孤独症谱系障碍患儿家长病耻感与应对方式和社会支持的相关性分析

背景 孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）发病率呈上升趋势,ASD患儿的治疗和训练过程漫长,给患儿家庭带来沉重的负担,导致家长容易产生病耻感,目前缺少ASD患儿家长病耻感相关的调查研究。目的 探讨ASD患儿家长病耻感与应对方式和社会支持的相关性,为降低该群体的病耻感水平并采取针对性的干预措施提供参考。方法 以2021年1月-2022年5月乌鲁木齐市某三甲医院儿童保健门诊收治的ASD患儿的家长为研究对象。采用一般资料问卷、连带病耻感量表（ASS）、简易应对方式问卷（SCSQ）和社会支持评定量表（SSRS）进行调查,采用Pearson相关分析考查病耻感与应对方式和社会支持的相关性。结果 ASD患儿家长ASS总评分为（52.40±11.22）分。相关分析结果显示,ASD患儿家长ASS总评分与SCSQ消极应对维度评分呈正相关（r=0.787,P<0.01）,与SCSQ积极应对维度评分和SSRS总评分均呈负相关（r=-0.565、-0.795,P均<0.01）。回归分析结果显示,ASD患儿家长病耻感受应对方式和社会支持的影响（?R²=0.768,F=114.931,P<0.01）,可解释总变异的76.80%。结论 ASD患儿家长病耻感处于中等偏高水平,家长的应对方式和社会支持是影响病耻感的重要因素。     

基于赋能教育的家庭访视对居家康复精神分裂症患者精神病性症状、自我管理能力及幸福感的影响

目的 探讨基于赋能教育的家庭访视对居家康复精神分裂症患者精神病性症状、自我管理能力及幸福感的影响。方法 采用简单随机抽样法,于2021年1月-7月选取在宜宾市菜坝镇区域管理、符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）诊断标准、正在居家康复的精神分裂症患者87例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为试验组（n=43）和对照组（n=44）。两组均接受常规家庭访视,试验组在此基础上接受基于赋能教育的家庭访视,两组干预周期均为6个月。分别在干预前和干预后,采用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）、精神分裂症患者自我管理量表（SSMIS）和幸福感指数量表（IWB）评定两组患者的精神病性症状严重程度、自我管理能力和幸福感。结果 干预后,组内比较显示,试验组BPRS评分低于干预前（t=4.550,P<0.01）,两组SSMIS评分均高于干预前（t=-17.107、-6.367,P均<0.01）,试验组IWB评分高于干预前（t=-9.239,P<0.01）;组间比较显示,试验组BPRS评分低于对照组,SSMIS和IWB评分均高于对照组（t=-3.899、10.564、9.690,P均<0.01）。结论 基于赋能教育的家庭访视可能有助于改善居家康复精神分裂症患者的精神病性症状,提高其自我管理能力及幸福感。     

郑州市严重精神障碍患者服药依从性的影响因素

目的 调查郑州市严重精神障碍患者服药依从情况并分析其影响因素,为制定严重精神障碍防治措施提供参考。方法 于2021年3月-6月,采用分层多阶段整群抽样方法,从国家严重精神障碍信息系统中郑州市所有在册患者中选取342人为研究对象。采用自编问卷收集患者一般人口学资料,并调查其服药情况及影响因素,比较服药依从组与服药不依从组服药影响因素的差异,采用Logistic回归分析探讨服药依从性的影响因素。结果 共320例患者纳入最终分析,其中服药依从者245人（76.56%）。服药依从组与服药不依从组在居住地、职业以及门诊慢性病报销办理情况方面差异均有统计学意义（χ²=14.015、7.502、13.106,P<0.05或0.01）。服药影响因素问卷评分方面,两组自知力缺失、病耻感以及药物相关因素因子评分差异均有统计学意义（Z=7.588、2.379、2.893,P<0.05或0.01）。已办理门诊慢性病报销是服药依从的保护因素（OR=2.727,95% CI：1.320~5.634,P<0.01）,居住地为农村（OR=0.465,95% CI：0.221~0.977,P<0.05）和自知力缺失（OR=0.398,95% CI：0.286~0.553,P<0.01）是服药依从的危险因素。结论 郑州市严重精神障碍患者服药依从比例较高,门诊慢性病报销办理、患者自知力缺失以及居住地可能是患者服药依从性的影响因素。     

