Nanotechnology for colorectal cancer detection and treatment

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Across the globe, people in the age group older than 50 are at a higher risk of CRC. Genetic and environmental risk factors play a significant role in the development of CRC. If detected early, CRC is preventable and treatable. Currently, available screening methods and therapies for CRC treatment reduce the incidence rate among the population, but the micrometastasis of cancer may lead to recurrence. Therefore, the challenge is to develop an alternative therapy to overcome this complication. Nanotechnology plays a vital role in cancer treatment and offers targeted chemotherapies directly and selectively to cancer cells, with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, nanotechnology elevates the chances of patient survival in comparison to traditional chemotherapies. The potential of nanoparticles includes that they may be used simultaneously for diagnosis and treatment. These exciting properties of nanoparticles have enticed researchers worldwide to unveil their use in early CRC detection and as effective treatment. This review discusses contemporary methods of CRC screening and therapies for CRC treatment, while the primary focus is on the theranostic approach of nanotechnology in CRC treatment and its prospects. In addition, this review aims to provide knowledge on the advancement of nanotechnology in CRC and as a starting point for researchers to think about new therapeutic approaches using nanotechnology.     

碳纤维复合材料人工颅骨板急性期生物相容性的研究

目的 评价碳纤维复合材料人工颅骨板在急性期的生物相容性。方法 制作碳纤维复合材料、含重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2（rhBMP-2）的碳纤维复合材料、钛网、MEM培养基、含有0.64%苯酚的MEM培养基的浸出液，用于测试。采用L929小鼠成纤维细胞进行细胞毒性试验，采用健康ICR小鼠进行急性毒性试验，采用新西兰大白兔耳静脉血进行急性溶血试验，采用白化豚鼠进行皮肤致敏试验。结果 碳纤维复合材料、含rhBMP-2的碳纤维复合材料、钛网浸提液对L929细胞的相对增殖率均在75%以上，细胞毒性1级，无明显细胞毒性；小鼠腹腔注射相应材料的浸提液后，均活动良好，均无不良反应，均无明显急性毒性；碳纤维复合材料、含rhBMP-2的碳纤维复合材料、钛网浸提液溶血率均小于5%，均不引起溶血反应；碳纤维复合材料、含rhBMP-2的碳纤维复合材料、钛网浸提液不引起致敏性。结论 碳纤维复合人工颅骨板急性期生物相容性良好。     

Effect of carbon-rich biochar on mechanical properties of PLA-biochar composites

Agricultural biomass residues are emerged from harvesting and processing of agricultural crops. When the crop production increases, a large amount of biomass residues is produced and remained after cutting of peel, bunch, straw and stalk of crops. In this work, agricultural biomass residues (cassava rhizome, durian peel, pineapple peel and corncob) were selected as feedstock for carbon-rich biochar (CRB) production using a facile pyrolysis method. Proximate analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize biomass feedstock. The results showed that the percentage of fixed carbon in biomass feedstock ranged between 11.91% and 17.51%. Characteristic differences of the CRB were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The carbon content in the CRB was found to significantly depend on biomass origin. Interestingly, cassava rhizome, which has a higher percentage of fixed carbon, is a superior precursor for CRB production. The study of different pyrolysis temperature indicated that the carbon content of cassava rhizome derived CRB is increased with pyrolysis temperature. The tensile properties of composite between poly(lactic acid) PLA and different types of biomass-derived CRB were investigated. PLA composite incorporated with a higher carbon content-CRB tended to exhibit improved mechanical properties. Specifically, the elastic modulus and impact energy of PLA/CRB composite specimens increased remarkably with the incorporation of CRB powder. The current research indicates that CRB prepared from agricultural biomass residues could be a sustainable material for utilization in PLA biocomposites.     

