2007年广西永福县部分健康青少年白喉抗体水平监测分析

[目的]了解青少年人群白喉抗体水平,为预防控制白喉提供依据.[方法]2007年4月采用随机抽样方法抽取调查点和被测人群,用间接血凝试验(IHA)检测白喉毒素抗体,结果用χ2和F检验统计分析.[结果]青少年健康人群白喉抗体阳性率为80.85%,白喉抗毒素几何平均抗体滴度(GMT)为1∶11.7 559,白喉抗毒素平均含量(ATC)为0.058 IU/ml.抗体水平比较分析,年龄组中最高者是9～11岁组(96.67%),最低者为12～14岁组(50.00%);县城高于乡村,男女性别间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).[结论]永福县健康青少年人群的抗白喉抗体水平较高,能够有效防止白喉流行.     

河南省2～19岁健康人群百日咳 白喉 破伤风抗体水平监测

１９９６年在河南省３个县随机抽取２～１９岁健康人群１２７８人份血清，进行了百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平监测。百日咳抗体（微量血凝法）阳性（凝集抗体≥１１６０）率为６０．７％（２４３／４１１），达到保护水平（≥１３２０）者占３７．０％（１５２／４１１），抗体几何平均滴度倒数（ＧＭＲＴ）为１１９；白喉抗毒素（间接血凝法）阳性（≥１１６）率为８１．９％（３５３／４３１），ＧＭＲＴ为１０８，抗毒素平均含量（ＡＴＣ）０．１０６ＩＵ／ｍｌ；破伤风抗毒素（间接血凝法）阳性（≥１４）率为７６．８％（３３５／４３６），ＧＭＲＴ为１７，ＡＴＣ为０．０６５１ＩＵ／ｍｌ。虽然１５～１９岁人群白喉、破伤风ＡＴＣ低于其他年龄组，但均在保护水平以上。     

汕头市部分人群麻疹、白喉、百日咳免疫水平调查

目的 了解汕头市部分人群麻疹、白喉、百日咳免疫水平。方法 2003年在汕头市两个区随机抽取2～4、6～8、13～15岁3个年龄组健康人群共采集183份血液标本,分别采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)、间接血凝法(IHA)检测麻疹、白喉、百日咳抗体。结果 受检人群中的麻疹平均抗体阳性率为98．9％,GMRT为1327.40;白喉平均抗毒素为1,13HAU／ml,以2～4岁组最高(1．74HAU／ml),并随年龄增长而下降;百日咳抗体阳性率为88．5％,但抗体保护率(33.9％)及GMRT(161.38)均较低。结论 汕头市2～15岁人群对麻疹形成较好的群体免疫屏障;百日咳抗体水平低,需规范接种,确保有效免疫;白喉抗体水平随人群年龄增长而下降。     

2012年钟山县1～6岁儿童白喉抗体监测

目的了解钟山县1～6岁儿童白喉抗体水平和百日咳一白喉一破伤风联合疫苗（DPT）的免疫效果，为制定白喉的防制策略提供依据。方法随机抽取5个行政村，每个行政村抽取6个年龄组（1～6岁儿童），每个年龄组抽取5名常住儿童（在当地居住3个月以上），收集血清样本进行白喉抗体检测。结果全县共调查1．6岁儿童150名，其中白喉抗体IgG（DTIgG）t〉0．01IU／mL有143人，保护率为95．33％，DTIgG平均含量为0．22IU／mL，1～3岁组儿童的DTIgG平均含量高达0．23IU／mL，从4岁组开始下降，5岁组降到最低（0．18IU／mL），到6岁组经DT加强免疫后上升到0．23IU／mL。结论钟山县1～6岁儿童完成DPT基础免疫后，1．5—2岁DPrr加强免疫和6岁组儿童白喉一破伤风联合疫苗（DT）加强免疫效果良好。     

