甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒血凝素蛋白基因进化研究

Objective To determine the evolutionary rate and divergence time of influenza A virus HA gene isolated recently worldwide pandemic and explore the origin and its transmission. Methods A total of 344 HI sequences available in the GenBank (including 248 isolated from human, 84 from swine, 11 from avian, and 1 from ferret) and 7 isolated in Shanghai were collected. The nucleotide substitution rate and time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) was calculated using molecular clock theory and Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) based on Markov chain Monte Carlo. Then genetic phylogeny was constructed referring to posterior distribution. Results It was found that H1 sequences in the US from human, swine and avian were clustered significantly with swine H1 ones from Asia phylogenetieally (Cluster US). The second cluster (Cluster Eurasian Human) nearly consisted of human H1 sequences isolated in other regions. The third cluster (Cluster Eurasian Animal) consisted of swine and avian H1 sequences from China and Italy respectively. As for all the H1 sequences, the evolutionary rate was of 2.57×10-3substitutions/site per year averagely (95% Highest Posterior Density: 1.96×10-3-3.03×10-3/site per year). The estimated dates for tMRCA of human H1 in Europe and swine H1 in the mainland of China were the earliest, with the corresponding rates of 6.46×10-3/site per year and 0.97×10-3/site per year respectively. The tMRCAs of human and swine H1 sequences from the US were similar, with the rates of 5.86×10-3/site per year and 5.02×10-3/site per year. Conclusion The present flu outbreak was possibly induced by long-term circulation of influenza A virus (H1 N1) in human population and swine herds in America. There was no evidence proving that influenza virus in China involved in the present outbreak.     

上海市虹口区小学生传染病知识视频教育效果评价

目的对以视频为主的新媒体传染病知识教育方式效果进行评价,为学校传染病知识教育方式提供新思路。方法采用随机整群抽样方法,在虹口区8所小学选取干预组740人,对照组603人纳入研究。干预方式为播放登革热、水痘、手足口病、流感、诺如病毒感染性腹泻5种传染病的视频教育短片,通过问卷评估干预效果。结果干预组小学生的传染病知识知晓率(71.77%)高于对照组(64.42%,P0.01)。二～五年级学生中,干预组的知晓率高于对照组;一年级学生中干预组和对照组的知晓率差异无统计学意义。干预组知识知晓率与受试者年级增长呈正向趋势(P0.05)。健康教育干预组在传染源、传播途径、疾病症状、疾病预防4类知识的知晓率均高于对照组。结论以视频为主的多媒体健康教育可有效增加小学生对传染病知识的知晓率。学校传染病知识教育应当融入多媒体教育方式。     

上海市虹口区1956-2014年急性病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

目的 分析上海市虹口区1956-2014年急性病毒性肝炎流行特征.方法 对1956-2014年急性病毒性肝炎发病资料进行描述流行病学分析.结果 1956-2014年上海市虹口区急性病毒性肝炎发病率呈波动下降趋势.病毒性肝炎的分型监测逐渐完善,未分型肝炎的比例逐年下降.乙型肝炎的比例最大,其次为戊型肝炎.20～49岁的青壮年是急性病毒性肝炎发病的主要人群.职业分布以工人、干部职员和离退人员为主.结论 上海市虹口区病毒性肝炎防治工作取得的显著成效.急性病毒性肝炎发病率大幅降低,但今后病毒性肝炎防治工作仍是传染病防治工作的重点.     

上海市人群H1、H3、H5、H9亚型流感病毒抗体血清学监测

为了解上海市人群既往感染流感病毒A/H3N2、A/H1N1的免疫保护以及接触禽类人群中禽流感病毒H5、H9亚型既往感染状况,进行了H1、H3、H5、H9亚型流感病毒抗体的血清学监测.     