从认知到行动——浅谈中国医疗健康机构应对气候变化和减少碳排放的措施

介绍了医疗健康机构应对气候变化的必要性,梳理了影响医疗机构碳排放的主要因素,列举了一些国家案例来阐释减少医疗服务碳排放的可能性,最后指出了医疗健康机构在实施温室气体核算和报告过程中须要注意的问题。     

急性CO中毒患者MRI MRA表现

目的评价MRI、MRA对急性CO中毒的诊断及价值。方法回顾分析60例经临床确诊的急性CO中毒患者的头颅MRI、MRA资料。结果MRI异常表现为双侧苍白球、双侧侧脑室周围、脑干、脑叶为主的T1WI高信号、T2WI低信号;18.33%急性CO中毒患者伴发脑梗死,DWI为高信号,ADC为低信号。结论急性CO中毒的诊断主要依靠病史、临床表现和影像检查,头颅MRI、MRA对本病的诊断有一定的价值。     

探测临床质子碳离子布拉格峰声信号的初步研究

目的 验证一种高灵敏度宽频声学探测器测量临床质子碳离子布拉格峰声信号可行性。方法 将该声学探测器紧贴在圆柱状水箱后方。水箱水等效深度使用寻峰设备（Peakfinder，PTW，德国西门子）经高能质子测定。通过固定总离子数，分别改变离子流强和布拉格峰到探测器前表面距离来研究布拉格峰声信号强度与探测器到布拉格峰距离和流强关系；改变束流与探测器侧向位置来研究测量布拉格峰横向半高宽可行性。结果 束流开始或束流结束产生的声脉冲幅度可间接表示声信号强度。质子布拉格峰声信号强度与探测器到布拉格峰深度距离呈反比，与流强呈正比，125.43 MeV质子布拉格峰横向半高宽与治疗计划系统模拟值最大偏差11.7%（取束流开始或结束测量数据中最大值）。碳离子呈相似规律，但178.89 MeV/u碳离子布拉格峰横向半高宽比治疗计划系统模拟值偏大45.6%（束流结束测量值），探测器到布拉格峰深度距离可显著增加至67.7 mm。结论 该声学探测器可有效探测质子碳离子布拉格峰声信号，但需进一步降低噪声影响。     

碳离子和质子治疗胰腺癌安全性和有效性的系统评价及Meta分析

目的 评价碳离子和质子治疗胰腺癌（PaC）的安全性和有效性。方法 检索数据库纳入碳离子和质子治疗PaC的临床研究，检索时间为自建库至2019年6月。两位研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料。采用STATA 12.0和MetaAnalyst Beta 3.13软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入8篇文献，包含459例PaC患者。效应模型Meta分析显示，碳离子和质子治疗PaC的2、3、5级胃肠道溃疡发生率分别为7%、2%、0；2、3、4级厌食症发生率分别为6%、3%、0；1、2年总生存率（OS）分别为77%、45%；2年局部控制率为81%；1年无局部进展率为88%；1年局部复发率为15%。碳离子和质子治疗PaC的2、3、2～3级胃肠道溃疡发生率分别为6.8%、1.5%、9.2%和3.5%、8.3%、6.1%（均P>0.05）；1、2年OS分别为77.1%、44.4%和77.6%、49.7%（P均>0.05）。结论 碳离子和质子治疗PaC安全有效，两者的安全性和有效性相似。     

白芍总苷对急性肝损伤小鼠肝脏保护作用的研究

目的:探讨白芍总苷(total glucosides of paeony,TGP)对四氯化碳(CCl4)致急性肝损伤小鼠肝脏的保护作用。方法:90只小鼠按体质量随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、TGP高剂量组、TGP中剂量组、TGP低剂量组和双环醇片组,每组各15只。TGP各剂量组自造模前1周起,以15μL·g-1为给药剂量灌胃,正常对照组和模型对照组给予等容量生理盐水,双环醇片组给予110 mg·kg-1双环醇片溶液灌胃,每天1次,连续7 d。建立CCl4诱导小鼠化学性肝损伤模型,造模24 h后自小鼠后眼眶静脉丛采血0.4 mL,使用试剂盒测定法检测中血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)活性;采用Lowry法检测肝匀浆中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)的组织蛋白含量;HE染色小鼠肝组织作病理检查并进行分析。结果:模型对照组小鼠血清ALT、AST水平高于正常对照组,TGP各剂量组及双环醇片组血清ALT、AST水平低于模型对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。模型对照组小鼠肝匀浆MDA水平高于正常对照组,SOD、GPX含量低于正常对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TGP各剂量组MDA水平低于模型对照组,SOD、GPX含量高于模型对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);双环醇片组MDA水平低于模型对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:白芍总苷对CCl4致小鼠急性肝损伤有确切的保护作用,其作用机制与调节免疫、抗氧化密切相关。