硫酸镁负荷量治疗癫痫持续状态的疗效观察

目的　探讨硫酸镁负荷量治疗全身强直 -阵挛性癫痫持续状态 (GCSE)的疗效。方法　将 44例GCSE患者分为二组 :常规治疗组 2 4例 ,给予地西泮 10～ 2 0 mg缓慢静注等综合治疗 ;硫酸镁组 2 0例 ,在综合治疗基础上 ,用硫酸镁 2 .5 g加入 2 5 %葡萄糖 10 m l缓慢静注后 ,再给予低分子右旋糖酐 5 0 0 m l加硫酸镁10 g静脉滴注。结果　常规治疗组死亡 6例 ,症状控制时间平均为 10 .4小时 ,在症状控制后 2 4小时和 72小时血中神经特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)分别为 2 9.98± 6 .87μg/ L 和 2 6 .6 4± 5 .45 μg/ L,脑脊液 NSE分别为34 .2 0± 7.5 2 μg/ L 和 31.70± 6 .34 μg/ L。硫酸镁组死亡 1例 ,症状平均控制时间为 6 .1小时 ,与常规治疗组比较 P <0 .0 5 ,在症状控制后 2 4小时和 72小时血中 NSE分别为 16 .70± 3.2 8μg/ L 和 11.2 4± 5 .72 μg/ L与常规治疗组比较均 P <0 .0 1,脑脊液、NSE分别为 18.6 0± 6 .12 μg/ L 和 13.80± 6 .12 μg/ L 与常规治疗组比较均 P <0 .0 5。结论　硫酸镁负荷量给药治疗 GCSE可显著降低死亡率 ,缩短症状控制时间 ,明显减轻脑损害     

应激对大鼠海马谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸含量的影响

目的　探讨应激对大鼠海马谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和γ 氨基丁酸 (GABA)含量的动态影响。方法　将 72只健康雄性大鼠随机分为 5个应激暴露不同时间组和对照组 ,每组 12只。利用高效液相色谱仪 紫外检测法 ,分别于应激第 1,3,7,14和 2 8天观察应激对大鼠海马谷氨酸、天冬氨酸及GABA含量的影响。结果　应激第 1天组大鼠海马谷氨酸和天冬氨酸含量与对照组相比 ,差异无显著性 ;但GABA含量 [(2 74 7± 0 339) μmol/g]低于对照组 [(3 719± 0 5 2 8) μmol/g;P <0 0 5 ]。应激第 3,7,14和 2 8天组谷氨酸含量 [分别为 (7 818± 0 799) μmol/g ,(9 0 0 7± 0 5 2 0 ) μmol/g,(8 0 4 9± 0 733) μmol/g和 (8 12 9± 1 5 5 6 ) μmol/g]高于对照组 [(6 4 11± 0 6 38) μmol/g];天冬氨酸含量 [分别为 (2 717± 0 2 5 8)μmol/g,(2 6 96± 0 317) μmol/g,(2 82 8± 0 4 6 8) μmol/g和 (4 6 4 9± 0 6 37) μmol/g]也高于对照组 [(2 0 0 3± 0 2 71) μmol/g];均P <0 0 1。应激第 14天组和 2 8天组GABA含量 [分别为 (4 4 6 2± 0 883) μmol/g和(4 4 97± 0 85 7) μmol/g]高于对照组 (P <0 0 5～0 .0 0 1) ,应激第 3天组和 7天组的GABA含量与对照组间的差异无显著性。结论　应激第 3天开始     

以阳性或阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者脑脊液催乳素水平测定

目的　探讨以阳性症状为主 (以下简称阳性 )和以阴性症状为主 (以下简称阴性 )的精神分裂症患者脑脊液催乳素 {PRL)水平及氯氮平治疗前后的变化。方法　对 2 6例阳性精神分裂症患者 (阳性组 )和 2 2例阴性精神分裂症患者 (阴性组 )用氯氮平治疗 6周 ,用简明精神病量表 (BPRS)、阳性症状量表 (SAPS)或阴性症状量表 (SANS)评定疗效。治疗前及治疗 6周末用放射免疫测定法测定患者脑脊液PRL水平。结果　治疗前阳性组PRL水平 [(1.0 8± 0 .39) μg/L]低于阴性组 [(1.34± 0 .4 1) μg/L],P <0 .0 5 ;治疗后阳性组PRL水平 [(1.16± 0 .35 ) μg/L]较治疗前升高 ,阴性组 [(1.2 4± 0 .4 6 ) μg/L]较治疗前降低 ,差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。两组治疗后BPRS、SAPS或SANS总分较同组治疗前下降均有极显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　阳性和阴性精神分裂症患者脑脊液PRL基础水平有差异 ,氯氮平对精神分裂症患者脑脊液PRL水平影响较小。     