早发和晚发型强迫症住院患者临床特征及发病年龄的影响因素

背景 强迫症病因复杂且临床表现异质性高,不同年龄段起病的强迫症患者在临床症状及病因学上存在差异,目前针对早发型和晚发型强迫症住院患者的研究有限。目的 探讨早发型和晚发型住院强迫症患者临床特征的差异及影响强迫症发病年龄的因素,为强迫症患者的早期筛查及治疗提供参考。方法 收集2012年3月-2023年3月在南京医科大学附属脑科医院住院治疗的540例强迫症患者的病历资料。以起病年龄18岁为界,将患者分为早发组（n=310）和晚发组（n=230）,比较两组患者人口学资料及临床症状的差异。使用二元Logistic回归分析影响强迫症患者发病年龄的因素。结果 人口学资料方面,早发组和晚发组的性别、婚姻状况、精神疾病家族史、共病精神疾病、工作情况、受教育程度、强迫症状种类差异均有统计学意义（χ²=22.302、170.556、9.224、13.624、242.277、59.791、7.231,P均<0.05或0.01）,两组起病年龄、住院时年龄差异有统计学意义（Z=-19.915、16.831,P均<0.01）;临床症状方面,早发组强迫思维（χ²=11.998,P<0.05）、排序类（χ²=7.731,P<0.05）、仪式化类症状（χ²=7.714,P<0.05）比例高于晚发组,检查类（χ²=8.204,P<0.05）及清洗类（χ²=7.506,P<0.05）症状比例低于晚发组。共病神经发育障碍、共病情感障碍、有精神分裂症家族史、有情感障碍家族史是影响强迫症患者发病年龄的独立危险因素（OR=19.587、1.830、3.065、4.431,P均<0.05）,其中共病神经发育障碍是影响强迫症患者发病年龄的核心因素,女性是早发患者的保护因素（OR=0.417,P<0.01）。结论 早发和晚发型强迫症住院患者在人口学资料及临床症状上存在差异,共病神经发育障碍是影响强迫症住院患者起病年龄的核心危险因素。     

伴失眠的抑郁症患者睡眠认知特征及其对睡眠质量的影响

目的 了解伴失眠的抑郁症患者对睡眠的信念与态度，并探讨其对睡眠质量的影响。方法 纳入在首都医科大学附属北京安定医院就诊、符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册（第4版）》（DSM-IV）诊断标准的伴失眠的抑郁症患者（n=61）和原发性失眠患者（n=62）为研究对象，并招募健康对照组（n=64）。三组被试均接受睡眠功能失调信念和态度量表（DBAS）及匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）评定，伴失眠的抑郁症患者同时接受汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版（HAMD-17）评定。采用协方差分析比较三组被试PSQI和DBAS评分。采用多元线性回归分析探讨伴失眠的抑郁症患者PSQI评分的影响因素。结果 伴失眠的抑郁症组和原发性失眠组PSQI评分均高于对照组（t=18.932、18.610，P均<0.01），两组DBAS评分均低于对照组（t=-5.561、-5.791，P均<0.01）。以伴失眠的抑郁症患者PSQI评分作为因变量，建立的多元线性回归方程具有统计学意义（F=14.095，R²=0.327，P<0.05），DBAS中对睡眠的预测与控制因子和年龄是患者睡眠质量的影响因素（B=-0.100、-0.279，P<0.05或0.01）。结论 伴失眠的抑郁症患者比正常人存在更多的睡眠相关负性认知，且不良认知可能是其睡眠质量的影响因素。     

