膀胱造瘘穿刺针结合气囊导尿管在经皮胆囊造瘘术中的应用

目的：探讨膀胱穿刺针结合气囊导尿管在高危急性胆囊炎患者中胆囊造瘘的价值。 方法：回顾性分析2001—2010 年收治的42 例高危急性胆囊炎患者临床资料。42 例不能进行急诊 胆囊切除术的高危急性胆囊炎患者在超声引导下应用气囊导尿管经皮穿刺胆囊造瘘术,在胆囊内 放置直径为16 F 气囊导尿管引流胆汁和结石,观察胆囊造瘘前后患者临床症状、体征及白细胞计 数的变化情况。 结果：42 例患者在超声引导下应用膀胱穿刺针和气囊导尿管经皮胆囊造瘘均获得成功。所有患者 术后1~2 d 临床症状、体征缓解。6 例患者获得终末性治疗,4 例术后择期行胆囊切除术,5 例胆 囊小结石通过窦道行胆道镜取石,27 例胆囊结石直径超过窦道直径患者行气压弹道碎石并结合胆 道镜取石。 结论：超声引导下应用气囊导尿管经皮胆囊造瘘术是一种操作简单、安全有效的胆囊造瘘方法, 对于高危的急性胆囊炎患者能缓解症状,且为后续的治疗提供良好的取石通道。     

电子软膀胱镜监视下耻骨上膀胱穿刺造口术的临床价值研究

目的:探讨一种简单、安全、高效的耻骨上膀胱穿刺造口方法的临床价值。方法:采用日本OLYMPUS公司生产的CYF240A型电子软性膀胱镜监视下于下腹正中耻骨上二横指处局麻下行膀胱穿刺造口,用内置导芯套管针穿刺入膀胱后置入带气囊导尿管,气囊注水后拔出导芯针。结果:用该法膀胱造口24例一次成功率100%,其中2例术后1～2天有淡红色血尿,经双腔Foley尿管外牵,气囊压迫后治愈。无穿刺误入腹腔及肠瘘、血肿、尿外渗、改开放性手术造口、造瘘管脱落、膀胱刺激症状、感染等并发症。结论:该方法安全快捷,操作简单,冲洗与引流效果肯定,并发症少。     

后正中线切开修补前列腺术后直肠尿道瘘一例报告

前列腺手术后发生直肠尿道瘘临床罕见 ,处理困难。我们采用后正中线切开尾骨和直肠肛管后壁入路成功修补 1例 ,现报告如下。患者 ,5 9岁。因良性前列腺增生行耻骨上经膀胱前列腺摘除术 ,术中直肠损伤并予修补。术后第 9天出现直肠尿道瘘 ,即行乙状结肠腹壁造口 ,并拔除导尿管和保持膀胱造瘘管引流通畅 ,4个月后行瘘修补。尿道镜和经膀胱造瘘口膀胱镜检查见瘘口位于膀胱颈后唇和后尿道 ,瘘口最大径约 2 .5cm ,窥镜经瘘口可顺利进入直肠。直肠指检时食指可通过瘘道扪及膀胱内造瘘管。术前 3d更换膀胱造瘘管 ,每天用碘伏溶液冲洗膀胱和直肠1次 …     

前列腺摘除术后膀胱冲洗堵管障碍的处理

开放性前列腺摘除术后往往要放置造瘘管气囊止血导尿管,作术后膀胱冲洗,以防止出血及血块形成,但临床工作中会因处理不当而发生堵管现象。针对不同原因,防止堵管的处理方法有:①手术要按正规操作,缝扎止血应彻底完善;②造瘘管、导尿管放置前应剪一定数量够大的侧孔;③气囊导尿管放入腺窝内位置要适中,最好在气囊内注入20~30ml气体,以使气囊充盈压力均匀,达到压迫上血     