β-淀粉样多肽神经毒性的氧化应激机制和褪黑素神经保护机制研究

目的　观察氧化应激在 β 淀粉样多肽 (Aβ)神经毒性的介导作用和褪黑素 (Mel)神经保护作用的抗氧化机制 ,为老年性痴呆的抗氧化治疗提供依据。方法　新生大鼠原代神经元培养 ,分为实验组 (A1 ,B1 ,C1 ,D1 组 )、治疗组 (A2 ,B2 ,C2 ,D2 组 )和空白对照组。实验组四组分别暴露浓度为 0 5 ,1 0 ,1 0 0 ,2 0 0 μmol/L的Aβ2 5 35,治疗组四组同时暴露 1 0 μmol/LMel。比色法测定丙二醛 (MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH)水平以及过氧化氢酶 (CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)活力 ,并用MTT法测定培养神经元细胞存活率。统计学方法采用方差分析、t检验和相关分析。结果　细胞存活率与Aβ浓度呈显著性负相关 (r=- 0 834 ,P <0 0 0 1 )。MDA :实验组 (A1 ,B1 ,C1 ,D1 组 ,以下同 )分别为 (2 1±0 5)nmol/L ,(3 1± 0 5)nmol/L ,(4 8± 0 9)nmol/L ,(6 0± 0 6)nmol/L ;治疗组 (A2 ,B2 ,C2 ,D2 组 ,以下同 )分别为 (1 9± 0 3)nmol/L ,(2 3± 0 3)nmol/L ,(2 8± 0 5)nmol/L ,(2 9± 0 4)nmol/L ;对照组为(1 6± 0 2 )nmol/L。GSH :实验组分别为 (8 3± 1 5)g/L ,(5 8± 1 7)g/L ,(4 4± 1 3)g/L ,(3 7± 0 5)g/L ,治疗组分别为 (9 9± 1 6)g/L ,(7 7± 1 7)g/L ,(6 3± 1 2 )g/L ,     

急性一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病神经元特异性烯醇化酶的测定和意义

目的　探讨急性一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病 (DEACMP)患者脑神经元的损伤。方法　应用酶联免疫分析法测定 4 0例DEACMP患者和 30例对照组血清及脑脊液 (CSF)神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)浓度。应用直线相关分析方法分析NSE浓度与病情严重程度以及预后的关系。结果　对照组血清和CSFNSE浓度分别为 (8.0 1± 6 .78)ug/L和 (6 .74± 5 .31)ug/L。观察组血清和CSFNSE浓度分别为 (15 .2 1± 6 .78)ug/L和 (13.6 1± 5 .2 7)ug/L。观察组与对照组之间存在明显的统计学差异 (P <0 .0 1)。NSE浓度与病情严重程度及预后之间存在相关性。结论　DEACMP患者血清及CSFNSE浓度明显增高 ,NSE浓度的高低可作为脑神经元损伤的量化指标 ,也可能是判断病情、估计预后的重要参数。     

产后抑郁症与孤啡肽及单胺类递质的相关性研究

目的　探讨孤啡肽 (OFQ)及单胺类递质与产后抑郁症的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法测定 2 5名健康产妇 (对照组 )及 17例产后抑郁症妇女 (抑郁组 )静脉血中孤啡肽及单胺类递质含量。结果　①抑郁组及对照组血孤啡肽含量分别为 (2 7 39± 6 0 4 )ng/L及 (10 37± 3 6 5 )ng/L ,与对照组相比 ,抑郁组孤啡肽含量显著升高 (P <0 0 1) ;抑郁组及对照组血 5 羟色胺 (5 HT)含量分别为 (0 93± 0 2 1) μmol/L及 (1 4 3± 0 36 ) μmol/L ,二者间有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;抑郁组血多巴胺 (DA)含量为 (2 15± 0 4 1) μmol/L ,显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。②抑郁组孤啡肽与5 HT及DA含量呈显著负相关 (r为 0 6 0 1及 0 5 93,P <0 0 5 )。③抑郁组爱丁保产后抑郁量表总分 (EPDS)与OFQ含量呈显著正相关 (r为 0 5 12 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,与 5 HT、DA含量呈显著负相关 (r分别为 - 0 5 71及 - 0 5 2 6 ,P <0 0 5 )。结论　孤啡肽与产后抑郁症的发生发展密切相关。     

