约5 min时患者感到头晕、胸闷、呼吸困难、寒战,面色苍白,脉搏105次·min-1,血压80/50 mmHg,考虑为药物所致过敏性休克,立即给予平卧,氧气吸入,肾上腺素1 mg肌注,地塞米松10 mg静注,5 min后患者恢复正常.     

急性冠脉综合征介入治疗后冠状动脉支架内血栓临床分析

目的探讨冠状动脉支架置入术后支架内血栓形成的临床特点及治疗措施。方法回顾性分析273例急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者中冠状动脉支架术后4例支架内急性和亚急性血栓患者的临床及冠状动脉造影特点，并评价其治疗方法的疗效。结果因ACS在兰州大学第一医院行直接或补救性PCI患者273例中4例在PCI术后3～66h发生冠状动脉内血栓形成，支架内血栓形成后多数患者出现典型的临床表现及心电图改变，行急诊冠状动脉造影复查证实原支架内完全血栓性闭塞，急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗，2例患者治愈存活出院，2例患者抢救无效死亡。结论支架内亚急性血栓形成的原因是多方面的，主要与血管病变特点，支架长度及帖壁情况，抗凝、抗血小板是否充分有关。急诊再次介入治疗是治疗支架内血栓形成的首选治疗方案，尽早实施急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗可增加抢救成功率。     

高速冠状动脉旋磨术治疗钙化性冠状动脉狭窄

目的:探讨高速冠状动脉旋磨术治疗钙化性冠状动脉狭窄急性期和远期效果。方法:对32例经冠状动脉造影诊断为钙化性狭窄的34处靶血管行高速冠状动脉旋磨术,并行补充性经皮冠状动脉腔内血管成形术(PTCA)或支架置入术,观察急性期疗效、并发症发生率、远期随访结果。结果:由术前狭窄(87.5±7.6)%减至术后残余狭窄(5.0±10.4)%熏血管造影成功率100%,操作成功率96.9%。急性期无死亡、Q波心肌梗死、急诊冠脉搭桥(CABG)。1例无Q波心肌梗死,随访期内2例心肌缺血症状复发,心源性死亡1例,再次血管重建2例,无CABG病例。结论:高速冠状动脉旋磨术联合PTCA或支架置入术治疗钙化性冠状动脉狭窄安全可行,成功率高,并发症少,远期效果好。     

Acute coronary insufficiency with normal coronary arteriograms.

Two patients presenting with apparent symptomatic and electrocardiographic evidence of acute coronary insufficiency and found to have normal coronary arteriograms are documented. The patients remain symptom free at follow-up 9 and 14 months later although one requires 160 mg propranolol daily. The electrocardiographic, myocardial metabolic and haemodynamic data in 413 patients with angina and normal coronary arteriograms are reviewed and the suggested aetiologies documented. Follow-up of patients in these series indicates a good prognosis for symptom-free survival.     

经桡动脉介入治疗复杂冠脉病变的临床研究

目的 探讨复杂冠状动脉病变经桡动脉途径行介入治疗的成功率和并发症,并与经股动脉途径行相似病变治疗作比较.方法 209例复杂冠状动脉病变的冠心病患者经桡动脉途径行介入治疗(桡动脉组),187例有相似病变特征的冠心病患者经股动脉途径行介入治疗(股动脉组),观察两组手术成功率、术后并发症等情况.结果 桡动脉组手术成功率为96.7%,与股动脉组(98.2%)相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).但术后与穿刺有关的并发症发生率,桡动脉组明显少于股动脉组(P<0.05);术后卧床时间也明显短于股动脉组(P<0.05).而桡动脉组从穿刺开始至指引导管放置成功所需的时间长于经股动脉组(P<0.05).结论 经选择的冠状动脉复杂病变经桡动脉途径介入治疗具有较高的成功率,桡动脉途径术后与穿刺有关的并发症发生率低.     

Revolution CT 冠状动脉成像与冠状动脉造影评估冠状动脉狭窄的一致性研究

目的 探讨Revolution CT 冠状动脉成像与冠状动脉造影（CAG）评估冠状动脉狭窄的一致性。方法 选取2016年8月～2018年8月我院收治的冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（CHD）患者262例为研究对象,所有患者均行CAG和Revolution CT检查。以CAG为金标准,冠状动脉狭窄程度50%、75%为界,从冠状动脉血管和冠状动脉血管节段两个方面评价Revolution CT检查的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确性。结果 以冠状动脉狭窄程度50%、75%为界,从冠状动脉血管分析, Revolution CT与CAG诊断的Kappa值分别为0.851、0.885（P＜0.05）, Revolution CT诊断的灵敏度为92.59%、92.91%,特异度为92.53%、95.56%,准确度为92.56%、94.27%,阳性预测值为93.26%、95.16%,阴性预测值为91.78%、93.48%;从冠状动脉血管节段分析, Revolution CT与CAG诊断的Kappa值分别为0.828、0.826（P＜0.05）, Revolution CT诊断的灵敏度为93.47%、96.88%,特异度为93.97%、87.21%,准确度为93.59%、95.39%,阳性预测值为98.13%、97.67%,阴性预测值为80.96%、83.47%。结论 Revolution CT能较准确地诊断不同程度的冠状动脉狭窄,与CAG诊断有较好的一致性,但 Revolution CT诊断可能出现假阳性结果,故目前临床中仍不能完全替代CAG检查。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗并发冠状动脉穿孔的处理