不留置造瘘管的前列腺切除术及术后出血的处理

我科 1 998年 1 0月～ 2 0 0 2年 3月对 42例良性前列腺增生症 (ＢＰＨ)患者行耻骨上经膀胱前列腺切除术 ,并进行了不留置耻骨上膀胱造瘘管的尝试 ,效果良好。其中 ,为避免术后出血而血凝块堵塞导尿管 ,我们在术中对经尿道插入的三腔气囊导尿管进行了改进 ,以利对血凝块的引流抽吸 ,取得了很好的效果 ,现报告如下。1　资料与方法1 .1 　 临床资料本组 42例 ,年龄 5 6～ 88岁 ,平均 6 5岁。入院时已留置膀胱造瘘管 6例 ,留置导尿管持续引流 1 1例 ,前列腺为Ⅱ～Ⅲ度增生。伴有糖尿病 (Ⅱ型 ) 6例 ,高血压病 8例。肝、肾功能检查 ,出、凝血机…     

B超及电子膀胱软镜联合引导下耻骨上膀胱穿刺造瘘术的临床应用

目的:探讨B超及电子膀胱软镜联合引导耻骨上膀胱造瘘术的有效性及安全性。方法:自2011年8月~2013年10月,我院采用B超及电子膀胱软镜联合引导下行经皮耻骨上膀胱穿刺造瘘术治疗泌尿系疾病患者69例。所有患者均为永久性膀胱造瘘术。结果:所有患者均一次穿刺成功。术中均可耐受,无明显不适,无明显并发症发生。术后均引流通畅。2例(2.9%)患者引流血性尿液,其中1例经伤口外纱布压迫后止血;另1例外压止血不满意,在床旁经造瘘管置入斑马导丝,沿导丝放置F16双腔球囊导尿管,注入水囊20ml生理盐水后用力牵拉,压迫止血成功。结论:B超及电子膀胱软镜联合引导下耻骨上膀胱造瘘术安全有效,简单易行,创伤小,并发症风险小,是一种值得推广的手术方式。     

柱状气囊肾造瘘管在经皮肾镜碎石术中的止血作用

目的探讨柱状气囊肾造瘘管在经皮肾镜碎石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)穿刺通道止血中的临床价值。方法 2016年1月～2017年1月285例PCNL术中应用柱状气囊肾造瘘管,用镜体测量放置柱状气囊肾造瘘管的长度,按测量的长度将柱状气囊肾造瘘管置入Peel-away鞘内,使柱状气囊正好压迫在肾实质瘘口部位,自气囊中充适量气体,使气囊充分压迫到肾实质瘘口上,体表用丝线缝合固定造瘘管。结果 285例自造瘘管和留置尿管中引流尿液颜色正常,术后均无早期或迟发出血,复查B超,均无肾内、肾周血肿出现,术后5～7 d拔除肾造瘘管,8 d出院。术后随访6个月,无出血和结石复发。结论柱状气囊肾造瘘管在PCNL术中止血疗效确切,对出血的防治有重要的临床价值。     

V型槽式膀胱造瘘穿刺导芯针临床应用

目的介绍一种膀胱造瘘方法。方法对40例使用自制内置V型槽式膀胱造瘘穿刺导芯针带气囊导尿管行耻骨上膀胱穿刺造瘘资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组40例手术时间为5～10min。术后尿液引流通畅,无出血、无漏尿等并发症。结论该造瘘方法具有损伤小,不出血,无痛苦等优点。     

双腔气囊导尿管肾造瘘在经皮肾镜取石术中的应用

目的探讨经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)后采用双腔气囊导尿管留置肾造瘘的效果。方法回顾评价本组180例经皮肾镜取石术患者采用双腔气囊导尿管留置肾造瘘的安全性、适应性。结果180例患者采用双腔气囊导尿管留置肾造瘘后患者无明显不适反应,术后3例明显再出血者牵拉导尿管后出血得到控制,余患者无明显出血。所有患者均无需行肾动脉栓塞。结论经皮肾镜取石术后采用双腔气囊导尿管留置肾造瘘安全有效,经济实用。     

不留置导尿管Madigan前列腺切除术

目的 解决前列腺手术的并发症。方法 用改良的Madigan手术方法切除前列腺两侧叶，同时作小切口探查膀胱，经膀胱切口协助中叶切除，缝合前列腺被膜，不留置导尿管，酌情缝合尿道内口粘膜层，以三腔气囊管作膀胱造痿。结果 共施行19例，无手术并发症。结论 该方法腺瘤切除彻底，没有留置导尿管引起的刺激和感染。没有术后大出血及尿道狭窄的危险，没有远期再手术切除率，扩大了Madigan手术的适应证。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.