急性脑血管病神经元特异性烯醇化酶的测定及其临床意义

目的　探讨急性脑血管病患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)浓度的变化及其临床意义。方法　应用酶联免疫分析法测定 5 0例急性脑血管病患者和 2 0例正常人血清NSE浓度。病例组包括脑出血2 0例、脑梗死 2 0例、蛛网膜下腔出血 10例。应用直线相关分析方法分析NSE浓度与病灶大小、病情严重程度以及预后的关系。结果　对照组的NSE浓度为 6 .14± 4 .39μg/L。脑出血组NSE浓度为36 .30± 2 4 .5 9μg/L ;脑梗死组NSE浓度为34.95± 2 2 .88μg/L ;蛛网膜下腔出血组NSE浓度为33.4 8± 10 .79μg/L。病例组与对照组之间存在明显的统计学差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,患者组之间无明显统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。NSE浓度与病变的大小、病情严重程度 (GCS评分 )和预后 (GOS评分 )之间存在相关性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　急性脑血管病患者血清NSE浓度明显增高 ,NSE浓度的高低不仅为神经元损伤程度提供定量信息 ,而且也是判断病情、评估预后的重要参数。     

强迫症、抑郁症及焦虑症患者血小板5-羟色胺浓度的对照研究

目的　研究 5 羟色胺 ( 5 HT)在强迫症发病中的作用及强迫思维与强迫动作亚组、抑郁症及焦虑症患者间血小板 5 HT含量的差异。方法　采用高效液相色谱法 ,分别测定 2 9例强迫症患者 [(强迫症组 ,根据Y BOCS强迫量表因子得分将其分为强迫思维 ( 16例 )、强迫动作 ( 7例 )和混合性( 6例 ) 3组 ]、2 0例抑郁障碍患者 (抑郁症组 )、17例焦虑障碍患者 (焦虑症组 )和 2 8名正常人 (正常人组 )的血小板 5 HT含量。结果　强迫症组血小板 5 HT水平 [( 139± 172 ) μg/L]低于正常人组 [( 2 4 8±2 15 ) μg/L]及焦虑症组 [( 397± 4 0 1) μg/L],差异具有显著性 (P =0 0 39;P =0 0 2 0 ) ;与抑郁症组 [( 2 0 2± 16 2 ) μg/L]的差异无显著性 ( P >0 0 5 ) ;强迫思维 [( 85± 6 6 ) μg/L]与强迫动作组 [( 16 9± 10 0 ) μg/L]间血小板 5 HT含量的差异有显著性 (P =0 0 2 5 )。结论　强迫症患者 5 HT浓度变化与抑郁障碍患者趋同 ,与焦虑障碍患者的差异有显著性 ;单纯强迫思维者的 5 HT浓度与单纯强迫动作患者的差异有显著性     

癫痫患儿血清一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶含量的变化及意义

目的　探讨癫疒间 患儿血清一氧化氮 (NO)、一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)的变化及意义。方法　利用ELISA方法 ,测定 5 8例癫疒间 患儿 (癫疒间 组 )和 2 3名健康儿童 (对照组 )血清中NO、NOS的含量 ,并分组比较不同条件下其含量的变化。结果　癫疒间 组血清NO、NOS的含量分别为 (5 .86± 1.2 1) μmol/ml和 (2 8.2 6± 8.4 9)U/ml,较对照组的 (3.78± 0 .74 ) μmol/ml及 (17.86± 4 .5 8)U/ml明显升高 (P <0 0 1) ;发作近期为 (7.31± 1.2 7)μmol/ml和 (31.2 5± 11.35 )U/ml,明显高于发作间期 (4 .2 7± 0 .6 6 ) μmol/ml和 (2 4 .15± 7.85 )U/ml(P <0 0 1) ;癫疒间 组EEG异常者为 (7.18± 1.35 ) μmol/ml和 (34.4 8± 8.5 6 )U/ml,明显高于EEG正常者 (4 .0 4± 0 .75 ) μmol/ml和 (2 2 .85± 7.4 5 )U/ml(P <0 0 1) ;但与发作类型、病程及是否接受治疗无关 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　癫疒间 发作近期血中NO、NOS生成增加 ,NO作为内源性调质参与癫疒间 发作病理生理过程     

癫痫发作与假性发作患者脑脊液神经元特异性烯醇化酶含量变化

采用放免分析法分析癫痫发作和假性发作患者发病后24小时内脑脊液神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）含量变化。结果：癫痫发作组15例脑脊液NSE含量为27．63±6．39（μg／L）,假性发作组11例脑脊液NSE为9．85±1．43,正常对用组16例NSE为10．18±1．42;癫痫发作组与正常对照组和假性发作组比较均呈显著差异（P＜0．01）,正常对照组与假性发作组比较无显著差异（P＞0．05）。结论：癫痫发作后有一定程度的脑神经元损害;脑脊液NSE检查对癫痫发作与假性发作有鉴别价值。     

沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用

本文目的是对沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用进行综述,以期为地中海贫血患儿的心理康复提供参考。地中海贫血是以珠蛋白生成障碍为主要特征的遗传性疾病,由于长期输血治疗,患儿存在较多的心理和行为问题。沙盘游戏疗法作为一种有效、实用的儿童心理治疗方法,对提高地中海贫血患儿的康复效果、改善生存质量有重要的临床意义。     

癫痫共病抑郁的机制及临床诊疗

本文目的是探讨癫痫共病抑郁的可能机制及临床诊疗。癫痫是一种常见的、慢性的、致残性的神经疾病,癫痫患者生活质量下降,存在明显的负性情绪,常伴发各种精神疾病。癫痫与抑郁具有共同的神经生物学基础,可能存在共同的发病机制。本文从癫痫共病抑郁的发病机制、临床诊断及治疗方面予以总结归纳。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Cultural Identity and Experiences of Prejudice and Discrimination of Afghan and Iranian Immigrant Youth

In culturally diverse and immigrant receiving societies, immigrant youth can be subject to prejudice and discrimination. Such experiences can impact on immigrant youth’s cultural identity and influence their psychosocial outcomes. This paper presents findings of a study that examined cultural identity and experiences of prejudice and discrimination among Afghan (N = 9) and Iranian (N = 17) immigrant youth in Canada. The study had a prospective, comparative, longitudinal qualitative design. Data was gathered through focus groups, interviews, journals and field logs. Four main themes emerged on participants’ experiences of prejudice and discrimination: (a) societal factors influencing prejudice; (b) personal experiences of discrimination; (c) fear of disclosure and silenced cultural identity; and (d) resiliency and strength of cultural identity. Drawing from Rosenberg’s (Conceiving the self, Basic Books, New York, 1979) self-concept framework and Romero and Roberts (J. Adolesc., 21:641–656, 1998) distinction between prejudice and discrimination, results indicated that youth’s extant and presenting cultural identity were affected. Inclusive policies and practices are needed to promote youth integration in multicultural and immigrant receiving settings.

发作性睡病与异态睡眠的诊治

本文目的是探讨发作性睡病与异态睡眠的诊断与治疗.发作性睡病被漏诊和误诊的几率较高,危害较大,共患异态睡眠比例高.文章从发作性睡病临床特征、REM睡眠的作用、发作性睡病与异态睡眠(睡眠瘫痪、睡眠幻觉、快眼动睡眠期行为障碍)共病特征及治疗这四个方面进行了讨论.     

小胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞前体的培养和鉴定

目的 探讨新生大鼠脑组织小胶质细胞(MG)和少突胶质细胞(OL)前体的分离和体外培养方法 . 方法 取新生2 d SD大鼠脑组织,体外原代培养混合胶质细胞7 d后,分别采用"改良振荡伴差速贴壁"法和"营养缺失伴振荡"法纯化培养MG和OL前体,并分别应用免疫荧光染色异凝集素-B4(IB4)和OL前体标记物(O4)进行鉴定.结果 混合胶质细胞培养7 d后呈明显三层增长,其中MG位于上层,星型胶质细胞位于底层,两者之间为2型少突星型(O2A)祖细胞.纯化培养后OL前体胞体呈小圆形,有双极或三极突起,MG则以阿米巴形、圆形居多,或边缘呈毛刺状.免疫荧光染色IB4显示绿色荧光,MG纯度达到90%以上.免疫荧光染色O4显示棕黄色荧光,OL前体纯度达到95%以上. 结论 采用"改良振荡伴差速贴壁"法以及"营养缺失伴振荡"法分别成功获取大量纯度高、活力好的MG和OL前体.     