目的　回顾性分析 8例冠状动脉穿孔的原因、处理及其近期预后。方法　回顾性分析 1995～ 2 0 0 2年 8例冠状动脉穿孔患者的临床资料、造影征象、穿孔原因、处理过程及近期预后和转归 ,其中男 3例 ,女 5例 ,平均年龄为 5 9岁。结果　经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术 (PTCA)导丝损伤所致穿孔 4例 ,球囊扩张或支架释放过程中压力过大致血管破裂 4例。 3例行球囊压迫 ,1例行球囊压迫 急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG) ,1例行弹簧圈栓堵 带膜支架置入 ,其余 2例小分支穿孔无水乙醇封堵。心包填塞 4例 ,死亡 3例。结论　冠状动脉穿孔是经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI)过程中较为凶险的一种并发症 ,部分患者短时间内即可发生心包填塞 ,甚至死亡 ,及时诊断、积极治疗是减少患者病死率的关键     

介入治疗后冠状动脉再狭窄与冠心病易患因素吸烟关系分析

目的 探讨国人冠心病介入治疗后再狭窄与冠心病易患因素吸烟关系。方法 冠心病介入治疗３５２例中,选择连续６５例（８６个冠脉狭窄病变）术后３～１６个月随访重复冠脉造影者,冠脉定量分析（ＱＣＡ）术前、术后和随访复查冠脉造影图象,并分析再狭窄发生率及随访时内径丢失与冠心病易患因素的关系。结果 再狭窄发生时间与吸烟史、多个易患因素、多支病变、病变类型、前降支病变、随访期尿酸呈正性相关,与支架置入呈负性相关,     

经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术治疗复杂冠状动脉病变

目的探讨应用经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）治疗复杂冠状动脉病变的效果。方法５例冠心病患者经选择性冠状动脉造影证实为复杂冠状动脉病变即Ｂ型或Ｃ型病变者，采用Ｇｒｕｅｎｔｚｉｇ等建立的方法进行ＰＴＣＡ。结果１２处冠状动脉病变扩张成功１０处，成功率为８３．３％，其余两处病变一处因球囊未能通过狭窄部，另一处因术中患者发生严重的心律失常而未行扩张。术后患者的症状均得以缓解或消失。结论ＰＴＣＡ也适用于治疗复杂冠状动脉病变，且疗效较好，但危险性较大，并发症较多。     

Ad-hoc percutaneous coronary intervention and staged percutaneous coronary intervention

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a catheter based procedure where a catheter system is introduced through a systemic artery under local anesthesia in a stenotic coronary artery by controlled inflation of a distensible balloon. At early period, PCI was done in a separate session following coronary angiogram (Staged PCI) and it was more costly and hospital stay was long. As the expertization and laboratory facilities improved, the health care providers think about cost, hospital stay and patient convenience. So, to reduce the cost and patient preferred more PCI being done immediately following diagnostic catheterization (Ad-hoc PCI). Subsequently this Ad-hoc procedure becomes popular and now most of the PCI are Ad-hoc PCI worldwide. Rate of combined procedure (Ad-hoc) progressively increased from 54% in 1990 to 88% in 2000 with a significant decrease in rate of complications. In the initial study of Ad-hoc PCI suggested that Ad-hoc PCI should be done in selected group of patients as there was some potential risk factors (e.g. Multivessel diseases, unstable angina, aortic valve disease, and recent infarction or thrombolytic therapy) for Ad-hoc procedure and some (e.g. Older age, multivessel PTCA and complex lesion PTCA) for staged procedure. But recent studies showed that no significant difference in respect of safety and efficacy between Ad-hoc and staged PCI. Previous studies, in the era of balloon angioplasty from 1985 to 1995, Haraphonges et al. (1988), Rozenman et al. (1995) and Kimmel et al. (1997) suggested that an ad hoc approach is safe, with potentially more complications in patients with unstable angina pectoris or other high-risk factors. However, these reports have been limited to observational studies representing single institution experiences with small samples and inclusion of patients who underwent emergency PCI procedures. In Bangladesh a prospective observational study was done among 120 patients to compare the outcome of Ad-hoc and staged PCI and high angiographic, procedural and clinical success rate with minimum complications were observed in Ad-hoc PCI in comparison to Staged PCI.     

男性冠心病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与冠状动脉病变程度的对照分析

目的　研究男性冠心病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与冠状动脉病变程度之间的关系。方法　测定冠状动脉造影确诊的126例男性冠心病患者的血浆Hcy,并与冠状动脉造影结果进行对照分析。结果　男性冠心病患者中,冠状动脉病变程度分值越高的患者人群,其血浆Hcy水平也越高(P<0.01),同时血浆Hcy阳性率也越高(P<0.05);冠状动脉病变支数越多,血浆Hcy水平也越高(P<0.01)。结论　男性冠心病患者中,血浆Hcy水平越高,冠状动脉病变程度越重,同时病变范围也越弥散。