川东北地区缓解期精神分裂症患者社会支持现状及影响因素

目的 调查川东北地区缓解期精神分裂症患者社会支持现状及影响因素，为改善其社会支持提供思路。方法 选取2020年5月-9月在广元市、巴中市、达州市精神疾病防治机构就诊的符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）缓解期精神分裂症诊断标准的患者533例为调查对象，采用自编人口学及临床资料调查表和社会支持评定量表（SSRS）进行评定。分析缓解期精神分裂症患者社会支持现状及影响因素，特别分析医保二次报销对其社会支持度的影响。结果 ①缓解期精神分裂症患者SSRS总评分及客观支持、主观支持、对支持的利用度评分均低于国内常模（t=5.065~30.382，P均<0.01）；②单因素分析显示，女性（t=-3.632）、退休（F=5.951）、已婚（F=5.951）、主要照料者为配偶（F=23.841）、家庭年收入>5 000元（F=15.892）、有经济收入（t=4.083）、门诊或互联网医院复诊（F=3.954）的患者，SSRS总评分更高（P<0.05或0.01）；③医保二次报销组SSRS总评分及各维度评分均高于非医保二次报销组（t=10.195~25.103，P均<0.01）；④多重线性回归分析显示，性别、工作情况、婚姻状况、主要照料者、家庭年收入、患者经济收入、复诊情况和医保二次报销情况是缓解期精神分裂症患者社会支持状况的影响因素（β=0.201~2.115，P<0.05或0.01）。结论 川东北地区缓解期精神分裂症患者社会支持度低于全国水平；性别、工作情况、婚姻状况、照料者、家庭及患者经济收入、复诊情况以及医保二次报销可能会影响患者社会支持度，医保二次报销可能有助于改善患者的社会支持状况。     

边缘型人格障碍患者感知婚姻冲突、生命意义感与自杀意念的关系

目的 探讨边缘型人格障碍患者感知婚姻冲突、生命意义感与自杀意念的关系。方法 于2017年6月-2020年12月在临沂市第四人民医院精神科和心理咨询门诊连续入组符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册（第5版）》（DSM-5）诊断标准的边缘型人格障碍患者90例作为研究组,连续入组某高校大一到大三学生90人作为对照组,研究组和对照组均接受儿童感知婚姻冲突量表（CPIC）和生命意义感量表中文修订版（MLQ-C）评定,研究组同时接受自杀意念自评量表（SIOSS）评定。结果 研究组CPIC各因子评分及总评分均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（t=-2.863~3.728,P<0.05或0.01）,MLQ-C各因子评分及总评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（t=-2.981~4.197,P<0.05或0.01）。研究组CPIC各因子评分及总评分与SIOSS各因子评分及总评分均呈正相关（r=0.513~0.972,P均<0.01）;MLQ-C各因子评分及总评分与SIOSS因子评分及总评分均呈负相关（r=-0.594~-0.237,P<0.05或0.01）。CPIC冲突特征、威胁认知因子及MLQ-C拥有意义因子对自杀意念有预测作用（P均<0.05）,可解释方差变异的59.0%。生命意义感在感知婚姻冲突和自杀意念之间起部分中介作用（β=0.124,P<0.01）,中介效应占总效应的25.11%。结论 感知婚姻冲突、生命意义感是边缘型人格障碍患者自杀意念的预测因子,感知婚姻冲突可通过生命意义感间接影响自杀意念。     

白血病患儿家长积极心理资本现状及其影响因素

背景 心理资本会对个体创伤后成长和幸福感产生明显影响,而目前关于白血病患儿家长心理资本及其相关因素的研究较为有限。目的 探讨白血病患儿家长心理资本现状,并分析其影响因素,以期为制定提升白血病患儿家长心理资本的干预策略提供参考。方法 选取2021年3月-2022年4月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院儿内科就诊的143例白血病患儿的家长为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表、积极心理资本问卷（PPQ）、简体中文版创伤后成长量表（C-PTGI）和Campbell幸福感指数量表（IWB）对白血病患儿家长进行调查,运用多元线性回归分析积极心理资本的影响因素。结果 白血病患儿家长PPQ总评分为（113.48±15.80）分,PPQ总评分与C-PTGI总评分和IWB总评分均呈正相关（r=0.727、0.598,P均<0.01）。患儿病程（β=0.136,P=0.017）、受教育程度（β=0.139,P=0.012）、创伤后成长（β=0.622,P<0.01）是白血病患儿家长积极心理资本的影响因素,可解释总变异的57.6%。结论 白血病患儿家长积极心理资本水平有待提高,患儿病程、受教育程度以及创伤后成长是其积极心理资本的影响因素。     