Design and pharmacological activity of glycinamide and N-methoxy amide derivatives of analogs and constitutional isomers of valproic acid

A series of glycinamide conjugates and N-methoxy amide derivatives of valproic acid (VPA) analogs and constitutional isomers were synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. Of all compounds synthesized and tested, only N-methoxy-valnoctamide (N-methoxy-VCD) possessed better activity than VPA in the following anticonvulsant tests: maximal electroshock, subcutaneous metrazol, and 6-Hz (32-mA) seizure tests. In mice, the ED₅₀ values of N-methoxy-VCD were 142 mg/kg (maximal electroshock test), 70 mg/kg (subcutaneous metrazol test), and 35 mg/kg (6-Hz test), and its neurotoxicity TD₅₀ was 118 mg/kg. In rats, the ED₅₀ of N-methoxy-VCD in the subcutaneous metrazol test was 36 mg/kg and its protective index (PI = TD₅₀/ED₅₀) was > 5.5. In the rat pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model, N-methoxy-VCD demonstrated full protection at 200 mg/kg, without any neurotoxicity. N-Methoxy-VCD was tested for its ability to induce teratogenicity in a mouse strain susceptible to VPA-induced teratogenicity and was found to be nonteratogenic, although it caused some resorptions. Nevertheless, a safety margin was still maintained between the ED₅₀ values of N-methoxy-VCD in the mouse subcutaneous metrazol test and the doses that caused the resorptions. On the basis of these results, N-methoxy-VCD is a good candidate for further evaluation as a new anticonvulsant and central nervous system drug.     

Review and meta-analysis of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of mania in children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: Using predetermined criteria for study quality and methods, a literature review and meta-analysis of seven reports about pediatric bipolar disorder (BPD) was conducted to determine if there is a consistent picture of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of BPD in children and adolescents. METHODS: Searches were conducted in MedLine and PsycINFO using the terms mania, BPD, children and adolescents, and was limited to published articles in peer-reviewed journals. Seven reports were selected that met the following criteria: a systematic method for the elicitation and reporting of symptoms and clinical characteristics of subjects; subjects were interviewed by a trained researcher or clinician; ages 5-18 years; use of a diagnostic system, either DSM or RDC for categorization; a consensus method for the establishment of the diagnosis of BPD. RESULTS: Most DSM-IV symptoms of mania were common in the children and adolescents with BPD with the most common symptoms being increased energy, distractibility, and pressured speech. On average, four of five bipolar cases also showed threshold levels of irritable mood and grandiosity, and more than 70% of all cases showed elated/euphoric mood, decreased need for sleep, or racing thoughts. Roughly 69% of cases also showed poor judgment, whereas only half of bipolar cases demonstrated flight of ideas, and slightly more than one-third showed hypersexuality or psychotic features. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical picture that emerges is that of children or adolescents with periods of increased energy (mania or hypomania), accompanied by distractibility, pressured speech, irritability, grandiosity, racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep and euphoria/elation.     

Neurological and neuropsychological consequences of electrical and lightning shock:review and theories of causation

Injuries from lightning and electrical injuries involve multiple systems of the body, however neurological symptoms are very widely reported. A disabling neuropsychological syndrome is also noted.This paper presents a comprehensive review of neurological and neuropsychological symptoms. Partial theories of causation for these injuries have been advanced, however, there is no convincing explanation for both delay in onset of symptoms and also the genesis of the neuropsychological syndrome. A theory of causation is proposed which satisfies both these constraints.This theory suggests circulating hormones such as cortisol, together with nitric oxide and oxidant free radicals from glutamatergic hyper-stimulation, act on tissues remote from the injury path including the hippocampus.This theory opens a research path to explore treat-ment options.     

Effects of Agonists and Antagonists of Cholecystokinin on Contractile and Myoelectric Activity of Isolated Muscle of Colon and Ileum in the Dog and Guinea Pig

This study evaluates the effects of agonists and antagonists of cholecystokinin (CCK) on contractile and myoelectrical activity in isolated longitudinal muscle strips from colon or ileum of guinea pigs or beagle dogs. Caerulein and CCK-8 caused a dose-dependent increase of contractile and myoelectrical spike activity in both species with maximal effects seen between 10⁻⁸ and 3 × 10⁻⁸ M. The dose responses were identical for both CCK agonists and species. The dose-related effects of CCK compounds on colonic muscle were slightly shifted to the right when compared to ileum in both species. All antagonists, the proglumide-derivatives CR1409, CR1392, and CR1505, as well as the nonpeptide substances asperlicin and L-364,718, caused a parallel rightward shift of CCK's dose-dependent motor activity response, indicating the competitive nature of inhibition. The antagonists displayed a rank order of potency in antagonizing CCK's action on intestinal motility similar to their ability to antagonize CCK's action on pancreas and gallbladder. L-364,718 was the most potent antagonist, followed by CR1409, CR1505, CR1392, asperlicin, and proglumide. The antagonists did not affect contractile or myoelectrical responses to acetylcholine, histamine, motilin, or substance P. Thus compounds that have been described as CCK antagonists for pancreas and gallbladder also act as specific and competitive antagonists of CCK's action on contractile and myoelectrical activity of Heal and colonie muscle.