甲型流感病毒血凝素基因变异与抗原变异关系研究

目的 了解甲型流感病毒流行株的血凝素基因变异和抗原变异及两者间的关系,结合流行病学资料分析基因变异和抗原变异的吻合情况.方法 从2005-2007年上海市季节性流感样病例分离到的甲型流感病毒株中,选取H1N1、H3N2两个亚型中部分有代表性的病毒株,并同WHO北半球流感疫苗推荐株一起,进行血凝素全基因序列测定后做基因进化树分析.同时用灭活的全病毒抗原免疫金黄地鼠,通过血凝抑制试验测定病毒的血凝效价,对血凝抑制结果进行聚类分析,绘制病毒的抗原变异图.结果 H3N2分离株与WHO北半球疫苗推荐株A/Sydney/5/97、A/Fujian/411/2002处于不同的基因进化分枝上,时间间隔越久,进化距离越远,同样的结果也出现在抗原变异分析中.而H1N1分离株的基因变异情况和抗原变异情况则不一致,在基因变异中,与疫苗推荐株A/New Caledonia/20/1999的距离远近受到分离时间的影响,抗原变异还与病毒是否从散发病例或聚集性病例分离有关.结论 流感病毒血凝素的基因变异和抗原变异的结果基本吻合,采用流行株免疫血清的血凝抑制试验能更好地反映病毒的变异和进化情况.     

2008年上海及周边地区婴幼儿手足口病病原学研究

目的 了解2008年上海及周边地区婴幼儿手足IZl病病原体分布情况及其基因特征.方法 采集2008年5月至6月手足口病流行期间复旦大学附属儿科医院及浙江省德清市住院患儿咽拭标本,部分患儿同时采集脑脊液标本,分别接种于Vem、MRC-5及RD细胞进行病原体分离,RTPCR检测肠道病毒属、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CoxA16)、肠道病毒71型(EV71),并对扩增产物测序鉴定.结果 100例患儿的107份咽拭和22份脑脊液标本中,共计50例患儿的咽拭标本致细胞病变,经鉴定肠道病毒感染37例,占74.0%,其中EV71为26例,占52.0%(26/50例),CoxAl6为10例,占20.0%(10/50例),其他肠道病毒(CoxB3)1例,占2.O%(1/50例);肠道病毒属外的其他病原体13例,占26.0%,且其中1例患儿的脑脊液标本致Vero细胞病变.所有26例EV71病毒株与2008年中国浙江省及安徽省阜阳市EV71病毒株相似,同属于C基因型;10例CoxA16病毒株均属于C遗传世系.结论 手足口病病原复杂,2008年上海及周边地区婴幼儿手足口病的主要病原体仍是EV71和CoxA16,但尚存在一定比例的其他未知病原体.     

甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒血凝素蛋白基因进化研究

Objective To determine the evolutionary rate and divergence time of influenza A virus HA gene isolated recently worldwide pandemic and explore the origin and its transmission. Methods A total of 344 HI sequences available in the GenBank (including 248 isolated from human, 84 from swine, 11 from avian, and 1 from ferret) and 7 isolated in Shanghai were collected. The nucleotide substitution rate and time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) was calculated using molecular clock theory and Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) based on Markov chain Monte Carlo. Then genetic phylogeny was constructed referring to posterior distribution. Results It was found that H1 sequences in the US from human, swine and avian were clustered significantly with swine H1 ones from Asia phylogenetieally (Cluster US). The second cluster (Cluster Eurasian Human) nearly consisted of human H1 sequences isolated in other regions. The third cluster (Cluster Eurasian Animal) consisted of swine and avian H1 sequences from China and Italy respectively. As for all the H1 sequences, the evolutionary rate was of 2.57×10-3substitutions/site per year averagely (95% Highest Posterior Density: 1.96×10-3-3.03×10-3/site per year). The estimated dates for tMRCA of human H1 in Europe and swine H1 in the mainland of China were the earliest, with the corresponding rates of 6.46×10-3/site per year and 0.97×10-3/site per year respectively. The tMRCAs of human and swine H1 sequences from the US were similar, with the rates of 5.86×10-3/site per year and 5.02×10-3/site per year. Conclusion The present flu outbreak was possibly induced by long-term circulation of influenza A virus (H1 N1) in human population and swine herds in America. There was no evidence proving that influenza virus in China involved in the present outbreak.     

甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒血凝素蛋白基因进化研究

Objective To determine the evolutionary rate and divergence time of influenza A virus HA gene isolated recently worldwide pandemic and explore the origin and its transmission. Methods A total of 344 HI sequences available in the GenBank (including 248 isolated from human, 84 from swine, 11 from avian, and 1 from ferret) and 7 isolated in Shanghai were collected. The nucleotide substitution rate and time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) was calculated using molecular clock theory and Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) based on Markov chain Monte Carlo. Then genetic phylogeny was constructed referring to posterior distribution. Results It was found that H1 sequences in the US from human, swine and avian were clustered significantly with swine H1 ones from Asia phylogenetieally (Cluster US). The second cluster (Cluster Eurasian Human) nearly consisted of human H1 sequences isolated in other regions. The third cluster (Cluster Eurasian Animal) consisted of swine and avian H1 sequences from China and Italy respectively. As for all the H1 sequences, the evolutionary rate was of 2.57×10-3substitutions/site per year averagely (95% Highest Posterior Density: 1.96×10-3-3.03×10-3/site per year). The estimated dates for tMRCA of human H1 in Europe and swine H1 in the mainland of China were the earliest, with the corresponding rates of 6.46×10-3/site per year and 0.97×10-3/site per year respectively. The tMRCAs of human and swine H1 sequences from the US were similar, with the rates of 5.86×10-3/site per year and 5.02×10-3/site per year. Conclusion The present flu outbreak was possibly induced by long-term circulation of influenza A virus (H1 N1) in human population and swine herds in America. There was no evidence proving that influenza virus in China involved in the present outbreak.     

上海地区水痘带状疱疹病毒基因型研究

目的：了解上海地区水痘-带状疱疹病毒基因型。方法：用Vero和Vero-E6细胞分离培养临床诊断水痘病人的咽拭子标本,观察病毒的致细胞病变效应（CPE）,对病变细胞培养液提取DNA,进行聚合酶链反应（PCR）,对PCR产物测序,将测序结果与Genbank中公布的水痘病毒序列比对判定水痘带状疱疹病毒和病毒的基因型。结果：PCR产物进行电泳,在550 bp处可见目的片段。测序结果证实为水痘带状疱疹病毒,基因型为J型。结论：从2006年5月华山医院临床诊断水痘患者咽拭子标本分离到的水痘带状疱疹病毒基因型为J型,ORF22读码框与水痘带状疱疹减毒活疫苗V-Oka株基因同源。     

甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒血凝素蛋白基因进化研究

Objective To determine the evolutionary rate and divergence time of influenza A virus HA gene isolated recently worldwide pandemic and explore the origin and its transmission. Methods A total of 344 HI sequences available in the GenBank (including 248 isolated from human, 84 from swine, 11 from avian, and 1 from ferret) and 7 isolated in Shanghai were collected. The nucleotide substitution rate and time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) was calculated using molecular clock theory and Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) based on Markov chain Monte Carlo. Then genetic phylogeny was constructed referring to posterior distribution. Results It was found that H1 sequences in the US from human, swine and avian were clustered significantly with swine H1 ones from Asia phylogenetieally (Cluster US). The second cluster (Cluster Eurasian Human) nearly consisted of human H1 sequences isolated in other regions. The third cluster (Cluster Eurasian Animal) consisted of swine and avian H1 sequences from China and Italy respectively. As for all the H1 sequences, the evolutionary rate was of 2.57×10-3substitutions/site per year averagely (95% Highest Posterior Density: 1.96×10-3-3.03×10-3/site per year). The estimated dates for tMRCA of human H1 in Europe and swine H1 in the mainland of China were the earliest, with the corresponding rates of 6.46×10-3/site per year and 0.97×10-3/site per year respectively. The tMRCAs of human and swine H1 sequences from the US were similar, with the rates of 5.86×10-3/site per year and 5.02×10-3/site per year. Conclusion The present flu outbreak was possibly induced by long-term circulation of influenza A virus (H1 N1) in human population and swine herds in America. There was no evidence proving that influenza virus in China involved in the present outbreak.