2008年费县部分健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平调查

[目的]了解费县健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平,评价百白破三联制剂免疫效果,为制定免疫策略提供科学依据。[方法]2008年随机抽取费县446名健康人群进行血清百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平检测。[结果]检测446人,百日咳抗体保护率为68．39％,抗体几何平均滴度为1：306．56;白喉抗毒索均值为0．11IU／ml,保护率为77．13％;破伤风抗毒素均值为0．12IU／ml,保护率为76．01％。百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体保护率,〈15岁组分别为76．53％、84．24％、83．42％。[结论]费县15岁以下健康人群对百日咳、白喉、破伤风均有较高的免疫水平,但15岁以上人群的抗体水平明显降低。     

济宁市2—39岁健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平监测

目的：为摸清济宁市健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平。方法：随机选取济宁市2－39岁健康人群中的540人作为本次调查对象。结果：百日咳抗体阳性率为60．2％,37．0％达到保护水平,抗体几何平均滴度例数（GMRT）为120;白喉抗毒素阳性率为82．0％,GMRT为109,抗毒素平均含量（ATC）0．107IU／ml;破伤风抗毒素阳性率为77．2％,GMRT为18,ATC为0．066IU／ml。25－39岁人群白喉、破伤风ATC低于其他年龄组,但均在保护水平以上。结论：本市的白喉、破伤风免疫水平较高,提示本市近期不会有白喉、破伤风流行;但百日咳免疫水平较低,提醒我们应做好其监测工作。     

嘉兴市健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平监测

目的了解嘉兴市健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平状况。方法采用分层随机抽样方法，抽取4个年龄组健康人群220名，用试管凝集试验检测百日咳凝集抗体，用间接血凝试验检测白喉、破伤风抗毒素。结果百日咳抗体保护率为91．10％，GMT 1：887．13；白喉抗毒素保护率为97．60％，GMT 0．4283 U／ml；破伤风抗毒素保护率为95．70％，GMT 0．3097 U／ml。结论嘉兴市健康人群对百日咳、白喉、破伤风已形成了良好的免疫屏障。     

福建省2～19岁人群百日咳白喉破伤风免疫水平监测

目的：了解福建省2－19岁人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平。方法：百日咳以微量凝集试验（血凝板法），白喉、破伤风以间接血凝法检测。结果：2－19岁人群百日咳抗体阳性率为96．8％，保护率为43．4％，凝集抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）为1：182．53。白喉抗毒素阳性率为99．3％，GMT为0．413IU／ml。破伤风阳性率95．5％，GMT为0．299IU／ml。不同年龄组百日咳、白喉、破伤风血清抗体几何平均滴度随年龄增长呈下降趋势。结论：在进一步提高常规免疫接种率的基础上，加强人群免疫水平监测，考虑对成人进行加强免疫。     

广州市健康人群麻疹,白喉,百日咳和破伤风缺本监测分析

目的 了解广州市健康人群麻疹、白喉、百日咳和破伤风免疫水平。方法 １９９９年在广州市５个区（市）随机抽取２￣４岁,６￣８岁,１３￣１５岁,２５￣３９岁４个年龄组健康人群９７５份血液标本,分别采用酶联免疫（ＥＬＩＳＡ）、间接血凝（ＩＨＡ）、凝集反应等免疫方法检测麻疹、白喉和破伤风、百日咳的抗体。结果 受检人群中的麻疹、白喉、破伤风平均抗体阳性率分别为９４．８％、８９．１％和８７．１％,前的抗体ＧＭ     

伊盟地区健康人群麻疹及白喉抗体水平

１９９６年对伊盟地区进行了健康人群的麻疹及白喉抗体水平的调查。调查结果显示，伊盟地区人群中麻疹抗体阳性率达９８．５％，ＧＭＴ为１∶２６．７４，而２１岁以上人群ＧＭＴ较高达１∶３９．６８。白喉抗体阳性率为５０．９７％，ＧＭＴ为１∶４．２７（０．０１７ＩＵ）。０～５岁组抗体阳性率为８７％，ＧＭＴ为１∶１６．８４（０．０６６ＩＵ）明显高于其它组，而２１岁以上人群抗体水平最低，阳性率１７．２４％，ＧＭＴ１∶１．４８（０．００５８ＩＵ）。大年龄组麻疹抗体较高可能与前几年这个地区麻疹流行有关。而白喉抗体在大年龄组较低也与该地区自１９９２年以来未有白喉流行有关     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.