氟伏沙明对住院青少年抑郁障碍患者脂代谢的影响

背景 氟伏沙明被越来越多地用于青少年抑郁障碍的治疗,但目前关于氟伏沙明对脂代谢影响的研究较有限,而脂代谢紊乱会严重危害患者的身体健康并影响预后。目的 分析氟伏沙明对青少年抑郁障碍患者脂代谢的影响,探讨氟伏沙明治疗的安全性。方法 连续选取2022年6月—2023年6月山西省精神卫生中心住院部收治的、符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）诊断标准的60例青少年抑郁障碍患者为研究对象。采用随机数字表法分为研究组（氟伏沙明治疗）和对照组（舍曲林治疗）各30例,疗程4周。于基线期、治疗2周和4周后,检测两组空腹脂代谢指标,包括血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）,并进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版（HAMD-17）评定。比较两组不同随访时间的脂代谢指标水平及HAMD-17评分。结果 HAMD-17评分的时间效应有统计学意义（F=849.687,P<0.01）,组间效应和交互效应均无统计学意义（F=0.033、1.760,P均>0.05）。TC水平的组间效应无计学意义（F=1.461,P=0.232）,时间效应与交互效应均有统计学意义（F=13.129、5.029,P<0.05或0.01）。TG水平的时间效应和组间效应均无统计学意义（F=0.825、0.185,P均>0.05）,交互效应有统计学意义（F=7.577,P=0.004）。HDL水平的时间效应、组间效应以及交互效应均无统计学意义（F=1.079、0.160、1.877,P均>0.05）。LDL水平的组间效应无统计学意义（F=0.019,P=0.891）,时间效应和交互效应均有统计学意义（F=6.721、9.075,P均<0.01）。结论 氟伏沙明与舍曲林对青少年抑郁障碍的疗效相当,短期应用氟伏沙明对患者脂代谢指标的影响较小。     

中学生一般自我效能感与手机游戏沉迷：时间管理倾向的中介作用

目的 探讨中学生一般自我效能感和手机游戏沉迷之间的关系以及时间管理倾向在其中的中介效应。方法 于2020年11月-2021年2月采用整群抽样法选取江西省和四川省共三所中学的667名中学生为研究对象,采用一般自我效能感量表（GSES）、手机游戏沉迷量表以及青少年时间管理倾向量表（ATMD）对其进行问卷调查。使用Bootstrap方法进行中介效应检验。结果 ①手机游戏沉迷量表总评分与GSES和ATMD总评分均呈负相关（r=-0.122、-0.333,P均<0.01）,ATMD总评分与GSES总评分呈正相关（r=0.536,P<0.01）。②一般自我效能感和时间管理倾向均能负向预测手机游戏沉迷（β=-0.333、-0.122,P均<0.01）,一般自我效能感能够正向预测时间管理倾向（β=0.536,P<0.01）。③时间管理倾向在一般自我效能感和手机游戏沉迷之间起完全中介作用,中介效应量为-0.159（95% CI：-0.213~-0.112,P<0.01）,中介效应占总效应的70.38%。结论 一般自我效能感通过时间管理倾向间接影响手机游戏沉迷。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Oxytocin and vasopressin agonists and antagonists as research tools and potential therapeutics

We recently reviewed the status of peptide and nonpeptide agonists and antagonists for the V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) receptors for arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the oxytocin receptor for oxytocin (OT). In the present review, we update the status of peptides and nonpeptides as: (i) research tools and (ii) therapeutic agents. We also present our recent findings on the design of fluorescent ligands for V(1b) receptor localisation and for OT receptor dimerisation. We note the exciting discoveries regarding two novel naturally occurring analogues of OT. Recent reports of a selective VP V(1a) agonist and a selective OT agonist point to the continued therapeutic potential of peptides in this field. To date, only two nonpeptides, the V(2) /V(1a) antagonist, conivaptan and the V(2) antagonist tolvaptan have received Food and Drug Administration approval for clinical use. The development of nonpeptide AVP V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) antagonists and OT agonists and antagonists has recently been abandoned by Merck, Sanofi and Pfizer. A promising OT antagonist, Retosiban, developed at Glaxo SmithKline is currently in a Phase II clinical trial for the prevention of premature labour. A number of the nonpeptide ligands that were not successful in clinical trials are proving to be valuable as research tools. Peptide agonists and antagonists continue to be very widely used as research tools in this field. In this regard, we present receptor data on some of the most widely used peptide and nonpeptide ligands, as a guide for their use, especially with regard to receptor selectivity and species differences.     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.